31 -й дивизион (Великобритания)
| 31 -й дивизион | |
|---|---|
 Знак формирования 31 -й дивизии (первый шаблон). [ 1 ] | |
| Активный | Апрель 1915 - март 1919 года |
| Страна |  Великобритания |
| Ветвь |  Новая армия |
| Тип | Пехота |
| Размер | Разделение |
| Занятия | Битва Сомма Битва Анка Битва при Аррасе Немецкий весенний наступление Сто дней оскорбительно |
| Командиры | |
| Примечательный командиры | Эдвард Фаншоу Роберт Ванлесс О'Гоуэн |
31 -й дивизион был пехотным дивизионом британской армии . Он был поднят в Великой войне добровольцами из армии Китченера и сформировано в апреле 1915 года в рамках армейской группы K4 и занял военное офис 10 августа 1915 года. В основном пехотные батальоны из Йоркшира и Ланкашира , дивизия была отправлена в Египет в декабре 1915 года, прежде чем переехать во Францию в марте 1916 года и провел оставшуюся часть Первой мировой войны в действии на Западном фронте . 31 -й дивизион был типичным новым подразделением армии, состоящей полностью из батальонов PALS .
Первое крупное действие 31 -го дивизиона было в первый день на Сомме (1 июля 1916 года). Подразделение понесло 3600 потерь и не смог достичь ни одной из своих целей. Позже он служил в битве при Анке и в Опти Вуд . Он принял участие в защите от немецкого весеннего наступления в начале 1918 года, и, наконец, в победных битвах за сотню дней наступления .
Набор
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6 августа 1914 года, менее чем через 48 часов после объявления о британской войне, парламент увеличение на 500 000 человек для армии , и 11 августа недавно назначенный государственный секретарь военным по регулярной санкционировал Знаменитый призыв к оружию: «Ваш король и страна нуждаются в вас», призывая первых 100 000 добровольцев выступить. Эта группа из шести дивизий с вспомогательным оружием стала известна как первая новая армия Китченера, или «K1». [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] Потоп добровольцев ошеломил способность армии поглощать и организовывать их, и к тому времени, когда была уполномочена пятая новая армия (K5), многие из ее избирательных подразделений были организованы как « батальоны » под эгидой мэров и корпораций городов вверх и вниз по стране. [ 5 ]
Обучение
[ редактировать ]В конце мая и начале июня 1915 года подразделения 31 -го дивизиона начали собираться в Южном лагере , Рипон , где началась обучение бригады всерьез. Обучение мушкетрии, наконец, началось в августе, и в сентябре дивизион переехал в Хердкотта лагерь в Фованте , где дивизия получила винтовки SMLE Service и провела окончательную интенсивную боевую подготовку в зоне обучения Солсбери . [ 6 ] [ 7 ]
Услуга
[ редактировать ]Египет
[ редактировать ]29 ноября 1915 года подразделение получило предупреждающие приказы о присоединении к британской экспедиционной силам во Франции, и предварительные стороны отправились в порты посадки Фолкстона и Саутгемптона . В последнюю минуту пункт назначения был изменен на Египет , были отозваны предварительные партии, а 7 декабря войска отправились в Девонпорт . [ 6 ] [ 8 ]
Отдел достиг порта сказал, что в период с 24 декабря по 23 января 1916 года и поступил в защиту Суэцкого канала в Qantara . 26 февраля прибыли приказы, чтобы отменить процесс, и 1 марта дивизион начала вновь вновь внедрять в Порт. Он разгрузился в Марселе между 6 и 16 марта, а затем сосредоточился в области Сомма как часть BEF. Он оставался на западном фронте до конца войны. [ 6 ] [ 9 ]
Сумма
[ редактировать ]Дивизион была введена в траншевую войну в марте перед Бомон-Хамелем и ущельем . Хотя это был тихий сектор линии, войска понесли свои первые жертвы во время этого короткого тура, в основном из Германии Миненверфер S (траншеи минометов). Вскоре после этого 31 -я дивизион сформировал свои собственные легкие минометные батареи (TMBS). Он также предоставил рабочим сторонам помочь 252 -й туннельной компании , Королевских инженеров , копая руднику Hawthorn Ridge, которая должна была быть взорвана, чтобы начать предстоящую битву за Сомму . В течение следующих недель батальоны по очереди по очереди в рутине удержания траншеи, рабочих вечеринок, патрулирования и набега на траншеи, с постоянной стойкой на рабочей силе от обстрелов и снайперов. [ 6 ] [ 10 ]
92-я бригада провела траншеи на фронте во время британской бомбардировки в дни, предшествовавшие битве, понесли значительные жертвы от немецкой контр-бомбардировки. За ночь до битвы работающие вечеринки из 92 -й бригады не были в ни в одном человеке, прорезавшей полосы земли через британскую колючую проволоку, чтобы войска нападающих проходили. Затем он вышел в траншеи поддержки, чтобы удержать линию фронта, в то время как две другие бригады атаковали 1 июля. Несмотря на все подготовки и большие надежды, первый день на Сомме был катастрофой для 31 -й дивизии. 93 и 94 бригады прошли «над верхней частью» в 07.30 1 июля, через 10 минут после взрыва соседнего шахты Хоторн -хребта предупредили врага. Их целью была деревня Серре . Находящие линии были почти уничтожены немецкими пулеметами и Shellfire, и лишь несколько партий попали в линию фронта противника, где они оставались прикрепленными. Подразделение не смогло получить какую-либо поддержку им по всему огню, не говоря уже о земле человека до конца дня. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ]
2 июля разбитая дивизия была вытащина из линии и отправила на север в тихий сектор для отдыха и ремонта, хотя была обычная струя жертв, связанные с удержанием траншеи и рейтингом. [ 16 ]
Якорь
[ редактировать ]The Somme Offensive was still going on at the end of October when the 31st Division returned to the sector for the Battle of the Ancre, which was to be the last big operation of the year. Serre had still not been taken, and the 92nd Brigade was assigned to the attack alongside 3rd Division (the rest of 31st Division was still too shattered to take part). A 48-hour preliminary bombardment began on 11 November, and the brigade moved into the trenches on the night of 12/13, along communication trenches clogged with mud. Zero hour was 05.30 on 13 November, and fog, light rain and a smokescreen reduced visibility to a few yards, so that the leading battalions initially had little difficulty, but the 3rd Division on their right made no progress. Small-scale fighting went on all day, and Private John Cunningham of the 12th East Yorks won a Victoria Cross (VC) for fighting on alone when all the rest of his team of bombers became casualties. At the end of the day the brigade had been driven back to its starting positions and suffered over 800 casualties.[17][18]
The Division remained on the Ancre through the winter of 1916–17, following up the Germans when they retired to the Hindenburg Line in the Spring of 1917.[19]
Oppy Wood
[edit]On 8 April 1917, the division left the Ancre and moved to the Arras sector for the Arras Offensive. After a period of training and trench-holding, the division moved into assembly trenches opposite Oppy during the night of 2/3 May, under shellfire. The British creeping barrage started at 03.45 and the 92nd and 93rd Brigades set off, in the dark and mist, into severe machine gun fire from Oppy Wood. 92 Brigade was held up in No man's land and suffered severe casualties. 2nd Lieutenant Jack Harrison of the 11th East Yorks was awarded a posthumous VC.[20][21][22]
Casualties in the 12th East Yorks had been so severe that it was temporarily reduced to two composite companies attached to the 10th and 11th Battalions respectively. A fresh attack on Oppy Wood was arranged for 28 June. This time the attack was to be made by the 94th Brigade with the 92nd Brigade in support. The attack was made in the evening of 28 June and successfully took the trenches, completing the Capture of Oppy Wood.[23][24]
The 31st Division was not committed to the Third Ypres Offensive, which culminated in the dreadful Battle of Passchendaele, possibly because it was not considered to have recovered from its ordeal on the Somme a year before.[25] By the beginning of 1918 the BEF was suffering a severe manpower crisis: brigades were reorganised on a three-battalion basis in February, with the surplus men being drafted to bring other units up to strength. In the 31st Division, however, this process was even more severe, with the whole of the 94th Brigade disappearing, to be replaced temporarily by the 4th Guards Brigade, and later by a reformed 94th Brigade composed of Yeomanry units recalled from Palestine.[6][26][27][28]
Ervillers and Ayette
[edit]When the German spring offensive opened on 21 March 1918, 31st Division was in reserve until it was sent up on 23 March; even then the 92nd Brigade remained in reserve at Ervillers, improving the defences. Ervillers was attacked on the evening of 24 March, the defence being confused by British troops retreating from the forward defences. There was fighting in the village streets, but the next day the combined fire of 92nd Brigade and part of 42nd (East Lancashire) Division stopped the German advance. However, events elsewhere meant that the 31st and 42nd Divisions were ordered to retire on the morning of 27 March.[29][30] 92 Brigade then defended Ayette aerodrome against repeated attacks until, with both flanks 'in the air', it pulled back to the partly-dug 'Purple Line' in front of Ayette village. 2nd Lieutenant Basil Horsfall of the 11th East Lancs was awarded a posthumous VC. During the night, a composite battalion of troops from the 92nd Brigade's quartermaster details arrived to take over part of the Purple Line. The division was relieved on 31 March.[31][32]
Hazebrouck
[edit]While resting in the Monchy-Breton area the division received large numbers of reinforcements, mainly under the age of 19. The bombardment for the second phase of the German offensive (the Battles of the Lys) opened on 7 April, and on 11 April the division had been called forward in ex-London buses to form a defensive line near Estaires through which retreating British and Portuguese troops could withdraw. Next day the Germans threw in all their reserves to try to take Hazebrouck. Over successive days confused fighting went on, units fighting rearguards often finding their flanks left in the air and being forced to retire until on 14 April the division withdrew through a new line held by fresh Australian and British troops, who defeated the attacks and ensured the safety of Hazebrouck. A temporary 92nd Composite Battalion was formed from the 92nd Brigade to assist the Australians.[33][34]
La Becque and Ploegsteert
[edit]Once out of the line the division began training for offensive operations. 31st Division took part in Operation Borderland, a limited attack on La Becque and other fortified farms in front of the Forest of Nieppe on 28 June, in what was described as 'a model operation' for artillery cooperation.[35][36][37][38] Individual units continued to make small advances through aggressive patrolling and seizing strongpoints (so-called 'peaceful penetration') until the Allies began a coordinated offensive in August. The division captured Vieux-Berquin on 13 August 1918 and pushed forward until running into serious opposition south of Ploegsteert on 21 August, where fighting continued into September.[6][39][40]
A formal attack was arranged for the morning of 28 September (the opening day of the Fifth Battle of Ypres). Although suffering heavy casualties, the 92nd Brigade and a battalion from the 93rd Brigade took their objectives, though they were shelled out part of Ploegsteert Wood. The rest of the 93rd Brigade then crossed the Douve stream accompanied by artillery and engineers, the 94th (Yeomanry) Brigade was held up the rear). The general retirement of the Germans along the whole line then allowed the division to push on through Ploegsteert Wood and advance up to the River Lys on 3 October.[6][41][42][43]
Pursuit
[edit]Returning to the line on 12 October, patrols from the 92nd Brigade slipped across the Lys on a raft during the night of 14/15 October and established posts on the far bank. The following afternoon further parties crossed and advanced under a barrage to the Deûlémont–Warneton road. The brigade continued the advance on 16 and 17 October, liberating several villages. By 18 October the battalions were advancing in company columns screened by XV Corps cyclist battalion, leap-frogging forward to liberate Tourcoing. Pressure was kept up through 19 and 20 October, until the brigade was squeezed out of the advancing line between Second Army and Fifth Army and went into support, while the 93rd Brigade held the junction between the two armies and continued up to the Scheldt.[44][45][46]
The division was back in the line from 28 October, with the 92nd Brigade in the lead continuing to advance slowly against machine gun and shell fire, from rearguards who 'did not appear disposed to give ground'. The division then made an attack at Tieghem on 31 October 1918 that was so successful that the 92 Brigade in reserve was not required while the 94th (Yeomanry) Brigade drove the enemy behind the Scheldt.[6][47][48]
The 31st Division returned to the line on the night of 6/7 November, crossing the Scheldt and sending forward the 11th East Yorks as part of a pursuit force including a field artillery battery and companies from the divisional machine gun battalion, the Motor Machine Gun Corps and XIX Corps cyclists. When the Armistice with Germany came into force on 11 November, the 11th East Lancs were leading the division, and scouts reported that there were no enemy in front.[6][49][50][51]
Disbandment
[edit]The division began to pull back on 13 November, and by the end of the month was established in camps south of St-Omer and engaged in road repair. Demobilisation (chiefly of coal miners) began on 11 December and proceeded at a steadily increasing rate during January 1919. On 29 January the two East Yorks Battalions were sent by rail to Calais to deal with possible riots by men working in the Ordnance depot. Demobilisation accelerated in February and by April the battalions had been reduced to cadres, which left for England on 22 May. During the war the division's casualties amounted to 30,091 killed, wounded, and missing.[6][52][53]
Order of Battle
[edit]The composition of the division was as follows:[6][26]
- 10th (Service) Battalion (1st Hull), East Yorkshire Regiment
- 11th (Service) Battalion (2nd Hull), East Yorkshire Regiment
- 12th (Service) Battalion (3rd Hull), East Yorkshire Regiment – disbanded February 1918
- 13th (Service) Battalion (4th Hull), East Yorkshire Regiment – disbanded February 1918
- 11th (Service) Battalion (Accrington), East Lancashire Regiment – from 94th Brigade February 1918
- 92/1 and 92/2 Light Trench Mortar Batteries (TMBs) – formed by 11 April 1916, merged as 92nd TMB 12 June 1916
- 92nd Brigade Machine Gun Company – joined on 20 May 1916, to No 31 Battalion Machine Gun Corps (MGC) 3 March 1918
- 15th (Service) Battalion (1st Leeds), Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment)
- 16th (Service) Battalion (1st Bradford), Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) – disbanded February 1918
- 18th (Service) Battalion (2nd Bradford), Prince of Wales's Own (West Yorkshire Regiment) – disbanded February 1918
- 18th (Service) Battalion (1st County), Durham Light Infantry
- 13th (Service) Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment (1st Barnsley) – from 94th Brigade February 1918
- 93/1 and 93/2 Light TMBs – formed by 12 April 1916, merged as 93rd TMB 12 June 1916
- 93rd Brigade Machine Gun Company – joined on 20 May 1916, to No 31 Battalion MGC 3 March 1918
In April 1918 heavy casualties led to the brief amalgamation of the 92nd and 93rd brigades into the 92nd Composite Brigade
- 11th (Service) Battalion (Accrington), East Lancashire Regiment – to 92nd Brigade February 1918
- 12th (Service) Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment (Sheffield) – disbanded February 1918
- 13th (Service) Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment (1st Barnsley) – to 93rd Brigade February 1918
- 14th (Service) Battalion, York and Lancaster Regiment (2nd Barnsley)– disbanded February 1918)
- 2nd Battalion, Royal Munster Fusiliers – from May 1918 to June 1918
- 94/1 and 94/2 Light TMBs – formed by 12 April 1916, merged as 94th TMB 14 June 1916, to 4th Gds Bde 12 February 1918
- 94th Brigade Machine Gun Company – joined on 21 May 1916, to 4th Gds Bde 11 February 1918
The brigade was disbanded in February 1918 then began reforming in May. In June it was brought up to strength with the addition of Yeomanry battalions from the 74th (Yeomanry) Division and renamed the 94th (Yeomanry) Brigade
- 12th (Norfolk Yeomanry) Battalion, Norfolk Regiment
- 12th (Ayr and Lanark Yeomanry) Battalion, Royal Scots Fusiliers
- 24th (Denbighshire Yeomanry) Battalion, Royal Welch Fusiliers
- 94th TMB – reformed 29 June 1918
This brigade was attached to the division during February 1918 following the breakup of the 94th Brigade. It left when the 94th Brigade began reforming in May.
- 4th Battalion, Grenadier Guards
- 3rd Battalion, Coldstream Guards
- 2nd Battalion, Irish Guards
- 94th TMB – attached 12 February 1918
- 4th Gds TMB – took over 19 March 1918
- 94th MG Co – attached 11 February 1918, to No 31 Battalion MGC 3 March 1918
- Divisional Mounted Troops
- HQ, Machine Gun Section and B Squadron, 1/Lancashire Hussars – joined 27 November 1915; left on 9 May 1916
- 31st Divisional Cyclist Company – formed by 13 August 1915; joined VIII Corps Cyclist Battalion, Army Cyclist Corps, 9 May 1916
- Divisional Royal Artillery
The artillery originally assigned to the division was as follows (all batteries comprised four 18-pounder guns or 4.5-inch howitzers):[6]
- CLV (West Yorkshire) Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (RFA) – A, B, C, D Batteries and Brigade Ammunition Column (BAC)
- CLXI (Yorkshire) Brigade, RFA – A, B, C, D Batteries and BAC
- CLXIV (Huddersfield) (Howitzer) Brigade, RFA – A (H), B (H), C (H), D (H) Batteries and BAC
- CLXVIII (Rotherham) Brigade, RFA – A, B, C, D Batteries and BAC
- 31st (Hull) Divisional Ammunition Column, RFA
- 124th (2nd Hull) Heavy Battery, Royal Garrison Artillery
When 31st Division embarked for Egypt, the divisional artillery (DA) did not accompany it. Instead, 32nd Division Artillery was attached to 31st Division, and served with it for the rest of the war. (31st DA later joined 32nd Division in France). The 2nd County Palatine Artillery was originally raised in Lancashire by the Earl of Derby:[6][54]
- CLXV (2nd County Palatine) Brigade, RFA – A, B, C, D Batteries and BAC
- CLXIX (2nd County Palatine) Brigade, RFA – A, B, C, D Batteries and BAC
- CLXX (2nd County Palatine) Brigade, RFA – A, B, C, D Batteries and BAC
- CLXXI (2nd County Palatine) (Howitzer) Brigade, RFA – A (H), B (H), C (H), D (H) Batteries and BAC
- 32nd Divisional Ammunition Column, RFA – formed at Heytesbury 10 September 1915
On arrival in France the divisional artillery was reorganised:
- CLXV – D Bty left and A (H)/CLXXI Bty became D (H) Bty on 2 May 1916
- CLXIX – D Bty left and B (H)/CLXXI Bty became D (H) Bty on 2 May 1916
- CLXX – D Bty left and C (H)/CLXXI Bty became D (H) Bty on 2 May 1916
- CLXXI – D/CLXV, D/CLXIX, and D/CLXX Btys joined and became A, B, and C; D (H) Bty remained
- V.31 Heavy Trench Mortar Bty joined 4 June 1916
- X.31, Y.31 and Z.31 Medium Trench Mortar Btys formed 31 March 1916
The BACs were absorbed by the DAC on 2 May 1916
Further reorganisation of 31st DA occurred in August 1916 when CLXXI Brigade was broken up and the 18-pounder batteries were brought up to six guns:
- CLXV – A + 1 section A/CLXXI, B + 1 section A/CLXXI, C + 1 Section B/CLXXI, D (H) remained 4 howitzers
- CLXIX – A + 1 section C, B + 1 section C, D (H)/CLXXI joined as C (H), D (H) remained 4 howitzers; 517 (H) Bty (4 howitzers) joined from UK on 20 November
- CLXX – A + 1 section C/CLXXI, B + 1 section C/CLXXI, C + 1 section B/CLXXI, D (H) remained 4 howitzers
CLXIX Brigade was broken up in January 1917: sections of D (H) Bty brought D (H)/CLXV and D (H)/CLXX up to six howitzers each, the remainder was distributed to various Army field brigades. V.31 Heavy and Z.31 Medium TMBs were broken up in February 1918.
- Divisional Royal Engineers
- 210th (Leeds) Field Company, Royal Engineers (RE)
- 211th (Leeds) Field Company, RE
- 223rd (Leeds) Field Company, RE
- 31st (Leeds) Divisional Signal Company, RE
- Divisional Pioneers
- 12th (Service) Battalion, King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry (Miners)
- Divisional Machine Gun Troops
- No 31 Battalion, MGC – formed 3 March 1918
- 92nd, 93rd, 94th MG Companies – transferred from brigades
- 243rd MG Company – joined 18 July 1917
- Divisional Medical Services
- 93rd, 94th, 95th Field Ambulances, Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) – joined from original 31st Division
- 41st Mobile Veterinary Section, Army Veterinary Corps
- Divisional Transport
- 31st Divisional Train, Army Service Corps
- 217th, 218th, 219th and 220th Companies – joined 52nd (Lowland) Division in Egypt
- 221st, 222nd, 223rd Companies – joined in France from 32nd Division
- 279th Company – joined in France from Royal Naval Division
- Divisional Labour Troops
- 228th Divisional Employment Company, Labour Corps – formed by 9 June 1917
Commanders
[edit]The following officers commanded the division:[6]
- Maj-Gen Edward Fanshawe from 26 July 1915
- Brig-Gen Edward Hogarth Molesworth (acting) from 16 August 1915
- Maj-Gen Robert Wanless O'Gowan from 24 August 1915
- Maj-Gen Robert James Bridgford from 21 March 1918
- Maj-Gen J. Campbell from 6 May 1918
Battle Insignia
[edit]The practice of wearing battalion specific insignia (often called battle patches) in the B.E.F. began in mid 1915 with the arrival of units of Kitchener's Armies and was widespread after the Somme Battles of 1916.[55] The patches shown were adopted by the division during late 1917, and were designed to a brigade scheme including a brigade sign worn by all ranks on the back, below the collar. Those signs for the 92nd and 93rd brigades indicated the battalion seniority, all brigades wore their battalion, M.G. company and T.M. battery signs at the top of both sleeves.[56]
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Top: the brigade sign. Middle, from left to right, 10th, 11th, 12th, and 13th (Service) Battalions East Yorkshire Regiment. Bottom row: 92nd machine gun company M.G.C.[56] |
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Top: the brigade sign. Middle, from left to right, 15th, 16th and 18th (Service) Battalions West Yorkshire Regiment, 18th (Service) Battalion Durham Light Infantry. Bottom row: 93rd machine gun company M.G.C.[56] |
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Top: the brigade sign. Middle, from left to right, 11th East Lancashire Regiment, 12th, 13th, and 14th (Service) Battalions York and Lancaster Regiment. Bottom row: 94th machine gun company M.G.C. and 94th trench mortar battery.[56] |
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12th (Service) Battalion King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry, the division pioneers.[56] |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Chappell p. 18
- ^ Becke, Pt 3a, pp. 2, 8, 24, Appendix I.
- ^ Edmonds, 1914, Vol II, pp. 1–4.
- ^ Джексон, с. 13
- ^ Билтон, Халл в Великой войне , с. 37–42; Bilton, Hull Pals , стр. 26–40; Джексон, с. 14–7; Мидлбрук, с. 9–11.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 11–19.
- ^ Билтон, Палс Халл , с. 61–5.
- ^ Билтон, Палс , с. 67–9.
- ^ Билтон, Палс Халл , с. 69–102.
- ^ Bilton, Pals Pals , стр. 102–29.
- ^ Bilton, Pals Pals , стр. 129–37.
- ^ Эдмондс, 1916 , том I, с. 441–9.
- ^ Horsfall & Cave, с. 59–71.
- ^ Джексон, с. 99–114.
- ^ Мидлбрук, с. 122–31, 150–1, 195–7, 216–20, 236–41.
- ^ Билтон, Палс , с. 139–45.
- ^ Билтон, Палс , с. 146–66.
- ^ Horsfall & Cave, с. 77–88.
- ^ Билтон, Палс , с. 166–78.
- ^ Билтон, Палс , с. 178–91.
- ^ «Oppy Wood в музеях Хамбер Всредство мировой войны» . Архивировано с оригинала 28 января 2018 года . Получено 13 февраля 2018 года .
- ^ Джексон, с. 146–7.
- ^ Билтон, Палс , с. 191–8.
- ^ Джексон, с. 149–52.
- ^ Джон Ли, «Британские дивизии на третьем Ипресе», с. 226, в Лиддл, Пассхендаэле в перспективе .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный 31 дивизион в длинной, длинной тропе.
- ^ Билтон, Палс Халл , с. 210–2.
- ^ Джексон, с. 169–70.
- ^ Билтон, Палс Халл , с. 214–23.
- ^ Джексон, с. 171.
- ^ Билтон, Палс , с. 223–5.
- ^ Джексон, с. 171–4.
- ^ Билтон, Палс Халл , с. 225–35.
- ^ Джексон, с. 179–86.
- ^ Билтон, Палс , с. 235–45.
- ^ Blaxland, p. 149
- ^ Фарндейл, с. 283–4.
- ^ Джексон, с. 188–94.
- ^ Билтон, Палс Халл , с. 245–56.
- ^ Джексон, с. 195–8.
- ^ Bilton, Pals Pals , стр. 257–61.
- ^ Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, с. 71–2, 82, 85, 89.
- ^ Джексон, с. 200–2.
- ^ Билтон, Палс Халл , с. 261–4.
- ^ Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, с. 278, 284, 288–90, 420.
- ^ Джексон, с. 203–4.
- ^ Билтон, Палс Халл , с. 266
- ^ Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, с. 444, 448–50.
- ^ Билтон, Палс , с. 267–72.
- ^ Edmonds & Maxwell-Hyslop, с. 548–50.
- ^ Джексон, с. 205–6.
- ^ Билтон, Палс , с. 273–83.
- ^ Билтон, Халл в Великой войне , с. 196
- ^ Becke, Pt 3b, pp. 21–9.
- ^ Chappel pp 5–6
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Хиббард с. 38
Библиография
[ редактировать ]- Майор Бекке, История Великой войны: Орден битвы при дивизионах, часть 3B: Отдел новых армии (30–41) и 63 -я (RN) Дивизион , Лондон: HM Канцелярские товары, 1939/UCKFIELD: Военно -морская и военная пресса, 2007 В ISBN 1-847347-41-X .
- Дэвид Билтон, Палс Халл, 10 -й, 11 -й 12 -й и 13 -й батальоны Восточно -Йоркширский полк - история 92 пехотной бригады, 31 -я дивизион , Барнсли: Пен и Меч, 2014, 2014 г. ISBN 978-1-78346-185-1 .
- Чаппелл, Майк (1986). Британская битва знака (1). 1914–18 . Оксфорд: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 9780850457278 .
- Бриг-генерал сэр Джеймс Э. Эдмондс , История Великой войны: военные операции, Франция и Бельгия, 1916 , том I, Лондон: Макмиллан, 1932/Woking: Shearer, 1986, ISBN 0-946998-02-7 .
- Хиббард, Майк; Гиббс, Гэри (2016). Пехотные подразделения, схемы идентификации 1917 (1 изд.). Уокингем: Общество военной истории.
- Jack Horsfall & Nigel Cave, Battleground Europe: Somme: Serre , Barnsley: Pen & Sword, 1996, ISBN 0-85052-508-X .
- Эндрю Джексон, Палс Аккрингтона: полная история , Барнсли, Пен и Меч, 2013, ISBN 978-1-84884-469-8 .
- Питер Х. Лиддл (ред.), Passchendaele в перспективе: третья битва при Ипре , Лондон: Лео Купер, 1997, ISBN 0-85052-552-7 .
- Мартин Мидлбрук, первый день на Сомме, 1 июля 1916 года , Лондон: Аллен Лейн 1971/Фонтана, 1975.
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]
- Джон Харрис, Завет со смертью , Лондон: Хатчинсон, 1960 - классический вымышленный рассказ о повышении батальона йоркширских приятелей и его разрушения в Серре, основанный на опыте городского батальона Шеффилд.