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Британские спецслужбы

Правительство Соединенного Королевства имеет несколько разведывательных агентств , которые занимаются секретной разведкой. Эти агентства отвечают за сбор , анализ и использование внешней и внутренней разведки, предоставление военной разведки , а также ведение шпионажа и контрразведки. Их разведывательные оценки способствуют проведению международных отношений Соединенного Королевства , поддержанию национальной безопасности Соединенного Королевства , военному планированию, общественной безопасности и обеспечению правопорядка в Соединенном Королевстве . Четырьмя основными агентствами являются Секретная разведывательная служба (SIS или MI6), Служба безопасности (MI5), Штаб правительственной связи (GCHQ) и Военная разведка (DI). Агентства организованы в рамках трех правительственных ведомств : Министерства иностранных дел , Министерства внутренних дел и Министерства обороны .

История организации берет начало в 19 веке. Расшифровка телеграммы Циммермана в 1917 году была названа самым значительным триумфом британской разведки во время Первой мировой войны. [1] и это один из первых случаев, когда данные радиоразведки повлияли на мировые события. [2] Во время Второй мировой войны и после нее многие наблюдатели считали «Ультра радиоразведку » чрезвычайно ценной для союзников во Второй мировой войне . В 1962 году, во время кубинского ракетного кризиса , данные перехвата позиций советских кораблей GCHQ были отправлены непосредственно в Белый дом . [3] Сотрудничество разведки в послевоенный период между Соединенным Королевством и Соединенными Штатами стало краеугольным камнем сбора западной разведывательной информации и « особых отношений » между Соединенным Королевством и Соединенными Штатами. [4]

Сообщество национальной безопасности

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Лидерство

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Координация, анализ и консультации

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Советник по национальной безопасности (АНБ) — высокопоставленное должностное лицо кабинета министров , базирующееся в Уайтхолле , который выступает в качестве главного советника премьер -министра Соединенного Королевства и кабинета министров Соединенного Королевства по всем вопросам национальной безопасности . [5] Секретариат национальной безопасности и Объединенная разведывательная организация являются частью кабинета министров . Они поддерживают Совет национальной безопасности и Объединенный разведывательный комитет, обеспечивая координацию по стратегическим вопросам, анализ разведданных из всех источников и политические рекомендации премьер-министру и другим высокопоставленным министрам. [6] [7]

надзор

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Агентства

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Головной отдел Агентство Описание роли Персонал
Интеллект и
органы безопасности 		Министерство иностранных дел Секретная разведывательная служба (SIS/MI6) [8] Тайный сбор и анализ человеческой разведки за границей 3,644 [9]
Штаб правительственной связи (GCHQ) [10] Разведка сигналов, криптоанализ и обеспечение безопасности информации 7,181 [9]
Домашний офис Служба безопасности (МИ5) [11] Контрразведка и внутренняя безопасность 5,259 [9]
Военная разведка Министерство обороны Военная разведка (DI) [12] Сбор и анализ военной разведки из всех источников 4,115 [9]
Внутренняя разведка и безопасность Домашний офис Национальное агентство по преступности (NCA) [13] Сбор и анализ разведывательной информации об организованной преступности 5,663 [14]
Управление по безопасности и борьбе с терроризмом (OSCT) Борьба с терроризмом и защита критически важной национальной инфраструктуры 1,061 [9]
Управление по борьбе с бандитизмом и злоупотреблением трудом (GLAA) Современное рабство, торговля людьми и организованная преступность 120 [15]
Национальное бюро по расследованию мошенничества (NFIB) [16] Объединенное подразделение полиции, занимающееся сбором и анализом разведывательной информации об экономических преступлениях 90 [17]
Национальная служба баллистической разведки (НАБИС) [18] Объединенное полицейское подразделение, проводящее анализ разведданных о незаконном огнестрельном оружии 40 [19]
Национальное подразделение по борьбе с внутренним экстремизмом и беспорядками (NDEDIU) [20] Объединенное полицейское подразделение, занимающееся борьбой с экстремизмом и сбором и анализом разведывательной информации, связанной с общественными беспорядками.

National centres of excellence

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History

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Origins

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Organised intelligence collection and planning for the Government of the United Kingdom and the British Empire was established during the 19th century. The War Office, responsible for administration of the British Army, formed the Intelligence Branch in 1873, which became the Directorate of Military Intelligence. The Admiralty, responsible for command of the Royal Navy, formed the Foreign Intelligence Committee in 1882,[21] which evolved into the Naval Intelligence Department (NID) in 1887.[22]

The Committee of Imperial Defence, established in 1902, was responsible for research, and some co-ordination, on issues of military strategy.

First World War

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The Zimmermann Telegram as it was sent from Washington, DC, to Ambassador Heinrich von Eckardt, the German ambassador to Mexico.

The Secret Service Bureau was founded in 1909 as a joint initiative of the Admiralty and the War Office to control secret intelligence operations in the UK and overseas, particularly concentrating on the activities of the Imperial German government. The Bureau was split into naval and army sections which, over time, specialised in foreign espionage and internal counter-espionage activities respectively. This specialisation, formalised prior to 1914, was a result of the Admiralty intelligence requirements related to the maritime strength of the Imperial German Navy. In 1916, during the First World War, the two sections underwent administrative changes so that the internal counter-espionage section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 5 (MI5) and the foreign section became the Directorate of Military Intelligence Section 6 (MI6), names by which the Security Service and Secret Intelligence Service are commonly known today.

The Naval Intelligence Division led the Royal Navy's highly successful cryptographic efforts, Room 40 (later known as NID25). The decryption of the Zimmermann Telegram was described as the most significant intelligence triumph for Britain during World War I,[1] and one of the earliest occasions on which a piece of signals intelligence influenced world events.[2]

The Imperial War Cabinet was the British Empire's wartime coordinating body.

Interwar

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In 1919, the Cabinet's Secret Service Committee, recommended that a peacetime codebreaking agency should be created.[23] Staff were merged from NID25 and MI1b into the new organisation,[24] which was given the cover-name the "Government Code and Cypher School" (GC&CS).[25]

The Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) was founded in 1936 as a sub-committee of the Committee of Imperial Defence.[26]

Second World War

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Following the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939, the JIC became the senior intelligence assessment body for the United Kingdom government.

During the War, the RAF Intelligence Branch was established, although personnel had been employed in intelligence duties in the RAF since its formation in 1918.

The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was operational from 1940 until early 1946. SOE conducted espionage, sabotage and reconnaissance in occupied Europe and later in occupied Southeast Asia against the Axis powers and aided local resistance movements.

A typical Bletchley Park intercept sheet of an Enigma machine message, after decryption.

The 1943 British–US Communication Intelligence Agreement, BRUSA, connected the signal intercept networks of the GC&CS and the US National Security Agency (NSA).[27] The GC&CS was based largely at Bletchley Park. Its staff, including Alan Turing, worked on cryptanalysis of the Enigma (codenamed Ultra) and Lorenz cipher,[28] and also a large number of other enemy systems. Winston Churchill was reported to have told King George VI, when presenting to him Stewart Menzies (head of the Secret Intelligence Service and the person who controlled distribution of Ultra decrypts to the government): "It is thanks to the secret weapon of General Menzies, put into use on all the fronts, that we won the war!"[29] F. W. Winterbotham quoted the western Supreme Allied Commander, Dwight D. Eisenhower, at war's end describing Ultra as having been "decisive" to Allied victory.[30] Sir Harry Hinsley, Bletchley Park veteran and official historian of British Intelligence in World War II, made a similar assessment about Ultra, saying that it shortened the war "by not less than two years and probably by four years"; and that, in the absence of Ultra, it is uncertain how the war would have ended.[31]

Cold War

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Declassified GCHQ report of Soviet ship positions, which played a key role in resolving the Cuban Missile Crisis.

The Government Code and Cypher School was renamed the "Government Communications Headquarters" (GCHQ) in 1946.[32] The Joint Intelligence Bureau (JIB) was established the same year.[33] It was structured into a series of divisions: procurement (JIB 1), geographic (JIB 2 and JIB 3), defences, ports and beaches (JIB 4), airfields (JIB 5), key points (JIB 6), oil (JIB 7) and telecommunications (JIB 8).[34]

Wartime signals intelligence cooperation between the United Kingdom and the United States continued in the post-war period.[35] The two countries signed the bilateral UKUSA Agreement in 1948.[36] Later broadened to include Canada, Australia and New Zealand, known as the Five Eyes, as well as cooperation with several "third-party" nations, this became the cornerstone of Western intelligence gathering and the "Special Relationship" between the UK and the USA.[4] Since World War II, the chief of the London station of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency has attended the Joint Intelligence Committee's weekly meetings. One former US intelligence officer has described this as the "highlight of the job" for the London CIA chief.[37] Resident intelligence chiefs from Australia, Canada, and New Zealand may attend when certain issues are discussed.[citation needed]

The Joint Intelligence Committee moved to the Cabinet Office in 1957 with its assessments staff who prepared intelligence assessments for the committee to consider.

During the Cuban Missile Crisis, GCHQ Scarborough intercepted radio communications from Soviet ships reporting their positions and used that to establish where they were heading. A copy of the report was sent directly to the White House Situation Room, providing initial indications of Soviet intentions with regards the US naval blockade of Cuba.[3]

When the Ministry of Defence was formed in 1964, the Joint Intelligence Bureau, Naval Intelligence, Military Intelligence and Air Intelligence were combined to form the Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS).[38] The DIS focussed initially on Cold War issues.[39]

As well as a mission to gather intelligence, GCHQ has for a long time had a corresponding mission to assist in the protection of the British government's own communications. Building on the work of James H. Ellis in the late 1960s, Clifford Cocks invented a public-key cryptography algorithm in 1973 (equivalent to what would become, in 1978, the RSA algorithm), which was shared with the NSA in the United States.[40]

The Security Service Act 1989 established the legal basis of the Security Service (MI5) for the first time under the government led by Margaret Thatcher. GCHQ and the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) were placed on a statutory footing by the Intelligence Services Act 1994 under the government led by John Major.

The National Infrastructure Security Co-ordination Centre (NISCC) and the National Security Advice Centre (NSAC) were formed in 1999. NISCC existed to provide advice to companies operating critical national infrastructure,[41] and NSAC was a unit within MI5 that provided security advice to other parts of the UK government.

21st century

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The Defence Intelligence Staff changed its name to Defence Intelligence (DI) in 2009.[39] Defence Intelligence has a unique position within the UK intelligence community as an 'all-source' intelligence function. The National Security Council (NSC) was established in 2010, reestablishing the central coordination of national security issues seen in the Committee of Imperial Defence.[42] The Joint Intelligence Organisation was formalised to provide intelligence assessment and advice on development of the UK intelligence community's analytical capability for the Joint Intelligence Committee and NSC.[43]

The National Crime Agency, established in 2013, gathers and analyses intelligence on serious and organised crime.[13] It was preceded by the National Drugs Intelligence Unit (1970s–1992), National Criminal Intelligence Service (1992–2006), and the Serious Organised Crime Agency (2006–2013).

Five other organisations which collect and analyse domestic intelligence within specific fields were formed under the authority of the Home Office: the National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit, which dates back to 2004 and has been hosted by the Metropolitan Police Service since 2011; the Gangmasters and Labour Abuse Authority which was formed in 2005; the Office for Security and Counter-Terrorism, created in 2007, which is responsible for leading work on counter-terrorism working closely with the police and security services; the National Ballistics Intelligence Service, which was created in 2008; and the National Fraud Intelligence Bureau, which was established in 2010 by the City of London Police.[16]

The Centre for the Protection of National Infrastructure (CPNI) was formed as a child agency of MI5 in 2007, merging the NISCC and NSAC.[44] CPNI provided integrated (combining information, personnel, and physical) security advice to the businesses and organisations which made up the critical national infrastructure.[45] In 2016, the cybersecurity-related aspects of the CPNI's role were taken over by the newly-formed National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC), itself a child agency of GCHQ.[46] The CPNI evolved into the National Protective Security Authority (NPSA) in 2023, taking on a remit beyond critical national infrastructure.[47]

Budget

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Single Intelligence Account

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The Single Intelligence Account (SIA) is the funding vehicle for the three main security and intelligence agencies: the Secret Intelligence Service (SIS/MI6),[48] Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ)[49] and the Security Service (MI5).[50] Spending on the SIA was £3.6 billion in financial year 2022/23.[51]

Defence Intelligence

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Defence Intelligence is integral part of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and is funded within the UK's defence budget.

Other agencies

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The domestic intelligence and security organisations, including joint police units, described in the sections above are funded by the Home Office.

See also

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^ Jump up to: a b "Why was the Zimmerman Telegram so important?". BBC. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b "The telegram that brought America into the First World War". BBC History Magazine. 17 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Corera, Gordon (2019-10-21). "Scarborough's Cuban missile crisis role revealed". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Adam White (29 June 2010). "How a Secret Spy Pact Helped Win the Cold War". Time.
  5. ^ "Sir Tim Barrow appointed as National Security Adviser". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  6. ^ "National security and intelligence: About us". GOV.UK. Archived from the original on 2014-07-04. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  7. ^ "National security and intelligence". GOV.UK. Retrieved 2021-12-24.
  8. ^ "SIS (MI6)". SIS. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Intelligence and Security Committee of Parliament "Annual Report 2021–2022"
  10. ^ "GCHQ Home page". GCHQ.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 2014-08-01. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  11. ^ "The Security Service". MI5. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  12. ^ "Defence Intelligence - Detailed guidance - GOV.UK". gov.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b "Intelligence". National Crime Agency. Archived from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2017-01-21.
  14. ^ National Crime Agency "Annual Report and Accounts 2021-22"
  15. ^ "| GANGMASTERS LABOUR ABUSE AUTHORITY – MEMBERS". Retrieved 2021-12-23.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b "General guide to the NFIB" (PDF). City of London Police. July 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  17. ^ Meadows, Sam (2018-07-13). "What really happens when you report a scam? We go behind closed doors at Action Fraud". The Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 2018-10-08.
  18. ^ "NABIS - National Ballistics Intelligence Service". nabis.police.uk. Retrieved 2014-03-07.
  19. ^ "Tracking firearms". The Economist. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  20. ^ "National Domestic Extremism and Disorder Intelligence Unit". National Police Chief's Council. Archived from the original on 2 February 2018. Retrieved 21 January 2017.
  21. ^ Allen. The Foreign Intelligence Committee. p. 68.
  22. ^ "Obituary". Obituaries. The Times. No. 34523. London. 13 March 1895. col F, p. 10.
  23. ^ Johnson, 1997, p. 44
  24. ^ Johnson, 1997, p. 45 and Kahn, 1991, p. 82
  25. ^ Macksey, Kenneth (2003). The Searchers: How Radio Interception Changed the Course of Both World Wars. Cassell Military. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-304-36545-6.
  26. ^ Aldrich, Richard James; Cormac, Rory; Goodman, Michael S. (2014). Spying on the World. p. 10. ISBN 9780748678570.
  27. ^ "How the British and Americans started listening in". BBC News. 2016-02-08. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  28. ^ Gannon, Paul (2006). Colossus: Bletchley Park's Greatest Secret. Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-84354-331-2.
  29. ^ The original source for this quote is Gustave Bertrand, Enigma, p. 256, at the end of a short passage asserting the importance of Enigma-derived intelligence for Allied victory.
  30. ^ Winterbotham 1974, pp. 154, 191.
  31. ^ Hinsley 1996.
  32. ^ Smith, Michael (1998). Station X. Channel 4 books. p. 176. ISBN 978-0-330-41929-1.
  33. ^ Dylan, p. xiii
  34. ^ Dylan, p. 31
  35. ^ "How the British and Americans started listening in". BBC. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  36. ^ "Diary reveals birth of secret UK-US spy pact that grew into Five Eyes". BBC News. 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2023-04-02.
  37. ^ "Why no questions about the CIA?". New Statesman. September 2003. Archived from the original on 2013-07-06.
  38. ^ Dylan, p. 184
  39. ^ Jump up to: a b "Defence Intelligence: Roles". Ministry of Defence. 12 December 2012. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  40. ^ "British Document Outlines Early Encryption Discovery". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2021-05-12. The set of algorithms, equations and arcane mathematics that make up public key cryptography are a crucial technology for preserving computer privacy in and making commerce possible on the Internet. Some hail its discovery as one of the most important accomplishments of 20th-century mathematics because it allows two people to set up a secure phone call without meeting beforehand. Without it, there would be no privacy in cyberspace.
  41. ^ «Прошедшие мероприятия: согласование и поддержка ИТ-инфраструктуры для выгоды бизнеса» . Британское компьютерное общество. 9 июня 2005 г. Архивировано из оригинала 21 мая 2011 г. Проверено 25 мая 2012 г.
  42. ^ «Совет национальной безопасности» . Институт правительства . 4 ноября 2014 года . Проверено 2 апреля 2023 г.
  43. ^ «Объединенная разведывательная организация — GOV.UK» . gov.uk. ​Проверено 7 марта 2014 г.
  44. ^ «Запуск Центра защиты национальной инфраструктуры (ЦЗНИ)» . Служба безопасности . 1 февраля 2007 года. Архивировано из оригинала 7 мая 2012 года . Проверено 25 мая 2012 г.
  45. ^ Маргарет Роуз (февраль 2008 г.). «Центр защиты национальной инфраструктуры (ЦЗНИ)» . SearchSecurity.co.uk. Архивировано из оригинала 5 мая 2012 года . Проверено 25 мая 2012 г.
  46. ^ Правительство Ее Величества (1 ноября 2016 г.). «Национальная стратегия кибербезопасности на 2016–2021 годы» (PDF) . gov.uk. ​п. 29 . Проверено 2 ноября 2016 г.
  47. ^ «О НПСА» . www.npsa.gov.uk. ​Проверено 28 марта 2023 г.
  48. ^ SIS: Финансирование и финансовый контроль. Архивировано 10 ноября 2014 г. на Wayback Machine . Проверено 2 марта 2014 г.
  49. ^ Финансирование и финансовый контроль GCHQ. Архивировано 2 марта 2014 г. на Wayback Machine . Проверено 2 марта 2014 г.
  50. ^ «Финансирование | МИ5 — Служба безопасности (2014)» . Архивировано из оригинала 8 апреля 2014 года . Проверено 2 марта 2014 г.
  51. ^ «Финансовая отчетность агентств безопасности и разведки за 2022–2023 годы (HTML)» . GOV.UK. ​Проверено 5 мая 2024 г.

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