Рахель Варнхаген

Биографию Ханны Арендт см. Рахель Варнхаген: жизнь евреи .

Рахель Варнхаген
Рожденный	( 1771-05-17 ) 17 мая 1771 г. Берлин , Германия
Умер	7 марта 1833 г. (1833-03-07) (в возрасте 61 года) Берлин , Германия
Место отдыха	Церковь Святой Троицы, Берлин
Язык	немецкий
Национальность	немецкий
Период	Возраст просвещения
Супруг	Карл Август Варнхаген фон Энсе

Рахель Антони Фридерике Варнхаген ( Немецкий: [ˈʁaːɛl ˈfaʁnhaːəən] ) (урожденный Левин , позже Роберт ; 19 мая 1771 - 7 марта 1833 г.) был немецким писателем, который принимал один из самых выдающихся салонов в Европе в конце 18-го и начале 19-го веков. Она является предметом знаменитой биографии , Рахель Варнхаген: жизнь евреи (1957), Ханна Арендт . Арендт задержала Варнгагена своей «ближайшей подругой, хотя она была мертва в течение сотен лет». Астероид . 100029 Варнгаген в ее честь назван

Жизнь и работы

Portrait of Rahel Varnhagen von Ense circa 1800, pastel by Moritz Michael Daffinge

Рахель Антони Фридерике Левин родился в еврейской семье в Берлине . Ее отец, богатый ювелир, был волевым человеком, который управлял своей семьей деспотически. Она подружилась с Доротеей и Генриеттой , дочерьми философа Моисея Мендельсон . Через них она познакомилась с Генриеттой Херц , с которой она будет тесно связана на протяжении всей своей жизни, двигаясь в тех же интеллектуальных сферах. Вместе с Герцом и ее двоюродной сестрой Сарой Гроттуйс -урожденным Мейер , она принимала один из знаменитых берлинских салонов 1800 -х годов . Ее дом стал местом встречи для художников, поэтов и интеллектуалов, таких как Шлегель , Шеллинг , Штеффенс , Шак , Шлейермахер , Александр и Вильгельм фон Гумбольдт , Мотт Фуке , барон Брюкманн , Людвиг Тик , Джин Пол и Фридрич Генц . Во время визита в Карлсбад в 1795 году ее познакомили с Гете , с которой она снова познакомилась во Франкфурте Ам главной в 1815 году.

After 1806, she lived in Paris, Frankfurt am Main, Hamburg, Prague, and Dresden. This period was one of misfortune for Germany; Prussia was reduced to a small kingdom and its king was in exile. Secret societies were formed in every part of the country with the object of throwing off the tyranny of Napoleon. Levin herself belonged to one of these societies.

In 1814, she married the biographer Karl August Varnhagen von Ense in Berlin, after having converted to Christianity — this also made her sister-in-law to the poet Rosa Maria Assing. At the time of their marriage, her husband, who had fought in the Austrian army against the French, belonged to the Prussian diplomatic corps, and their house in Vienna became a meeting place for Prussian delegates to the Congress of Vienna. In 1815, she accompanied her husband to Vienna and then to Karlsruhe in 1816, where he became a Prussian representative. She returned to Berlin in 1819, when her husband retired from his diplomatic position.

Though she never wrote a major book, Rahel Varnhagen is remembered for the intensity and variety of her correspondence. Six thousand letters have survived, out of an estimated ten thousand she wrote in her lifetime. A few of her essays were published in Das Morgenblatt, Das Schweizerische Museum, and Der Gesellschafter; in 1830, her Denkblätter einer Berlinerin was published in Berlin. Her husband, Karl August, edited and published her correspondence in the 20 years after her death. Her correspondence with David Veit and with Karl August was published in Leipzig, in 1861 and 1874–1875, respectively.

The grave of Rahel Varnhagen in Berlin

Rahel Varnhagen died in Berlin in 1833. Her grave is in the Dreifaltigkeitsfriedhof I Berlin-Kreuzberg. Her husband published two memorial volumes containing selections from her work: Rahel, ein Buch des Andenkens für ihre Freunde (Rahel, a Memorial Book for her Friends; 3 vols., 1834; new ed., 1903) and Galerie von Bildnissen aus Rahels Umgang (Gallery of Portraits from Rahel's Circle; 2 vols., 1836).

Relations with Judaism

According to the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), "Rahel always showed the greatest interest in her former co-religionists, endeavouring by word and deed to better their position, especially during the anti-Semitic outburst in Germany in 1819. On the day of her funeral Varnhagen sent a considerable sum of money to the Jewish poor of Berlin."

Amos Elon wrote about Rahel Varnhagen in his 2002 book The Pity of It All: A History of the Jews in Germany, 1743-1933:

She hated her Jewish background and was convinced it had poisoned her life. For much of her adult life she was what would later be called self-hating. Her overriding desire was to free herself from the shackles of her birth; since, as she thought, she had been "pushed out of the world" by her origins, she was determined to escape them. She never really succeeded. In 1810, she changed her family name to Robert, and in 1814, after her mother died, she converted. But her origins continued to haunt her even on her deathbed. She considered her origins "a curse, a slow bleeding to death". The idea that as a Jew she was always required to be exceptional — and go on proving it all the time — was repugnant to her. "How wretched it is always to have to legitimize myself! That is why it is so disgusting to be a Jew."

This has alternatively been understood not as Varnhagen rejecting her Jewish roots, but as resenting the fact they were a barrier to entry into society. Thus, she was forced to prove that, in spite of being Jewish, she was still a valuable German citizen.

Rahel's husband published an account of her deathbed scene, which Amos Elon described as "stylized and possibly overdramatised", including her alleged last words:

What a history! A fugitive from Egypt and Palestine, here I am and find help, love, fostering in you people. With real rapture I think of those origins of mine and this whole nexus of destiny, through which the oldest memories of the human race stand side by side with the latest developments.... The thing which all my life seemed to me the greatest shame, which was the misery and misfortune of my life – having been born a Jewess – this I should on no account now wish to have missed.

The poet Ludwig Robert was her brother and she corresponded extensively with him. Her sister Rosa was married to David Assur Assing. Ludmilla Assing and Ottilie Assing were her nieces-in-law.

References

•  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Isidore Singer and Frederick T. Haneman (1901–1906). "Rahel Levin". In Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.). The Jewish Encyclopedia. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
• Elon, Amos (2003). The Pity of It All: A Portrait of Jews in Germany 1743-1933. Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9341-3.
• Hertz, Deborah (2005) [1988 Yale University Press]. Jewish High Society in Old Regime Berlin. New Haven and London: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 978-0-8156-2955-9.
• Hertz, Deborah (2018). Briefe an eine Freundin: Rahel Varnhagen an Rebecca Friedländer. Cologne: Kiepenheuer und Witsch. ISBN 9783462402100.
• Scurla, Herbert (1962). Begegnungen mit Rahel: Der Salon der Rahel Levin (in German). Berlin: Verlag der Nation.

External links

• Official website of the Varnhagen Society, Cologne (in German)
• Annotated bibliographic entry for Hannah Arendt's Rahel Varnhagen: The Life of a Jewess from the Center for Cultural Judaism
• Website of the Centro Studi Rahel Levin, Turin (in Italian and German)
• Rahel Varnhagen: The Salon Life, Video Lecture by Dr. Henry Abramson
• Website of Prof. Deborah Hertz