Большой принц
 | Эта статья требует дополнительных цитат для проверки . ( январь 2017 г. ) |
Великий принц или великий принц (женская: великая принцесса или великая принцесса ( : Магнус Принцепс ; шведский : Сторфурсте ; немецкий : großfürst ; грек : μέγας , романизированный : мегас ; русский : vesholyй αρχών Латинская ) архон -knhanз - Название дворянства занимает честь ниже императора , равное эрцгерцогу , королю , величественному кранчасти и принцу-архпископу ; Над суверенным принцем и герцогом .
Великий княнец - это обычный и устоявший, хотя и не буквальный , перевод этих терминов на английских и романтических языках , которые обычно не используют отдельные слова для «принца», который правят как монарх (например, Альберт II, принц Монако ) и «Принц», который не царствует, но принадлежит к семье монарха (например, принц Джордж Уэльс ). Некоторые славянские ( Królewicz ), германские, голландские и скандинавские языки используют отдельные слова, чтобы выразить эту концепцию, и на этих языках Принс понимается как отдельное название (для кадета династии Гранд ) от Grand Druk король). Некоторые недавние источники также используют эрцгерцог .
Название Большого Принца когда -то использовалось для суверена великого княжества . Последние титульные грандиозные княжества исчезли в 1917 и 1918 годах, территории были объединены в другие монархии или стали республиками . Уже на этом этапе великие княжества Литвы , Трансильвании и Финляндии были на протяжении веков под руководством правителей других, более крупных монархий, так что название великого принца было заменено названиями «Король» и «Император» там. Иван IV из Москвы в 16 -м веке был последним сувереном, который царствовал, чей самый высокий титул был Великий Кньяз , пока он не принял звание царя России . «Velikiy Knyaz» - это российское название, которое часто переводится как «Великий принц», потому что в европейских языках нет лучших эквивалентов. Однако, когда на английском языке упоминается пре-царистский титул Ивана IV, обычно это как великий князь .
Velikiy knjaz is also a Russian courtesy title for members of the family of the Russian tsar (from the 17th century), although the people who held this title were not sovereigns.
Terminology in Slavic and Baltic languages
[edit]Velikiy knyaz (Meaning closest to Grand Prince but was generally translated as Grand Duke in state documents written in Latin), used in the Slavic and Baltic languages, was the title of a medieval monarch who headed a more-or-less loose confederation whose constituent parts were ruled by lesser knyazs ( often translated as "princes" ) . Those great knyazs' (grand princes') title and position was at the time sometimes translated as king, though kings, princes, and dukes seemingly initially did not exist amongst proto-Slavs and Balts with Knyaz being a Germanic loanword adopted by tribal chieftains.[1] Although, the Slavic knjaz and the Baltic kunigaikštis (nowadays usually translated as prince) are similar to kings in terms of ruling and duties. However, a velikiy knyaz (grand prince) was usually only primus inter pares within a dynasty, primogeniture not governing the order of succession. All knyazs (princes) of the family were equally eligible to inherit a crown (for example, succession might be through agnatic seniority or rotation). Often other members of the dynasty ruled some constituent parts of the monarchy/country. An established use of the title was in the Kievan Rus' and in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (from the 14th century). Thus, Veliki Knjaz has been more like a regional high king (but without international recognition as such) than "grand duke", at least, originally and were not subordinated to any other authority as more western (for example Polish) Grand Dukes were.[citation needed] As these countries expanded territorially and moved towards primogeniture and centralization, their rulers acquired more elevated titles.
Use in the Middle Ages
[edit]Hungary
[edit]Grand Prince (Hungarian: Nagyfejedelem) was the title used by contemporary sources to name the leader of the federation of the Hungarian tribes in the 10th century. Constantine VII mentioned Árpád in his book De Administrando Imperio as megas Turkias arkhon, while Bruno of Querfurt referred to Géza in his Sancti Adalberti Pragensis episcopi et martyris vita altera as Ungarorum senior magnus. It was used by Géza and his son and heir Stephen of Hungary.
Serbia
[edit]In the Middle Ages, the Serbian veliki župan (велики жупан) was the supreme chieftain in the multi-tribal society. The title signifies overlordship, as the leader of lesser chieftains titled župan.[2] It was used by the Serb rulers in the 11th and 12th centuries.[3] In Greek, it was known as archizoupanos (ἄρχιζουπάνος), megazoupanos (μεγαζουπάνος) and megalos zoupanos (μεγάλος ζουπάνος).[3]
In the 1090s, Vukan became the veliki župan in Raška (Rascia).[4] Stefan Nemanja expelled his brother Tihomir in 1168 and assumed the title of veliki župan,[5] as described in the Charter of Hilandar (и постави ме великог жупана).[6] A Latin document used mega iupanus for King Stefan the First-Crowned (Stephanus dominus Seruie siue Rasie, qui mega iupanus).[7] Afterwards, it was a high noble rank with notable holders such as Altoman Vojinović (fl. 1335–59).
Kievan Rus' and successor states
[edit]Kievan Rus'
[edit]The Grand Prince of Kiev (sometimes grand duke) was the title of the monarch of Kievan Rus', residing in Kiev (modern Kyiv) from the 10th to 13th centuries.[citation needed] In the 13th century, Kiev became an appanage principality first of the grand prince of Vladimir and the Mongol Golden Horde governors, and later was taken over by the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[citation needed]
Rus' chronicles such as the Primary Chronicle are inconsistent in applying the title "grand prince" to various princes in Kievan Rus'.[8] Although most sources consistently attribute it to the prince of Kiev,[8] there is no agreement which princes were also "grand prince", and scholars have thus come up with different lists of grand princes of Kiev.[9]Later Rus' principalites
[edit] |
In the 13th century, the monarchs of other Rus' principalities which originated as appanages of Kiev, such as Vladimir-Suzdal and Galicia-Volhynia, started claiming the title of "grand prince" as well. Next were Moscow, Tver', Yaroslavl', Ryazan', Smolensk, and others, each claiming to be the legitimate successors of the former Kievan Rus' realm. From the 15th century, the Grand Princes of Moscow (Muscovy) started adding "and of all Rus'" to their title until Ivan IV proclaimed himself "tsar of Russia" in 1547.
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
[edit] |
The Lithuanian title Didysis kunigaikštis was used by the rulers of Lithuania, and after 1569, it was one of two main titles used by the monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The kings of Poland from the Swedish House of Vasa also used this title for their non-Polish territories. This Lithuanian title was sometimes latinized as Magnus Dux or Grand Duke.
Modern use
[edit] |
In 1582, King Johan III of Sweden added Grand Prince of Finland to the subsidiary titles of the Swedish kings, however without any territorial or civic implications, Finland already being a fully integrated part of the Swedish realm.
The Holy Roman Empire ruling house of Habsburg instituted a similar Grand Principality in Transylvania (Siebenburgen) in 1765.
After the Russian conquests, the title continued to be used by the Russian emperor in his role as ruler of Lithuania (1793–1918) and of autonomous Finland (1809–1917) as well. His titulary included, among other titles: "Grand Duke of Smolensk, Volynia, Podolia", "Lord and Grand Duke of Nizhni Novgorod, Chernigov" etc.
A more literal translation of the Russian title than grand duke would be great prince — especially in the pre-Petrine era — but the term is neither standard nor widely used in English. In German, however, a Russian Grand Duke was known as a Großfürst, in Swedish as a Storfurste and in Latin as Magnus Princeps.
Grand prince remained as a dynastic title for the senior members of the Romanov dynasty in Russia's imperial era. The title Velikiy Knyaz, its use finally formalized by Alexander III, then belonged to children and male-line grandchildren of the emperors of Russia. The daughters and paternal granddaughters of the emperors used a different version of the title (Великая Княжна, Velikaya Knyazhna) from females who obtained it as the consorts of Russian grand princes (Великие Княгини, Velikie Knyagini). In modern times a Russian Grand Duke or Grand Duchess is styled Imperial Highness.
The title grand prince was also used for the heir apparent to the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
Смотрите также
[ редактировать ]Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ "www.sbc.org.pl" (pdf) .
- ^ Фрэнсис Уильям Картер; Дэвид Тернок (1999). Штаты Восточной Европы . Эшгейт. п. 252. ISBN 978-1-85521-512-2 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Сима Чиркович; Rade Mikhalcic (1999). Лексикон сербского среднего века . Знание. п. 73. ISBN 9788683233014 Полем
Великий префект - 1. Название сербского правителя в столетии XI и XII. Welnm župdnk также был переведен в соответствии с соответствующими терминами, греческий ardž- ogtagot, igua ^ ogtauge, ceuaha? ^ og ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ajirapiz, ta§piz ...
- ^ Джон Ван Антверпен Fine (1991). Ранние средневековые Балканы: критическое обследование от шестого до конца двенадцатого века . Университет Мичиганской прессы. С. 225 -. ISBN 0-472-08149-7 .
- ^ Пол Стивенсон (29 июня 2000 г.). Балканская граница Византия: политическое исследование северных Балкан, 900-1204 . Издательство Кембриджского университета. С. 267 -. ISBN 978-0-521-77017-0 .
- ^ Jovo Rados (2000). Начало философии закона с сербами . Прометей. ISBN 9788676394906 .
- ^ Работа Тол. 19. 1972 с.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Кумни 2004 , с. 253.
- ^ Дымоход 2004 , с. 253–254.
Работы цитируются
[ редактировать ]- Димник, Мартин (январь 2004 г.). «Название« Большой принц »в Киеване Рус » . Средневековые исследования . 66 : 253–312. doi : 10.1484/j.ms.2.306512 . Получено 27 февраля 2023 года .
| Базы данных управления авторитетом : национальный |
|---|
