Украинские фамилии
 | Эта статья требует дополнительных цитат для проверки . ( июнь 2013 г. ) |
К 18 веку почти у всех украинцев были фамилии. Большинство украинских фамилий (и фамилий на славянских языках в целом) формируются путем добавления притяжательных и других суффиксов к данным именам , именам мест, профессий и другим словам.
Фамилии были разработаны для официальных документов или бизнес -записей, чтобы дифференцировать стороны, которые могут иметь то же имя. К 15 веку фамилии использовались высшим классом, дворянами и крупными земельными владельцами. В городах и городах фамилии стали необходимыми в 15 и 16 веках. В 1632 году ортодоксальный столичный нефт, Могила приказал священникам включить фамилию во все записи о рождении, браке и смерти.
После перегородков Польши (1772–1795) Западная Украина попала под австрийскую империю , где крестьяне нуждались в фамилии для целей налогообложения, а военная служба и церкви должны были вести учет всех рождений, смерти и браков.
Фамилии с суффиксом -енко являются наиболее известными и распространенными украинскими фамилиями. Из -за миграции и депортации украинцев во время истории он также присутствует в Беларуси и России , особенно в регионе Кубана , где исторически проживали многие этнические украинцы.
Suffixes
[edit]Common suffixes in Ukrainian names are:
- -enko (-енко) (Шевченко, Гордієнко, Коваленко, Зінченко, Симоненко, Кравченко, Войтенко, Ткаченко, Порошенко), distinctively Ukrainian, first recorded in the 15th century.[1]
- -chuk (-чук) or -chak (-чак) (Поліщук, Паламарчук, Баланчук, Максимчак) or its simplified versions -iuk (-юк) or -iak (-як) and -ak (-ак) (Палагнюк, Мочуляк, Романюк). The suffixes -uk/-iuk are considered to be patronymic.
- -yshyn (Панчишин, Костишин, Романишин). Such suffixes are simply added to Ukrainian given names. These are considered patronymic.
- -skyi (-ський) (Тарновський, Зеленський), originally from aristocratic usage but then generalized. Ukrainian version of surnames ending in -ski, common in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (Rzeczpospolita).
- -vych (-вич) (Шухевич, Петрушевич, Андрушевич, Шушкевич, Горлукович). Common with neighboring Belarus, descending from the common Rzeczpospolita culture (-wicz).
- -ko (-ко), a diminutive ending often with patronymic meaning (Сірко, Павличко, Бойко).
- -iv (-ів), an old-Ruthenian/Rusyn type surnames (Тимків, Василів, Григорів)
- Less common suffixes that may identify Ukrainian origin are -ra (-ра), -ha (-га) or -ho (-го), -ukh (-ух), -un (-ун), -ash (-аш), -la (-ла) or -lo (-ло) (Ванжура, Вервега, Андрух, Ковтун, Кайдаш), series of -aba (-аба), -yba (-иба), and -uba (-уба), also -iush -(юш) (Плюш) and -ii (-ій) (Вертій).
Some names have differing masculine and feminine forms, meaning a brother and sister's surname will be inflected with different suffixes (such as Zelenskyi/Зеленський vs. Zelenska/Зеленська). Others (such as the distinctively Ukrainian names ending in -enko) do not change with grammatical gender.
First elements
[edit]The first elements of Ukrainian surnames are most commonly given names (patronymics and matronymics), place names (toponyms), and professions.
Patronymic surnames
From the first name Ivan (John in English), over 100 different surnames can be formed. The most common variations of Ivan in Ukrainian are Ivas, Jan, Vakhno, and Vanko. The surnames based on Ivan include: Ivaniv, Ivankiv, Ivasiv, Ivashchenko, Ivankhiv, Janiv, Jankiv, and Ivaniuk. More examples of surnames based on a first name:
- Andrii (Andrew): Andriiash, Andriiets, Andrusyshyn and Andrukhovych
- Hryhorii (Gregory): Hryniuk, Hryniv, Hryhoruk
- Mykhailo (Michael): Mykhailuk
- Pavlo (Paul): Pavlovych, Pavliuk, Pailiuk, Pavluk
- Stepan (Steven): Stefaniuk, Stefanyk
When a woman married, she was known by a form of her husband's first name or her father's. From the name Petro, she was Petrykha, (wife of Petro). From these forms, matronymic surnames ending in -yshyn were created. Petryshyn came from Petrykha, Romanyshyn from Romanykha and Ivanyshyn from Ivanykha. Surnames based on women's names are rare (Marunchak from Marunia, a form of Maria).
Toponymic surnames
Some Ukrainian toponymic surnames can be identified as from the Galicia region. Those surnames often contain the suffixes -ets or -iets (Kolomiets, Korniets, Romanets, Baranets).
Profession-based surnames
- Bondar (Bodnar, Bondaruk) — barrel maker, cooper
- Honchar (Honcharenko, Honcharuk) — potter, ceramist
- Kolisnyk (Kolisnychenko) — wheelwright
- Kravets (Kravchenko, Kravchuk) — tailor
- Kushnir (Kushnirenko, Kushniruk) — furrier
- Oliinyk — vegetable oil-manufacturer
- Palamar (Ponomarchuk, Ponomarenko, Palamarchuk) – clergyman (altar server)
- Skliar — glazier
- Chumak — salt-trader
- Kramar — store owner
Ethnic surnames
Names that show ethnic, national or tribal origins other than Ukrainian.
- Nimchuk, from Germany (Nimets means German in Ukrainian).
- Tataryn, from Tatar, the Turkic people of the "Golden Horde".
- Voloshyn, from Volokh, an ancient tribe that originally lived in Romania and Moldova.
Cossack names
[edit]There are also old Cossack names that derive from military occupations, such as Kompaniiets or Kompanichenko. There are also surnames derived from monikers based on personal characteristics. Those are considered to derive directly from the usage of monikers instead of actual names due to nature of occupation. These compounds, usually consisting of a second person-singular-addressed imperative verb or an adjective coupled with a noun, can often be somewhat comical such as:
| Name | Literal meaning |
|---|---|
| Chornovil | Black ox |
| Chornyi | Black (adj.) |
| Dobroshtan | Good pants |
| Dobryivechir | Good evening! (vocative) |
| Holodryha | Nude twitch |
| Hryzydub | Munch the oak (second person imperative) |
| Kandyba | Useless (crippled)[a] horse |
| Kryvoshapka | Crooked headwear |
| Krutyvus | Twist the moustache (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Kryvonis | Curved nose |
| Lomachenko | Breaker (Lomaka) [+enko] |
| Lupybat'ko | Pummel the father (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Molyboha | Pray to God (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Navarykasha | Boil the porridge (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Nebaba | [Is] not a woman |
| Nedaivoda | Do not give water (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Nepyipyvo | Do not drink beer (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Neschadymenko | No mercy! [+enko] |
| Nesviatypaska | Do not [get] paska bless[ed] (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Netudykhata | Wrong way house (locative) |
| Neizhkasha | Do not eat porridge (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Neizhpapa | Do not eat dad/bread (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Nezdiimynoha | Do not lift up the leg (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Obbizhysvit | Run around the world (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Otchenash | Our Father! (voc.) |
| Panibud'laska | Lady, please! (voc.) |
| Perebyinis | Break the nose (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Perevernykruchenko | Turn over the cliff (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Pidipryhora | Bolster the mountain (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Pidkuimukha | Horseshoe the fly (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Podlypa | Under a lime tree (loc.) |
| Pokyn'boroda | Ditch the beard (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Salohub | Salo lips |
| Sorokopud | Forty poods |
| Tiahnyriadno | Pull the blanket (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Ubyivovk | Kill the wolf (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Uvorvykyshky | Rip the guts out (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Voshkolup | Louse scratch[er] |
| Vyrvykhvist | Rip a tail (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Vernydub | Twist the oak (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Vernyhora | Twist the mountain (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Zapliuisvichka | Dip-spit the candle (2nd pers. imp.) |
| Zhuivoda | Chew the water (2nd pers. imp.) |
Such surnames are primarily derived from a funny memorable situation or a phrase coined by the person, who eventually received such a name, and supposedly originated in the 15th–16th centuries with the start of the Cossack movement.
Among Cossacks were also much simplified nature-derived last names such as Hohol (topknot), Orel (eagle), Bakai/Bakay/Bakaj (pothole), Horobets (sparrow), Syromakha (orphan), Rosomakha (wolverine), Vedmid' (bear), Moroz (frost), Kulish (Cossack soup), Mara (wraith), Skovoroda (frying pan), Harbuz (pumpkin), Vovk (wolf), Chaika (seagull) and many more that are common nouns of the Ukrainian language. Other Cossack last names were based on personality characteristics, e.g. Babii (womanizer), Dovhopiat (long foot), Dryhalo (twitchy person), Nudylo (tedious person), Plaksa (crying person), Pribluda (fornicate child, bastard), Prilipko (sticky person), Sverbylo (itchy person), Vereshchaka (shrieking person), Vytrishchaka (goggling person), etc.
Most common surnames in Ukraine
[edit]
| # | Name | Ukrainian | Meaning | Number | Predominant in regions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Melnyk | Мельник | Miller | 107878 | Ivano-Frankivsk, Khmelnytskyi, Lviv, Vinnytsia |
| 2 | Shevchenko | Шевченко | Shoemaker's son | 106340 | Cherkasy, Dnipropetrovsk, Kharkiv, Kirovohrad, Kyiv, Mykolaiv, Poltava, Sumy, Zaporizhia |
| 3 | Kovalenko | Коваленко | Smith's son | 88632 | Chernihiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Kherson, Kyiv, Poltava, Cherkasy |
| 4 | Bondarenko | Бондаренко | Cooper's son | 88133 | Dnipropetrovsk, Donetsk, Kharkiv, Luhansk, Odesa, Poltava, Zaporizhia |
| 5 | Ivanov(a) | Іванов | John's | 84096 | Crimea, Donetsk, Mykolaiv, Odesa, Sevastopol, Zaporizhia |
| 6 | Boyko | Бойко | Boyko or from бій (fight, combat) | 83195 | Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil |
| 7 | Tkachenko | Ткаченко | Weaver's son | 82270 | Cherkasy, Kharkiv, Kirovohrad, Kyiv, Mykolaiv, Sumy |
| 8 | Kravchenko | Кравченко | Tailor's son | 75456 | Chernihiv, Kherson |
| 9 | Kovalchuk | Ковальчук | Smith's son | 70410 | Khmelnytskyi, Rivne, Volyn, Zhytomyr |
| 10 | Koval | Коваль | Smith | 62232 | Lviv |
Source: "Ridni.org" Ukrainian genealogical portal (data for 2011-2013)[2]
See also
[edit]Примечания
[ редактировать ]- ^ В Украинской Кандибе есть словесная форма (Kandybaty), которая означает физические ограничения при движении пешком.
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ Slavutych, Yar (1962-09-01). «Украинские фамилии в -enko» . Имена 10 (3): 181–186. doi : 10.1179/nam.1962.10.3.181 . ISSN 0027-7738 .
- ^ «Распространение карты украинских фамилий» . Ridni.org . Получено 22 января 2024 года .