Bouteloua graracilis
| Голубая грама | |
|---|---|
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Научная классификация 
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| Королевство: | Plantae |
| Клада : | Трахеофиты |
| Клада : | Покрытосеменные |
| Клада : | Монокоты |
| Clade: | Commelinids |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | Bouteloua |
| Species: | B. gracilis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Bouteloua gracilis | |
Bouteloua Gracilis , The Blue Grama ,-это долгоживущая теплого сезона ( C4 ) многолетняя трава , родом из Северной Америки . [ 2 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ]
Он чаще всего встречается из Альберты , Канады, востока до Манитобы и юга через Скалистые горы , Великие равнины и штаты США на Среднем Западе , на северном мексиканском плато в Мексике .
Blue Grama приходится на большую часть чистой первичной продуктивности в прерии Shortgrass в Центральных и южных Великих равнинах . Это зеленая или сероватая, низкорослая, устойчивая к засухе трава с ограниченным обслуживанием. [ 6 ]
Описание
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Blue Grama имеет зеленые до серовато -листья шириной менее 3 мм (0,1 дюйма) и длиной от 1 до 10 дюймов (от 25 до 250 мм). Общая высота растения составляет от 6 до 12 в (от 15 до 30 см) при зрелости. [ 7 ]
The flowering stems (culms) are 7 to 18 in (18 to 46 cm) long. At the top are one to four, usually two,[8] comb-like spikes, which extend out at a sharp angle from the flowering stem.[7] Each spike has 20 to 90 spikelets.[7] Each spikelet is 5 to 6 mm (0.20 to 0.24 in) long, and has one fertile floret and one or two reduced sterile ones.[9] Below the florets are two glumes, one 1.5 to 3 mm (0.06 to 0.12 in) long and the other 3.5 to 6 mm (0.14 to 0.24 in) long.[9] The fertile floret has a lemma (bract) 5 to 5.5 mm (0.20 to 0.22 in) long, with three short awns (bristles) at the tip, and the sterile floret has a lemma about 2 mm (0.08 in) long with three awns about 5 mm (0.2 in) long.[8][10] If pollinated, the fertile floret produces an oblong-elliptic brown seed 2.5 to 3 mm (0.10 to 0.12 in) long.[11] When the seed is mature, the whole spikelet detaches, except for the two glumes, which remain.
The roots generally grow 12 to 18 in (30 to 46 cm) outwards, and 3 to 6.5 ft (0.9 to 2.0 m) deep.[7]
Blue grama is readily established from seed, but depends more on vegetative reproduction via tillers. Seed production is slow, and depends on soil moisture and temperature. Seeds dispersed by wind only reach a few meters (6 ft); farther distances are reached with insects, birds, and mammals as dispersal agents. Seedling establishment, survival, and growth are greatest when isolated from neighboring adult plants, which effectively exploit water in the seedling's root zone. Successful establishment requires a modest amount of soil moisture during the extension and development of adventitious roots.[7]
Established plants are grazing-, cold-, and drought-tolerant, though prolonged drought leads to a reduction in root number and extent. They employ an opportunistic water-use strategy, rapidly using water when available, and becoming dormant during less-favorable conditions. In terms of successional status, blue grama is a late seral to climax species. Recovery following disturbance is slow and depends on the type and extent of the disturbance.[7]
Distribution
[edit]Blue grama has the widest distribution of all grama grasses. It will grow on most soil types, and readily adapts to local conditions. It can be found as far north as Alberta, and as far south as Mexico. It is present in most of the Midwestern United States, extending east to Missouri and Texas, and as far west as Southern California. It has been introduced to some eastern states, as well as South America.[12]
Horticulture and agriculture
[edit]Blue grama is valued as forage, and is the most valuable grama. It is an ideal range grass in the southwest. It will survive heavy grazing and extreme drought, and is quite palatable to livestock.[12] Grazing of blue grama rangelands might also prevent invasion of undesirable weedy plants.[13]
Blue grama is grown by the horticulture industry, and used in perennial gardens, naturalistic and native plant landscaping, habitat restoration projects, and residential, civic, and highway erosion control. Blue grama flowers are also used in dried flower arrangements. Blue grama is the state grass of Colorado and New Mexico. It is listed as an endangered species in Illinois.[2]
Blue grama has a large genome relative to other grama grasses.[14] It can be diploid or tetraploid.[15]
Among the Zuni people, the grass bunches are tied together and the severed end is used as a hairbrush, the other as a broom. Bunches are also used to strain goat's milk.[16] The Costanoan, or Ohlone, use(d) the hollow stems as drinking straws.[17] The Navajo use(d) it as sheep and horse feed.[18]
Ecology
[edit]Blue grama is the dominant species of the US shortgrass steppe ecoregion.[19][20] Populations of blue grama across the great plains are genetically differentiated (even at small spatial scales) and show functional trait variance connected to climate.[21][22][15] Blue grama from more arid grasslands are also characterized by greater phenotypic plasticity.[21]
It is a larval host to the Garita skipperling, green skipper, Pahaska skipper, Rhesus skipper, Simius roadside skipper, and the Uncas skipper.[23]
References
[edit]- ^ NatureServe (2023). "Bouteloua gracilis Blue Grama". NatureServe Explorer. Arlington, Virginia: NatureServe. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Bouteloua gracilis". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team.
- ^ "Bouteloua gracilis". International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries; Australian National Botanic Gardens.
- ^ "Bouteloua gracilis". County-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
- ^ "Bouteloua gracilis". State-level distribution map from the North American Plant Atlas (NAPA). Biota of North America Program (BONAP). 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2018.
- ^ Smoliak, S.; Ditterline, R.L.; Scheetz, J.D.; Holzworth, L.K.; Sims, J.R.; Wiesner, L.E.; Baldridge, D.E.; Tibke, G.L. "Blue Grama (Bouteloua gracilis)". Montana Interagency Plant Materials Handbook. Montana State University Extension Service. Archived from the original on June 10, 2010.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Anderson, Michelle D. (2003). "Bouteloua gracilis". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. Retrieved August 24, 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Sun, Bi-xing; Phillips, Sylvia M. "Bouteloua gracilis". Flora of China. Vol. 22 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Hilty, John (2020). "Blue Grama (Bouteloua gracilis)". Illinois Wildflowers.
- ^ Sun, Bi-xing; Phillips, Sylvia M. "Bouteloua". Flora of China. Vol. 22 – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ Chayka, Katy; Dziuk, Peter (2016). "Bouteloua gracilis (Blue Grama)". Minnesota Wildflowers.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Gould, Frank W. (1951). Grasses of Southwestern United States. Tucson: University of Arizona. p. 146.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ Porensky, Lauren M.; Derner, Justin D.; Augustine, David J.; Milchunas, Daniel G. (2017). "Plant Community Composition After 75 Yr of Sustained Grazing Intensity Treatments in Shortgrass Steppe". Rangeland Ecology & Management. 70 (4): 456–464. doi:10.1016/j.rama.2016.12.001. S2CID 90458063.
- ^ Bennett, M (2000). "Nuclear DNA Amounts in Angiosperms and their Modern Uses—807 New Estimates". Annals of Botany. 86 (4): 859–909. doi:10.1006/anbo.2000.1253.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Butterfield, Bradley J.; Wood, Troy E. (2015). "Local climate and cultivation, but not ploidy, predict functional trait variation in Bouteloua gracilis (Poaceae)". Plant Ecology. 216 (10): 1341–1349. doi:10.1007/s11258-015-0510-8. ISSN 1385-0237. S2CID 18031688.
- ^ Stevenson, Matilda Coxe (1915). "Ethnobotany of the Zuni Indians". SI-BAE Annual Report #30. p. 83.
- ^ Bocek, Barbara R. (1984). "Ethnobotany of Costanoan Indians, California, Based on Collections by John P. Harrington". Economic Botany. 38 (2): 255. doi:10.1007/BF02858839. S2CID 21852804.
- ^ Elmore, Francis H. (1944). Ethnobotany of the Navajo. Santa Fe, NM: School of American Research. p. 25.
- ^ Lauenroth, William K., Burke, Ingrid C., Editors. (2008). Ecology of the shortgrass steppe a long-term perspective. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-972280-8. OCLC 690360063.
{{cite book}}:|last=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Munson, Seth M.; Lauenroth, William K. (2009). "Plant population and community responses to removal of dominant species in the shortgrass steppe: Plant responses to removal of dominant species". Journal of Vegetation Science. 20 (2): 224–232. doi:10.1111/j.1654-1103.2009.05556.x.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Hoffman, Ava M.; Bushey, Julie A.; Ocheltree, Troy W.; Smith, Melinda D. (2020). "Genetic and functional variation across regional and local scales is associated with climate in a foundational prairie grass". New Phytologist. 227 (2): 352–364. doi:10.1111/nph.16547. ISSN 0028-646X. PMID 32176814.
- ^ Smith, Steven E.; Arredondo, Tulio; Aguiar, Martín; Huber-Sannwald, Elisabeth; Alpuche, Angel; Aguado, Armando; Grageda, Oscar A.; Halbrook, Kandres; Bottini, Cecilia (2009). "Fine-Scale Spatial Genetic Structure in Perennial Grasses in Three Environments". Rangeland Ecology & Management. 62 (4): 356–363. doi:10.2111/08-159.1. hdl:10150/643040. S2CID 44199283.
- ^ The Xerces Society (2016), Gardening for Butterflies: How You Can Attract and Protect Beautiful, Beneficial Insects, Timber Press.
External links
[edit]
- Natureserve безопасные виды
- Бутелуа
- Травы Северной Америки
- Теплые травы Северной Америки
- Местные травы в регионе Великих равнин
- Травы Канады
- Травы Мексики
- Травы Соединенных Штатов
- Местные травы Калифорнии
- Местные травы Небраски
- Местные травы Оклахомы
- Местные травы Техаса
- Флора Мексики
- Флора западных Соединенных Штатов
- Флора Соединенных Штатов
- Флора юго-центра
- Флора калифорнийских пустынных регионов
- Флора канадских прерий
- Флора пустыни Чихуахуан
- Флора великого бассейна
- Флора региона Великих озер (Северная Америка)
- Флора мексиканского плато
- Естественная история пустыни Мохаве
- Растения описаны в 1816 году
- Символы Колорадо
- Символы Нью -Мексико
- Садовые растения Северной Америки
- Засухоустойчивые растения