Нью -Йорк Мир

Нью -Йорк Мир
	New York World Cover, объявляя о завоевании Дьюи испанского флота в битве при заливе Манила в мае 1898 года
Тип	Ежедневная газета
Формат	Широкий лист
Владелец (ы)	Мантон Мрамор ; (1862–1876) ; Томас А. Скотт ; (1876–1879) ; Джей Гулд ; (1879–1883) ; Джозеф Пулитцер ; (1883–1911) ; Пулитцеровская семья ; (1911–1931) ;
Основан	1860 ; 164 года назад
Политическое выравнивание	Независимый демократический /прогрессивный
Ceased publication	February 27, 1931; 93 years ago
Headquarters	New York World Building
Circulation	313,000 (1931)
OCLC number	32646018

New York World был газетой, опубликованной в Нью -Йорке с 1860 по 1931 год. В статье сыграли главную роль в истории американских газет как ведущий национальный голос Демократической партии . С 1883 по 1911 год под руководством издателя Джозефа Пулитцера он был пионером в желтой журналистике , привлекая внимание читателей сенсацией, спортом, сексом и скандалом и подталкивало его ежедневное кровообращение к отметке на один миллион. Он был продан в 1931 году и объединен в нью-йоркскую мир-реза .

История

Ранние годы

Мир был основан в 1860 году . С 1862 по 1876 год он был отредактирован Мантон Марбл , который также был его владельцем. Во время президентских выборов в Соединенных Штатах 1864 года мир поддельные был закрыт на три дня после того, как он опубликовал документы, якобы от Авраама Линкольна . ^{[ 2 ]}^{[ 3 ]} Мрамор, противный поражение Сэмюэля Тилдена на президентских выборах 1876 года , продал газету после выборов группе, возглавляемой Томасом А. Скоттом , президентом Пенсильванской железной дороги , который использовал газету «в качестве пропагандистской машины для его акций предприятия. " ^{[ 4 ]} Но Скотт не смог понести растущие убытки газеты, и в 1879 году он продал ее финансисту Джею Гулду в рамках сделки, которая также включала Техасскую и Тихоокеанскую железную дорогу . ^{[ 4 ]} Гулд, как и Скотт, использовал газету для своих собственных целей, используя ее, чтобы помочь ему захватить Западный Союз . Но Гулд, как и Скотт, не мог перевернуть финансовое состояние газеты вокруг, и к 1880 -м годам он терял 40 000 долларов в год. ^[4]

Joseph Pulitzer years

Joseph Pulitzer bought the World in 1883 and began an aggressive era of circulation building. Reporter Nellie Bly became one of America's first investigative journalists, often working undercover. As a publicity stunt for the paper, inspired by the Jules Verne novel Around the World in Eighty Days, she traveled around the planet in 72 days in 1889–1890. In 1890, Pulitzer built the New York World Building, the tallest office building in the world at the time.

In 1889, Julius Chambers was appointed by Pulitzer as managing editor of the New York World; he served until 1891.^[5] In 1890, Pulitzer, Chambers, et al. were indicted for posthumous criminal libel against Alexander T. Stewart for accusing him of "a dark and secret crime", as the man who "invited guests to meet his mistresses at his table", and as "a pirate of the dry goods ocean." The charges were dismissed by the court. This sort of criminal action was common at the time and both Pulitzer and Chambers were indicted in a number of cases, in some of which they were acquitted, in others convicted.

In 1896, the World began using a four-color printing press; it was the first newspaper to launch a color supplement, which featured The Yellow Kid cartoon Hogan's Alley. It joined a circulation battle with William Randolph Hearst's New York Journal. In 1899 Pulitzer and Hearst were the cause of the newsboys' strike of 1899, which led to Pulitzer's circulation dropping by 70%.

The World was attacked for being "sensational", and its circulation battles with Hearst's Journal gave rise to the term yellow journalism. The charges of sensationalism were most frequently leveled at the paper by more established publishers, who resented Pulitzer's courting of the immigrant classes.^{[citation needed]} And while the World presented its fair share^{[clarification needed]} of crime stories, it also published damning exposés of tenement abuses. After a heat wave in 1883 killed a disproportionate number of poor children, the World published stories about it, featuring such headlines as "Lines of Little Hearses". Its coverage spurred action in the city for reform. Hearst reproduced Pulitzer's approach in the San Francisco Examiner and later in the Journal.

Charles Chapin was hired in 1898 as city editor of the Evening World. He was most known for embracing the sensational and showing little empathy in the face of tragedy, only taking a more solemn tone when reporting on the assassination of William McKinley in 1901. He controlled the newsroom with an iron fist, and was commonly despised by the journalists who worked for him. Chapin fired 108 newspaper men during his tenure.^[6] However, Stanley Walker still referred to him as "the greatest city editor that ever lived."^[7] His time at the World ended when, after falling into financial ruin, he murdered his wife in 1918. He was sentenced to Sing Sing Prison and died there in 1930.^{[citation needed]}

1904 political cartoon of President Theodore Roosevelt

Frank Irving Cobb was employed on a trial basis by Pulitzer as the editor of the World in 1904. Cobb was a fiercely independent Kansan who resisted Pulitzer's attempts to "run the office" from his home. The elder man was so invested in the paper that he continually meddled with Cobb's work. The two found common ground in their support of Woodrow Wilson, but they had many other areas of disagreement.^{[citation needed]}

When Pulitzer's son Ralph took over administrative responsibility of The World in 1907, his father wrote a precisely worded resignation. Cobb had it printed in every New York paper—except the World. Joseph Pulitzer raged at the insult, but slowly began to respect Cobb's editorials and independent spirit. Exchanges, commentaries, and messages between them increased. The good rapport between the two was based largely on Cobb's flexibility. In May 1908, Cobb and Pulitzer met to outline plans for a consistent editorial policy.^{[citation needed]}

Pulitzer's demands for editorials on contemporary news led to overwork by Cobb. The publisher sent his managing editor on a six-week tour of Europe to restore his spirit. Shortly after Cobb's return, Pulitzer died. Cobb then finally published Pulitzer's resignation from 1907. Cobb retained the editorial policies he had shared with Pulitzer until he died of cancer in 1923.^[8]

Later years

When Pulitzer died in 1911, he passed control of the World to his sons Ralph, Joseph and Herbert. The World continued to grow under its executive editor Herbert Bayard Swope, who hired writers such as Frank Sullivan and Deems Taylor. Among the World's noted journalists were columnists Franklin Pierce Adams (F.P.A.), who wrote "The Conning Tower"; Heywood Broun, who penned "It Seems to Me" on the editorial page; and future hardboiled fiction writer James M. Cain. C. M. Payne created several comic strips for the newspaper.

The paper published the first crossword puzzle in December 1913. The annual reference book called The World Almanac was founded by the newspaper, and the name World Almanac is directly descended from the newspaper.

The paper ran a twenty-one article series that was an exposé on the inner workings of the Ku Klux Klan, starting September 6, 1921.^[9]^[10]

In 1931, Pulitzer's heirs went to court to sell the World. A surrogate court judge decided in their favor; Scripps-Howard chain owner Roy W. Howard purchased the paper to eliminate its competition. He closed the World and laid off the staff of 3,000 after the final issue was printed on February 27, 1931, then merely replaced the word "Evening" on his afternoon paper, the Evening Telegram, renaming it the New York World-Telegram.

Comic strips

The New York World was one of the first newspapers to publish comic strips, starting around 1890, and contributed greatly to the development of the American comic strip. Notable strips that originated with the World included Richard F. Outcault's Hogan's Alley (featuring The Yellow Kid), The Captain and the Kids, Everyday Movies, Fritzi Ritz, Joe Jinks, and Little Mary Mixup. Under the names World Feature Service and New York World Press Publishing the company also syndicated comic strips to other newspapers around the country beginning around 1905. With Scripps' acquisition of the World newspaper and its syndication assets in February 1931, the World's most popular strips were brought over to Scripps' United Feature Syndicate.^[11]

Legacy

Janet E. Steele argues that Joseph Pulitzer put a stamp on his age when he brought his brand of journalism from St. Louis to New York in 1883. In his New York World, Pulitzer emphasized illustrations, advertising, and a culture of consumption for working men. He believed they saved money to enjoy life with their families when they could, at Coney Island, for example.^[12]

By contrast, the long-established editor Charles A. Dana, of The Sun, held to a traditional view of the working man as one engaged in a struggle to better his working conditions and to improve himself. Dana thought that readers in the 20th century followed fewer faddish illustrations and wished newspapers did not need advertising. Dana resisted buying a Linotype. In time the more sensational approach to news, advertising, and content triumphed.^[12]

Revival

On May 16, 2011, the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism announced that it was launching an online publication named The New York World, in honor of the original newspaper published by Joseph Pulitzer, who founded the graduate school. The university said the mission of the publication would be "to provide New York City citizens with accountability journalism about government operations that affect their lives." It was to be staffed mainly by those who have completed master's or doctoral degrees, and other affiliates of the school.^[13]^[14] The online publication focuses on data journalism and collaborated with a number of local and national news outlets.^[15] The World lists contributors and an editor, but has not published new content since 2016.

Notable journalists of the World

Eunice Eloisae Gibbs Allyn (1847 - 1916)
John A. Arneaux (1855–)
Harriet Hubbard Ayer (1849–1903)
John L. Balderston (1889–1954)
Djuna Barnes (1892–1982)
Nellie Bly (Elizabeth Jane Cochrane) (1864–1922)
Heywood Broun (1888–1939)
Mazie E. Clemens (1890s–1952)
Irvin S. Cobb (1876–1944)
Eliza Archard Conner (1838–1912)
Varina Davis (1826 – 1906), columnist after her move to New York; widow of the Confederate president, Jefferson Davis^[16]
Howard C. Hillegas (1872–1918)
Joseph Jackson (1894 – 1932), assistant drama editor at The World and Hollywood screenwriter^[17]
Walter Lippman (1889–1974)
St. Clair McKelway (1905–1980)
John McNaught (1849–1938)
William Brown Meloney (1877–1925)
Charles Edward Russell (1886–1894)
Helen Rowland (1875-1950)
Frank Sullivan (1892–1976)
Deems Taylor (1885–1966)
Albert Payson Terhune (1872–1942)
Paul West (1871–1918), editor, journalist, playwright, lyricist, and author
Marie Robinson Wright (1853–1914), American journalist, traveler, historian, author

References

^ Swanberg 1967, p. 417.
^ "Manton Marble, Publicist, Dead. Editor and Owner of The New York World from 1862 to 1876 Dies in England at 82. Noted Political Writer. His Famous "Letter to Abraham Lincoln" Followed President's Suspension of His Newspaper. His Letter to President Lincoln". New York Times. July 25, 1917. Manton Marble died this morning of old age at the home of his son-in-law, Sir Martin Conway, Allington Castle, near Maidstone. Mr. Marble, who had been living in England quietly for twenty years, began to fail last Christmas.
^ Guilford, Gwynn (November 28, 2016). "Fake news isn't a new problem in the US—it almost destroyed Abraham Lincoln". Quartz. Quartz (publication). Archived from the original on September 6, 2020. this miscegenation hoax still "damn near sank Lincoln that year"
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Swanberg 1967, p. 67.
^ Dictionary of American Biography (1936) Charles Scribner's Sons, New York
^ "Charles Chapin | AMERICAN HERITAGE". www.americanheritage.com. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
^ "Hard-Boiled Charlie Chapin — City of Smoke". www.cityofsmoke.com. Retrieved February 1, 2019.
^ Starr, Louis M. (June 1, 1968). "Joseph Pulitzer and his most "indegoddampendent" editor". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.
^ Press Publishing Co. "New York World's Expose of the KKK." New Orleans Times-Picayune 07 Sep 1921 – 26 Mon 1921, Print.
^ Blow, Charles M. (September 5, 2021). "Opinion | From 'Ku Kluxism' to Trumpism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2021.
^ Booker, M. Keith. "United Feature Syndicate," in Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas (ABC-CLIO, 2014), p. 399.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Steele, Janet E. (1990). "The 19th Century World Versus the Sun: Promoting Consumption (Rather than the Working Man)". Journalism Quarterly. 67 (3): 592–600. doi:10.1177/107769909006700315. S2CID 143893631.
^ "The New York World (online)" Archived May 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Press release, Columbia Journalism School
^ Meares, Joel (May 16, 2011). "Columbia J-School launches The New York World". Columbia Journalism Review.
^ "About". The New York World.
^ Cashin, Joan. First Lady of the Confederacy: Varina Davis's Civil War, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 6–7
^ "Film Beauty Weds Publicity Manager". Los Angeles Evening Express. February 19, 1921. p.2. Retrieved February 15, 2022.

Внешние ссылки

Работает по нью -йоркскому миру в интернет -архиве
Оригинальные нью -йоркские мировые статьи в Nellie Bly Online
Статья о World Magazine журнала графическом дизайне
Нью -Йорк Мир Колумбийской школы журналистики

[FOOTNOTESwanberg1967417-1] Swanberg 1967, p. 417.

[2] "Manton Marble, Publicist, Dead. Editor and Owner of The New York World from 1862 to 1876 Dies in England at 82. Noted Political Writer. His Famous "Letter to Abraham Lincoln" Followed President's Suspension of His Newspaper. His Letter to President Lincoln". New York Times. July 25, 1917. Manton Marble died this morning of old age at the home of his son-in-law, Sir Martin Conway, Allington Castle, near Maidstone. Mr. Marble, who had been living in England quietly for twenty years, began to fail last Christmas.

[Gwynn-3] Guilford, Gwynn (November 28, 2016). "Fake news isn't a new problem in the US—it almost destroyed Abraham Lincoln". Quartz. Quartz (publication). Archived from the original on September 6, 2020. this miscegenation hoax still "damn near sank Lincoln that year"

[FOOTNOTESwanberg196767-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Swanberg 1967, p. 67.

[5] Dictionary of American Biography (1936) Charles Scribner's Sons, New York

[6] "Charles Chapin | AMERICAN HERITAGE". www.americanheritage.com. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

[7] "Hard-Boiled Charlie Chapin — City of Smoke". www.cityofsmoke.com. Retrieved February 1, 2019.

[8] Starr, Louis M. (June 1, 1968). "Joseph Pulitzer and his most "indegoddampendent" editor". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 26, 2009. Retrieved November 4, 2009.

[NYW-9] Press Publishing Co. "New York World's Expose of the KKK." New Orleans Times-Picayune 07 Sep 1921 – 26 Mon 1921, Print.

[10] Blow, Charles M. (September 5, 2021). "Opinion | From 'Ku Kluxism' to Trumpism". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 6, 2021.

[Booker-11] Booker, M. Keith. "United Feature Syndicate," in Comics through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas (ABC-CLIO, 2014), p. 399.

[steele-12] Jump up to: ^a ^b Steele, Janet E. (1990). "The 19th Century World Versus the Sun: Promoting Consumption (Rather than the Working Man)". Journalism Quarterly. 67 (3): 592–600. doi:10.1177/107769909006700315. S2CID 143893631.

[13] "The New York World (online)" Archived May 18, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Press release, Columbia Journalism School

[14] Meares, Joel (May 16, 2011). "Columbia J-School launches The New York World". Columbia Journalism Review.

[15] "About". The New York World.

[16] Cashin, Joan. First Lady of the Confederacy: Varina Davis's Civil War, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 6–7

[17] "Film Beauty Weds Publicity Manager". Los Angeles Evening Express. February 19, 1921. p.2. Retrieved February 15, 2022.

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