Нитрозосфуарота
Нитрозосфуарота | |
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Nitrosopumilus maritimus , частично с вирионами нитросопумилуса шпинделя вируса 1 ( thaspiviridae ). | |
Научная классификация | |
Домен: | |
Суперфилум: | " Протеоархита "
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Филум: | Нитрозосфуарота Brochier-Armanet et al. 2021 [ 1 ]
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Синонимы | |
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Нитрососфайрота предложенной (син. Thaumarchaeota ) представляют собой филом археи, , в 2008 году после того, как секвенирован и обнаружено геном симбиоузмы Cenarchaeum был что он значительно отличается от других членов гипертермофильной Phylum термопротеры (бывший Crenarchaeota). [ 3 ] [ 2 ] [ 4 ] Три описанных вида в дополнение к C. symbiosum - это нитросопумилус Maritimus , нитрососфейра Вена и Nitrososphaera Gargensis . [ 2 ] Филум был предложен в 2008 году на основе филогенетических данных, таких как последовательности рибосомных РНК -генов этих организмов, и наличие формы топоизомеразы I типа , которая ранее считалась уникальной для эукариот . [ 2 ] [ 5 ] Это назначение было подтверждено дальнейшим анализом, опубликованным в 2010 году, в котором изучались геномы аммиак, окисляющих архей Nitrosopumilus maritimus и Nitrososphaera gargensis , заключив, что эти виды образуют отдельную линию, которая включает в себя симбиуз Cenarchaeum . [ 6 ] Липидный кренареол был обнаружен только у нитрозосфуэроты, что делает его потенциальным биомаркером для филома. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Большинство организмов этой линии до сих пор идентифицированные до сих пор являются хемолитоатотрофическими аммиаками -окислением и могут играть важную роль в биогеохимических циклах , таких как азотный цикл и углеродный цикл . Метагеномное секвенирование указывает на то, что они составляют ~ 1% метагенома поверхности моря во многих участках. [ 9 ]
Мембрановые мембранные тетраэфирные липиды, полученные из мембраны (глицериновые диалкил-глицериновые тетратер; GDGT) из морских отложений могут использоваться для реконструкции прошлых температур через прокси TEX 86 Paleotemperature , так как эти липиды различаются по структуре в соответствии с температурой. [ 10 ] Поскольку большинство нитрозосфуэроты, по-видимому, являются автотрофами , которые фиксируют CO 2 , их GDGT могут выступать в качестве записи для прошлых соотношений углерода-13 в растворенном неорганическом углеродном пуле и, следовательно, могут использоваться для реконструкций углеродного цикла в прошлом. [ 7 ]
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Филогения нитрозосфуэроты [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] |
Phylogeny of Nitrososphaerota[14][15][16] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Принятая в настоящее время таксономия основана на списке прокариотических имен в номенклатуре (LPSN) [ 17 ] и Национальный центр информации о биотехнологии (NCBI) [ 18 ]
- Класс nitrosposhoperiai -forms Это старое. 2014 [ 19 ] [Coniexivisphaeria Kato et al. 2020 ]
- ? " Cenoporarchaeum " Корриг. Zhang et al. 2019
- ?"Candidatus Giganthauma" Muller et al. 2010[20]
- ?"Candidatus Nitrosodeserticola" Hwang et al. 2021
- Order "Geothermarchaeales" Adam et al. 2022
- Family Geothermarchaeaceae Adam et al. 2022
- ?"Geothermarchaeum" Adam et al. 2022
- ?"Scotarchaeum" Adam et al. 2022
- Family Geothermarchaeaceae Adam et al. 2022
- Order Conexivisphaerales Kato et al. 2020
- Family Conexivisphaeraceae Kato et al. 2020
- Conexivisphaera Kato et al. 2020
- Family Conexivisphaeraceae Kato et al. 2020
- Order "Nitrosocaldales" de la Torre et al. 2008
- Family "Nitrosocaldaceae" Qin et al. 2016
- "Candidatus Nitrosothermus" Luo et al. 2021
- "Candidatus Nitrosocaldus" de la Torre et al. 2008
- Family "Nitrosocaldaceae" Qin et al. 2016
- Order Nitrososphaerales Stieglmeier et al. 2014
- Family Methylarchaeaceae Hua et al. 2019
- ?"Candidatus Methylarchaeum" Hua et al. 2019
- ?"Candidatus Methanotowutia" Ou et al. 2022
- Family Nitrososphaeraceae Stieglmeier et al. 2014
- "Candidatus Nitrosocosmicus" Lehtovirta-Morley et al. 2016
- Nitrososphaera Stieglmeier et al. 2014[21]
- Family Methylarchaeaceae Hua et al. 2019
- Order Nitrosopumilales Qin et al. 2017[22]
- Family Nitrosopumilaceae Qin et al. 2017
- ?"Candidatus Nitrosospongia" Moeller et al. 2019
- "Candidatus Nitrosotalea" Lehtovirta 2011[23]
- "Candidatus Nitrosotenuis" Li et al. 2016[24][25]
- "Candidatus Nitrosopelagicus" Santoro et al. 2015[26]
- "Cenarchaeum" DeLong & Preston 1996
- Nitrosarchaeum corrig. Jung et al. 2018[27][28]
- Nitrosopumilus Qin et al. 2017[29][30][31]
- Family Nitrosopumilaceae Qin et al. 2017
Metabolism
[edit]Nitrososphaerota are important ammonia oxidizers in aquatic and terrestrial environments, and are the first archaea identified as being involved in nitrification.[32] They are capable of oxidizing ammonia at much lower substrate concentrations than ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, and so probably dominate in oligotrophic conditions.[8][33] Their ammonia oxidation pathway requires less oxygen than that of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria, so they do better in environments with low oxygen concentrations like sediments and hot springs. Ammonia-oxidizing Nitrososphaerota can be identified metagenomically by the presence of archaeal ammonia monooxygenase (amoA) genes, which indicate that they are overall more dominant than ammonia oxidizing bacteria.[8] In addition to ammonia, at least one Nitrososphaerota strain has been shown to be able to use urea as a substrate for nitrification. This would allow for competition with phytoplankton that also grow on urea.[34] One study of microbes from wastewater treatment plants found that not all Nitrososphaerota that express amoA genes are active ammonia oxidizers. These Nitrososphaerota may be capable of oxidizing methane instead of ammonia, or they may be heterotrophic, indicating a potential for a diversity of metabolic lifestyles within the phylum.[35] Marine Nitrososphaerota have also been shown to produce nitrous oxide, which as a greenhouse gas has implications for climate change. Isotopic analysis indicates that most nitrous oxide flux to the atmosphere from the ocean, which provides around 30% of the natural flux, may be due to the metabolic activities of archaea.[36]
Many members of the phylum assimilate carbon by fixing HCO3−.[9] This is done using a hydroxypropionate/hydroxybutyrate cycle similar to the Thermoproteota but which appears to have evolved independently. All Nitrososphaerota that have been identified by metagenomics thus far encode this pathway. Notably, the Nitrososphaerota CO2-fixation pathway is more efficient than any known aerobic autotrophic pathway. This efficiency helps explain their ability to thrive in low-nutrient environments.[33] Some Nitrososphaerota such as Nitrosopumilus maritimus are able to incorporate organic carbon as well as inorganic, indicating a capacity for mixotrophy.[9] At least two isolated strains have been identified as obligate mixotrophs, meaning they require a source of organic carbon in order to grow.[34]
A study has revealed that Nitrososphaerota are most likely the dominant producers of the critical vitamin B12. This finding has important implications for eukaryotic phytoplankton, many of which are auxotrophic and must acquire vitamin B12 from the environment; thus the Nitrososphaerota could play a role in algal blooms and by extension global levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. Because of the importance of vitamin B12 in biological processes such as the citric acid cycle and DNA synthesis, production of it by the Nitrososphaerota may be important for a large number of aquatic organisms.[37]
Environment
[edit]Many Nitrososphaerota, such as Nitrosopumilus maritimus, are marine and live in the open ocean.[9] Most of these planktonic Nitrososphaerota, which compose the Marine Group I.1a, are distributed in the subphotic zone, between 100m and 350m.[7] Other marine Nitrososphaerota live in shallower waters. One study has identified two novel Nitrososphaerota species living in the sulfidic environment of a tropical mangrove swamp. Of these two species, Candidatus Giganthauma insulaporcus and Candidatus Giganthauma karukerense, the latter is associated with Gammaproteobacteria with which it may have a symbiotic relationship, though the nature of this relationship is unknown. The two species are very large, forming filaments larger than ever before observed in archaea. As with many Nitrososphaerota, they are mesophilic.[38] Genetic analysis and the observation that the most basal identified Nitrososphaerota genomes are from hot environments suggests that the ancestor of Nitrososphaerota was thermophilic, and mesophily evolved later.[32]
See also
[edit]References
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Further reading
[edit]- Брюкер А., Шиперс А., Нишизава М., Такаки Ю., Сунамура М., Урабе Т., Нунура Т., Такай К (октябрь 2014 г.). «Стратификация микробного сообщества, контролируемое подводным потоком жидкости и геотермальным градиентом на северном гидротермальном поле IHEYA в межокинаве (интегрированная программа бурения на океане 331)» . Прикладная и экологическая микробиология . 80 (19): 6126–35. Bibcode : 2014apenm..80.6126y . doi : 10.1128/aem.01741-14 . PMC 4178666 . PMID 25063666 .
- Wu Y, Conrad R (июль 2014 г.). «Аммиак-зависимый рост группы I.1B Thaumarchaeota в кислых красных почвенных микрокосмах» . Микробиология FEMS Экология . 89 (1): 127–34. Bibcode : 2014femme..89..127W . doi : 10.1111/1574-6941.12340 . PMID 24724989 .
- Deschamps P, Zivanovic Y, Moreira D, Rodriguez-Valera F, López-García P (июнь 2014 г.). «Партика пангенома для обширного промежуточного горизонтального переноса, затрагивающего гены ядра линии и раковины в некультурных планктонных таумархите и Euryarchaeota» . Биология и эволюция генома . 6 (7): 1549–63. doi : 10.1093/gbe/evu127 . PMC 4122925 . PMID 24923324 .