3-цилиндровые двигатели Anzani

Анзани 3-цилиндра
	72 ° Anzani Fan Engine, Shuttleworth Collection
Тип	Трехцилиндровый воздушный охлаждение
Национальное происхождение	Франция
Производитель	Анзани
Дизайнер	Алессандро Анзани
Основные приложения	Blériot XI

С 1905 по 1915 год Алессандро Анзани построил ряд трехцилиндровых двигателей вентилятора и радиальных двигателей , один из которых работал в перекрестном канале Louis Blériot 1909 года. Blériot Считается , что трехцилиндровый двигатель Anzani, который поддерживает XI , управляемый коллекцией Thettleworth в Англии, является самым старым воздушным двигателем в мире. ^{[ 1 ]}

Дизайн и разработка

Алессандро Анзани начал строить мотоциклетные двигатели во Франции около 1905 года. Необычно его двигатели были воздушными, а не водяными , что делает их легкими. Его первыми дизайнами были двухцилиндровые V-инжеворины, и он ездил на машинах, прикрепленных к ним для записей и успеха в гонке в 1905 и 1906 годах. В тот же период он разработал трехцилиндровую версию, более мощную, чем близнецы. Как показывает изображение, двигатель аккуратно вписывается в рамку мотоцикла . Двигатели с цилиндрами, расположенными радиально, но только в верхней половине округа были названы типом вентилятора или полуразрывами; Примерно к 1910 году другие производители строили, например, пятицилиндровые двигатели вентилятора, в частности, репутация трехцилиндровых вентиляторов была известна как двигатели W или W-3 . Привлечение конфигурации вентилятора заключалось в том, что, потому что все цилиндры были выше горизонтального, было мало опасности, когда заглушки загрязнены смазывающим маслом. Недостатком, особенно для авиационного двигателя, был дополнительный вес, необходимый для уравновешивания поршней.

In response to the growing interest in aviation in France after the Wright brothers' visit in 1908, Anzani produced the first of a series of three-cylinder fan flight engines. The cylinders were each a single iron casting and the one-piece crankcase was aluminium.^[2] Pistons were steel with cast rings.^[2] In most of these the outer cylinders were at 60° to the central one, though a contemporary diagram^[3] shows one, described as the cross channel engine, with a 55° angle. They were all air-cooled inlet-over-exhaust engines; each exhaust valve was controlled from below by a cam in the crankcase.^[2] Each was mounted in a cell to the side of the cylinder, with the automatic, atmospheric pressure-driven spring-loaded inlet valve immediately above it, partly to minimise volume and partly to help cool the hot exhaust valve. Most contemporary and pre-1921 sources agree that the bores of these early engines were between 100 and 105 mm (3.93 and 4.13 in),^[2]^[4]^[5] but strokes between 120 and 150 mm (4.72 and 5.90 in) are quoted. Most state the output of these engines at about 18 kW (24 hp) at around 1,400–1,600 rpm.

An engine of this sort famously powered Louis Blériot's Type XI monoplane across La Manche (the English Channel) on 25 July 1909. Contemporary sources differ on its bore, stroke and swept volume. The first description of the successful machine in Flight describes the engine as having dimensions of 100 × 150 mm, or a capacity of 3.53 litres.^[4] However, a few months later they printed the engineering drawing of the 55° engine,^[3] which has dimensions of 103 x 120 mm marked on it, clearly captioned as "used ... in the cross-Channel flight". If their identification was right, then Bleriot used a 3.00-litre engine. A head-on photograph of the cross-channel aircraft^[6] also shows a 55° engine.

Even before the channel flight, Anzani was selling more powerful versions with larger bores:^[7] a 120 mm bore, 4.4-litre (269 cu in) variant produced 26 kW (35 hp) and a 135 mm bore, 6.4-litre (390 cu in) engine gave 36 kW (45 hp). These fan engines remained in production until at least 1913,^[8] though there were important improvements. The exhaust valve was moved to the cylinder head and operated by rockers via push rods, and a mixing chamber was arranged in the crankcase. The 1913 three-cylinder Anzani fan engine had a cylinder separation of 72°, presumably to lighten the counterbalance. By this stage it had its inlet manifold at the rear of the engine to minimise airflow cooling of the fuel air mixture.

Radial (Y) engines

Anzani was aware of the weight cost of the counterweight in the fan configuration and by December 1909 he had a symmetric 120° three-cylinder radial engine running. One example was a 3.1 litre (186 cu in) unit producing 22 kW (30 hp) at 1,300 rpm.^[5] Although termed the Y engine after its symmetric cylinder arrangement, it ran in an inverted Y position so that the plugs, mounted on the upper in-plane side of the two lower cylinders were less than 30° below the horizontal and less prone to oiling than one serving a piston at 180° from upright.

Radials are smoother running than the less symmetric fan engines as well as lower weight but with the low power available from their three cylinders they had limited applications. They led, however, to Anzani's two-row radial engines, beginning with the 6-cylinder radials, two Ys on a common crankshaft. In the 21st century a restored Bleriot XI bearing the French Blériot factory serial number 56 — said to be the oldest flyable aircraft in the Western Hemisphere, bearing the American registration N60094 — is still flown in the United States on summer and early autumn weekends with one of these 120° cylinder angle "Y-type" radial engines.^[9]

Variants

Anzani 3-cylinder fan engines

Output power: bore×stroke: capacity
10–12 hp (7.5–9 kW): 3.35 in × 3.35 in (85 mm × 85 mm): 88.5 cu in (1.45 L)
12–15 hp (9–11 kW): 3.35 in × 3.94 in (85 mm × 100 mm): 104 cu in (1.70 L)
25–30 hp (19–23 kW): 4.13 in × 5.12 in (105 mm × 130 mm): 206 cu in (3.38 L)
40–45 hp (30–34 kW): 5.32 in × 5.92 in (135 mm × 150 mm): 393 cu in (6.44 L)
45–50 hp (34–38 kW)

Anzani 3-cylinder inverted Y radial engines

40 hp

Applications

Survivors

The restored and flyable Blériot XI, with French Blériot factory serial number 56 and registry number N60094 at Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome uses one of these Anzani three-cylinder "true radial" engines for its straight-line, short distance "hop" flights. Another Blériot XI, with British registration G-AANG and said to be only three weeks older than the Old Rhinebeck example, is allowed to fly similar short 'hops' at the Shuttleworth Collection. Its original "fan-type" Anzani three-cylinder engine is thought to be the oldest airworthy aircraft engine in the world.^[1] A 1910 Deperdussin monoplane that is also restricted to straight 'hops' uses a 'Y'-type Anzani engine.^[10]

One Anzani Y-type radial engine, along with 1925 ANBO-I aircraft it powered, since 1930s is displayed at Lithuanian Aviation Museum in Kaunas, Lithuania.

Engines on display

The Shuttleworth Collection also holds preserved examples of Anzani three-cylinder engines on static display.
At the Museo Nacional de Aeronáutica Argentina there is a three-cylinder Anzani semiradial in working order installed on a Bleriot 11. A Y three-cylinder engine is on display at the Engines hall at the same Museum
Brooklands Museum, Weybridge, U.K. has an Anzani 3-cylinder fan engine on static display.

Specifications

Data from Flight:^[11] according to them, these specifications describe the Channel flight engine

General characteristics

Type: 3-cylinder air-cooled fan-type
Bore: 100 mm (3.94 in)
Stroke: 150 mm (5.90 in)
Displacement: 3.53 litres (216 cu in)
Dry weight: 65 kg (143 lb)

Components

Valvetrain: Automatic inlet valves, mechanical exhaust valves driven from three separate cams in crankcase. One inlet, one exhaust per cylinder
Fuel system: Gronville and Arquembourg carburettor, mixing chamber in crankcase
Oil system: Splash lubrication
Cooling system: Air, ribbed cylinders
Ignition: Battery ignition, one spark plug per cylinder

References

Notes

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Shuttleworth Collection - Bleriot XI Retrieved: 5 January 2012". Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Flight 30 October 1909 pp.691–2
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Flight 30 October 1909 p.691
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Flight, 31 July 1909 p. 456
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Vivian Pt 4 Ch III
^ Sanger p.125
^ Gunston 1989, pp. 15–6
^ Flight, 4 January 1913 pp. 20–1
^ "Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome - Pioneer Aircraft - Bleriot XI". oldrhinebeck.org. Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.
^ Shuttleworth Collection - Deperdussin Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 5 January 2012
^ Flight 18 December 1959

Bibliography

Gunston, Bill (1989). World Encyclopaedia of Aero Engines. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 1-85260-163-9.
Sanger, Ray (2008). Bleriot in England. Tonbridge, Kent: Air-Britain. ISBN 978-0-85130-399-4.
"The Blériot short span monoplane-the Channel flyer: the engine". Flight (31 July 1909): 456.
«Летные двигатели на парижском шоу» . Полет : 691–2. 30 октября 1909 года.
«Авиационные двигатели» . Полет : 20–1. 4 января 1913 года.
«Годовщина кросс -канала» . Полет (18 декабря 1959 г.): 755.
Вивиан, Э. Чарльз (1920). «История аэронавтики» . Архивировано из оригинала 2011-10-07.
Хиршауэр, Луи; Dollfus, Charles, eds. (1921). Авиационный год: 1920-1921 . Париж: Дунод. п. 115.

Внешние ссылки

[Blériot-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Shuttleworth Collection - Bleriot XI Retrieved: 5 January 2012". Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 5 January 2012.

[Flight_Oct09-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Flight 30 October 1909 pp.691–2

[Flight_Oct09A-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Flight 30 October 1909 p.691

[Flight_July09-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b Flight, 31 July 1909 p. 456

[Vivian-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b Vivian Pt 4 Ch III

[Sanger-6] Sanger p.125

[Gunston-7] Gunston 1989, pp. 15–6

[8] Flight, 4 January 1913 pp. 20–1

[9] "Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome - Pioneer Aircraft - Bleriot XI". oldrhinebeck.org. Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved January 7, 2014.

[10] Shuttleworth Collection - Deperdussin Archived 2013-12-24 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved: 5 January 2012

[11] Flight 18 December 1959

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