Курдология

Курдология или курдские исследования - это академическая дисциплина, сосредоточенная на изучении курдов и состоит из нескольких дисциплин, таких как культура , история и лингвистика . ^{[ 1 ]} Курдские исследования прослеживают свою институциональную историю до 1916 года, когда в Санкт -Петербурге в покойной Российской империи , во время Первой мировой войны , Курдский был впервые преподавал университетский курс Джозефом Орбели . ^{[ 2 ]}

Срок

Современный историк Саша Алсанкакли объясняет, что термин «курдология» начал получать признание после 1934 года, и первый Пан-Советский Курдологический Конгресс, состоявшийся в Ереване , ССР-армян , Советский Союз . ^{[ 2 ]}

Ранняя курдология

В течение 17 -го и 18 -го веков большинство работ над курдами пыталось выяснить происхождение курдского народа и их языка. Существовали различные теории, в том числе убеждения, что курдский был тесно связан с тюркскими языками , что это был грубый и необразованный персидский диалект или что курды изначально были халдеями . ^{[ 3 ]}

Ранняя курдология характеризуется отсутствием институционализированного подхода и, как правило, не имела критической контекстуализации. ^{[ 3 ]} В санкционированной поездке Российской академии наук с 1768 по 1774 год натуралист Иоганн Антон Гюлденштадт отправился на южную границу Российской империи, чтобы исследовать Кавказ и курдов в Георгии . В своих примечаниях по путешествиям, опубликованным между 1787 и 1791 годами, Гулденштадт ошибочно утверждал, что курды были татарами , а его переводы также имели неточности из -за проблем связи с его информаторами. Его утверждение о том, что курдский был связан с тюркскими языками, тем не менее было отвергнуто немецким библиотекарем Иоганном Аделунгом, который утверждал, что курды были связаны с Кордионом, основываясь на его аргументах на Ксенофоне и его работе Анабаси примерно с 370 г. до н.э. ^[3]

The Spanish Jesuit Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro also examined the Kurdish language in his Vocabolario poligloto (transl. Polyglot Vocabulary) in 1787 and argued that:

the Kurdistani (il Curdistano) is more akin to Persian than Turkish; so much so that among a hundred Kurdistani words (parole Curdistane) only fifteen bear similarity to their Turkish counterpart, and thirty-five to the Persian; it seems to me that the Kurdistani words are closer than both Turkish and Persian to the primitive Tatar idiom.^[3]

Kurdology by region

Italy

Kurds became known for the first time in Europe through Dominican Order. In the beginning, it was Italians who carried out research on the Kurds on behalf of the Vatican. A monk, Domenico Lanza, lived between 1753 and 1771 near Mosul and published a book titled Compendiose realizione istorica dei viaggi fatti dal Padre Domenico Lanza dell'Ordine dei Predicatori de Roma in Oriente dall'anno 1753 al 1771.^[4] The missionary and traveler Maurizio Garzoni spent 20 years with the Kurds of Amadiya and Mosul and wrote an Italian-Kurdish dictionary with around 4,500 words between 1764 and 1770. This work was published in Rome in 1787 under the name Grammatica e Vocabolario della Lingua Kurdi.^[5] With the growing interest in Europe about the Ottoman Empire, other people became aware of the Kurds. Garzoni's book was reissued in 1826. The first European book dealing with the religion of the Kurds appeared in Naples in 1818. It was called Storia della regione Kurdistan e delle sette di religio ivi esistenti and was written by Giuseppe Campanile.^[6] The Italian missionary and researcher Alessandro de Bianchi published in 1863 a book on Kurdish culture, traditions and history.

Germany

The earliest mention of the Kurds in a German work comes from Johann Schitberger from the year 1473. In 1799, Johann Adam Bergk also mentions Kurds in his geography book. During his stay in the Ottoman Empire, Helmuth von Moltke reported about Kurds in his work letters about the events in Turkey. The Kurds were also mentioned in the German literature, the most prominent example being Karl May's in 1892 published Durchs wilde Kurdistan.^[7]

The period from 1840 to 1930 was the most productive period of Kurdology in Germany. Germany was at the time the center of Kurdish studies in Europe. Due to its good relations with the Ottoman Empire, German researchers were able to access to the Ottoman lands and its inhabitants with relative ease.^[7]

At the present time Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Vienna,^[8] University of Göttingen,^[9] University of Erfurt^[10] and Free University of Berlin^[11] offer Kurdish oriented courses in Germany, either as a sole study or as a part of wider Iranian studies.

Russia

During its expansion Russia also was in contact with the Ottoman Empire, that often resulted in conflicts. Russia's access to Black Sea and the Caucasus brought the country in contact with eastern part of the Ottoman Empire, where they then began their research on the Kurds.^[12] In 1879 Russian-Polish diplomat from Erzurum August Kościesza-Żaba published a Franco-Kurdish dictionary with the help of Mahmud Bayazidi.^[12] The center of Kurdish studies was the University of St. Petersburg. Żaba and other diplomats like Basil Nikitin collected Kurdish manuscripts and recorded oral histories. Among other things, the Sharafnama was translated into Russian for the first time.^[12]

Turkey

Due to the Turkish state policy, the Kurdish people and their culture were not deemed as a research topic for decades.^[13] Some early works on Kurds, such as by Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, portrayed the Kurds as a Turkic or Turanian population group and were consistent with the state backed Turkish History Thesis. First studies that deviated from the state view were published by İsmail Beşikçi. It was only after the relaxation of Turkish-Kurdish relations that academic papers on the Kurds appeared.^[13] At the Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi, which was founded in 2007, a chair for Kurdish language and literature was established as a part of the Institute of Living Languages.

Notable academics

Maurizio Garzoni (1730–1790)
Johann Christoph Adelung (1732–1806)
Lorenzo Hervás y Panduro (1735–1809)
Peter Simon Pallas (1741–1811)
Johann Anton Güldenstädt (1745–1781)
Giuseppe Campanile (1762–1835)
Julius Klaproth (1783–1835)
François Bernard Charmoy (1793–1869)
August Kościesza-Żaba (1801–1894)
Aleksander Chodźko (1804–1891)
Ilya Berezin (1818–1896)
Peter Lerch (1828–1884)
Ferdinand Justi (1837–1907)
Albert Socin (1844–1899)
Nikolai Jakowlewitsch Marr (1865−1934)
Ely Bannister Soane (1881–1923)
Basil Nikitin (1885–1960)
Celadet Alî Bedirxan (1893–1951)
Arab Shamilov (1897–1978)
Emînê Evdal (1906–1964)
Heciyê Cindî (1908–1990)
Roger Lescot (1914–1975)
Mohammad Mokri (1921–2007)
Margarita Borissowna Rudenko (1926–1976)
Celile Celil (1936–)
İsmail Beşikçi (1936–)
Martin van Bruinessen (1946–)
Mehmet Bayrak (1948–)
Michael M. Gunter

References

^ Scalbert-Yücel, Clémence; Ray, Marie Le (31 December 2006). "Knowledge, ideology and power. Deconstructing Kurdish Studies". European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey (5). doi:10.4000/ejts.777. hdl:10036/37913. ISSN 1773-0546. Retrieved 21 August 2019.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Alsancakli, Sacha (2016). "The Early History of Kurdish Studies (1787–1901)". Die Welt des Islams. 56 (1): 56. doi:10.1163/15700607-00561p05.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Alsancakli, Sacha (2016). "The Early History of Kurdish Studies (1787–1901)". Die Welt des Islams. 56. Brill Publishers: 55–88. doi:10.1163/15700607-00561P05.
^ Issawi, Charles Philip; Issawi, Bayard Dodge Professor of Near Eastern Studies Charles (1988). The Fertile Crescent, 1800-1914: A Documentary Economic History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195049510.
^ Kreyenbroek, Philip G.; Sperl, Stefan (2005-08-17). The Kurds: A Contemporary Overview. Routledge. p. 156. ISBN 9781134907663.
^ Campanile, Giuseppe (1818). Storia della regione del Kurdistan e delle sette di religione ivi esistenti del p.m. Giuseppe Campanile professore in sacra teologia, prefetto delle missione della Mesopotamia, e Kurdistan, . (in Italian). dalla stamperia de' fratelli Fernandes. Strada Tribunali, N.° 287.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Kurdologie, Kurdistan und die Kurden in der deutschsprachigen Literatur : kommentierte Bibliographie. Münster: Lit. 2000. ISBN 3-8258-4642-3.
^ "Kurdologie Wien" (in German). Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^ "Iranistik (B.A.) (2-Fächer)" (in German). Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^ "Mustafa Barzani Workplace for Kurdish Studies" (in German). Archived from the original on 11 December 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^ "Kurdische Sprache und Literatur Beschreibung des Schwerpunkts" (in German). 22 March 2010. Retrieved 11 December 2019.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Kemper, Michael; Conermann, Stephan (2011-02-01). The Heritage of Soviet Oriental Studies. Routledge. ISBN 9781136838538.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Bajalan, Djene Rhys; Karimi, Sara Zandi (2017-07-06). Studies in Kurdish History: Empire, Ethnicity and Identity. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781317502166.

External links

Lokman Meho: The International Journal of Kurdish Studies: A Cumulative Index. 1986–2002.
Homepage: Kurdish Library and Museum. Archived 2008-10-14 at the Wayback Machine New York
Homepage: kurdologie.de.