Иоганн Лягушки
Иоганн Фросен , на латыни : Йоханнес Фросениус (и комбинации), (ок. 1460 - 27 октября 1527 г.) был известным принтером, издателем и изученным гуманистом эпохи Ренессанса в Базеле . Он был близким другом Эразма и тесно сотрудничал с Гансом Гольбейном «Младшим» . Он сделал Базель одним из ведущих мировых центров торговли книгами. Он передал свой печатный бизнес своему сыну, Иеронима и внуку, Амброзиусу Фросениусу .
Партнерство в раннем возрасте и печати
[ редактировать ]Иоганн Фросен родился в Хаммельбурге , Франкония , и впервые появляется на семинаре принтера Антон Кобергер из Нюрнберга в 1486 году. [ 1 ] Он переехал в Базель в 1480 -х годах. [ 2 ] Он окончил университет в Базеле , где он познакомился с знаменитым принтером Иоганном Амербахом (ок. 1440 - 1513). Фросен зарекомендовал себя как принтер в этом городе около 1491 года, когда опубликовал первую управляемую Библию в формате Octavo . [ 2 ] Вскоре он достиг европейской репутации точности и вкуса. В 1500 году он женился на дочери книготорговика Вольфганг Лахнера, Гертруды Лахнер , которая вступила в партнерство с ним. [ 3 ] It was part of Froben's plan to print editions of the Greek Fathers.[3] In 1492 he printed Johann Heynlin's Resolutorum Dubiuosum.[1] For the books Decretum (1493) by Gratian and Decretales (1494) by Pope Gregory IX he employed Sebastian Brant as an editor.[1] Between 1496 and 1512 he was in a printing alliance together with Amerbach, and Johannes Petri for larger projects like collected works of Augustine.[4] The printing partnership would be known as the Three Hannsen[5] (Hannsen meant as an abbreviation of Johannes). In 1507 he bought Amerbachs printing house in the House to the Chair.[4] But the partnership ended as by 1513, Petri and Amerbach had died.[6]
Printing career
[edit]In 1513, he carefully published a copy of Erasmus Adagia with a cover designed by Urs Graf depicting the gods Nemesis and Caerus with an allegory of a triumphant Humanitas in a chariot pulled by Homer and Demosthenes and pushed by Cicero and Vergil.[2][7] In 1514 Erasmus settled to Basel.[6]
Froben became friends with Erasmus, who lived in his house when in Basel, and not only had his own works printed by him from 1514,[8] but superintended Froben's editions of Jerome, Cyprian, Tertullian, Hilary of Poitiers and Ambrose. His printing of Erasmus' Novum Testamentum (1516) was used by Martin Luther for his translation.[3] He and later his son have published more than 200 works by Erasmus of Rotterdam.[8] Through a deeply ramificated web of distributors the works of the Frobens reached the European book market in Venice, London, Frankfurt or Paris in a timely manner.[9]
Froben employed Hans Holbein the Younger, Urs Graf and Albrecht Dürer to illustrate his texts.[4] Graf was the one who designed his device.[10] Besides he also employed well known formschneiders like Jakob Faber (the "Master IF")[citation needed] and Hans Lützelburger, who was regarded as one of the finest formscheiders of his time.[11] Holbein painted a portrait of Froben in the 1520s.[8] Holbein also painted the device with Hermes caduceus which Froben used from 1523 onwards.[12]
Death
[edit]Upon his death in October 1527 in Basel,[3] Froben was succeeded by his son Hieronymus Froben who carried on the business in collaboration with Johann Herwagen and later Nikolaus Episcopius.[13] Johannes Frobens memorial plaque in the Hebrew – Greek – Latin languages is located in the Peters Church in Basel[10] which has been used as a reformed church since 1529. The church does not contain the remains of those who are memorialized within. The park across the street from the church was once a graveyard and it is believed that it is there where the now unmarked remains lay.
Froben is, through his descendant Anna Catharina Bischoff a direct ancestor of the former British Prime Minister Boris Johnson. The young woman pictured with his memorial plaque in the notes section below is his American 11th great-granddaughter whose mother's maiden name is Frobenius.
Legacy
[edit]Froben's work in Basel made that city in the 16th century the leading center of the Swiss book trade. An existing letter of Erasmus, written in the year of Froben's death, gives an idea of his life and an estimate of his character; and in it Erasmus mentions that his grief for the death of his friend was far more distressing than that which he had felt for the loss of his own brother, adding that "all the apostles of science ought to wear mourning".[3] The epistle concludes with an epitaph in Greek and Latin.[3] He was well known for his Greek typeface, and he was also one of the first printers to have had their own Hebrew typeface.[10] According to Beatus Rhenanus, who was one of his employees, he published only prominent works and despised the lesser ones.[10]
- Johann Froben' marks
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References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c Hilgert, Earle (1971). "Johann Froben and the Basel University Scholars, 1513-1523". The Library Quarterly: Information, Community, Policy. 41 (2): 144. doi:10.1086/619934. ISSN 0024-2519. JSTOR 4306069. S2CID 143916969.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Sebastiani, Valentina; Ricketts, Wendell (2014). "Froben Press Editions (1505-1559) in the Holdings of the Centre for Reformation and Renaissance Studies Library: A Brief Survey". Renaissance and Reformation / Renaissance et Réforme. 37 (3): 217. ISSN 0034-429X. JSTOR 43446603.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Chisholm 1911.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Das Haus zum Sessel" (PDF). University of Basel. Retrieved 26 August 2021.
- ^ Wallraff, Martin (2013). Lanfranchi, Corina (ed.). Gut zum Druck! by Schwabe Verlag. Schwabe. p. 32. ISBN 9783796529177. Retrieved 2022-12-20.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ Jump up to: a b Sebastiani, Valentina; Ricketts, Wendell (2014),p.219
- ^ "Erasmi Roterodami Germaniae decoris Adagiorum chiliades tres, ac centuriae fere totidem". www.e-rara.ch. 1513. Retrieved 2022-12-29.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Müller, Christian (2006). Hans Holbein the Younger: The Basel Years, 1515-1532. Prestel. p. 296. ISBN 978-3-7913-3580-3.
- ^ Sebastiani, Valentina; Ricketts, Wendell (2014),p.220
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Werthmüller, Hans (2013-12-11). Tausend Jahre Literatur in Basel (in German). Springer-Verlag. p. 127. ISBN 978-3-0348-6561-6.
- ^ Stein, Wilhelm (1920). Holbein der Jüngere. Berlin: Julius Bard Verlag. p. 108.
- ^ Müller, Christian (2006) p.295
- ^ Sebastiani, Valentina; Ricketts, Wendell (2014),p.224
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Froben, Joannes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 237.
Внешние ссылки
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- . Энциклопедия Американа . 1920.
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