Список руководителей Чикагского полицейского управления
Глава полицейского управления Чикаго | |
---|---|
![]() Логотип отделения полиции Чикаго | |
Действующий с 28 сентября 2023 года Ларри Снеллинг | |
Инаугурационный держатель | Орсемус Моррисон (как «высокий констебль») |
Формация | 1835 (как «высокий констебль») |
Ниже приведен список руководителей полицейского управления Чикаго .
В настоящее время исполнительный директор Чикагского полицейского управления называется «суперинтендантом полиции». В предыдущих титулах были высокий констебль, городской Маршалл, генеральный суперинтендант полиции и комиссар полиции.
История
[ редактировать ]Первоначальный глава полицейской позиции, существующий с 1835 по 1842 год, был назван «Высоким констеблем ». Позиция была избранной. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Вторым титулом, используемым для главы полиции, был «городской маршалл », который использовался с 1842 по 1861 год. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Позиция была избранной. [ 1 ] На этот раз в течение одного года (1855-56) Чикаго кратко имел назначенного начальника полиции, который совместно руководит департаментом вместе с городским Маршаллом. [ 1 ]
Название, использованное для главы полиции с 1861 по 1927 год, был «генеральным суперинтендантом полиции». Должность была назначенной. [ 1 ] После того, как в 1875 году Совет комиссаров полиции был законодал, офис городского Маршалла был возвращен в совместно в качестве главы полицейского управления Чикаго вместе с генеральным суперинтендантом полиции. [ 1 ] На этот раз офис был назначенным. [ 1 ] Голосом городского совета 31 мая 1876 года, офис городского Маршалла должен был быть отменен. [ 1 ] Офис был, следовательно, был исключен 5 июня 1876 года, когда должность генерального суперинтенданта полиции восстановилась как единственный глава полиции. [ 1 ] С этого момента в городе был только единственный глава полиции одновременно. [ 1 ]
С 1927 по 1960 год глава полиции назвал комиссара полиции. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
В 1960 году глава полиции принял свой нынешний титул, суперинтендант полиции. [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
Сэмюэль Нолан был первым афроамериканцем , который в качестве главы полицейского управления в качестве начальника полицейского управления делал это с конца по 1979 год до января 1980 года. Фред Райс-младший , который служил суперинтендантом с 1983 по 1987 год, был первым африканцем. -Американец , чтобы служить на постоянной основе. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]
Recent
[edit]On November 8, 2019, Mayor Lori Lightfoot appointed retired Los Angeles police chief Charlie Beck as the city's interim superintendent.[5] Mayor Rahm Emanuel had appointed former Bureau of Patrol Chief Eddie T. Johnson as Superintendent on March 28, 2016; on December 2, 2019, Mayor Lightfoot terminated Johnson's superintendent contract for cause.[6] He was preceded by Garry F. McCarthy, former director of the Newark, New Jersey, Police Department, as superintendent; this was approved by the city council on June 8, 2011.[7] McCarthy was the highest paid city employee with an annual salary of $260,004.[8] McCarthy was fired by Mayor Rahm Emanuel on December 1, 2015, after refusing Emanuel's request that he resign over the city's high murder rate and his department's handling of the murder of Laquan McDonald.
Prior to McCarthy's appointment, Jody P. Weis had served as superintendent of police since February 2008. At the time, Weis was the second Chicago police superintendent hired from outside of the city. He replaced Philip J. Cline, who officially retired on August 3, 2007. Weis' contract expired on March 1, 2011. Mayor Richard M. Daley appointed Cline's predecessor, Terry Hillard, on an interim basis.
List of heads of the Chicago Police Department
[edit]Order | Name | Tenure start | Tenure end | Title | Mayor(s) served under | Born | Died | Notes | Ref | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | ![]() |
Orsemus Morrison | August 1835 | May 2, 1837 | High Constable | N/AA | June 24, 1807 | January 4, 1864 | Served 1 term. | [1][9] |
2nd | John Shrigley | May 2, 1837 | March 4, 1839 | William B. Ogden, Buckner Stith Morris |
November 22, 1802 | August 15, 1853 | Served 1 term. | [1] | ||
3rd | Samuel James Lowe | March 5, 1839 | February 28, 1842 | Benjamin W. Raymond, Alexander Loyd, Francis C. Sherman |
1799 | 1851 | Served 1 term. | [1] | ||
4th | ![]() |
Orson Smith | March 1, 1842 | March 4, 1844 | City Marshall | Francis C. Sherman, Benjamin W. Raymond, Augustus Garrett |
April 29, 1801 | January 29, 1863 | Served 1 term. | [1] |
5th | Philip Dean | March 5, 1844 | March 6, 1848 | Augustus Garrett, Alson Sherman, Augustus Garrett, John Putnam Chapin, James Curtiss |
June 24, 1804 | November 17, 1861 | Served 2 terms. | [1] | ||
6th | Ambrose Burnham | March 7, 1848 | March 1, 1852 | James Curtiss, James H. Woodworth, James Curtiss, Walter S. Gurnee |
August 7, 1811 | October 21, 1870 | Served 2 terms. | [1] | ||
7th | James L. Howe | March 2, 1852 | March 6, 1854 | Walter S. Gurnee, Charles McNeill Gray |
1815 | 1863 | Served 1 term. | [1] | ||
8th | Darius Knights | March 7, 1854 | March 3, 1856 | Walter S. Gurnee, Isaac L. Milliken |
1814 | October 22, 1882 | Served 1 term. | [1] | ||
9th | ![]() |
Cyrus Parker Bradley | May 26, 1855 | 1856 | Chief of Police | Levi Boone | November 11, 1819 | March 6, 1865 | For a year, Chicago briefly had an appointed Chief of Police position that co-headed the department alongside the City Marshall. | [1][2] |
10th | James M. Donnelly | March 4, 1856 | February 28, 1859 | City Marshall | Levi Boone, John Wentworth, John C. Haines |
Served 3 terms. | [1] | |||
11th | ![]() |
Jacob Rehm | March 1, 1859 | March 5, 1860 | John C. Haines | December 7, 1828 | March 6, 1915 | Served 1 term. | [1] | |
12th | Iver Lawson | March 6, 1860 | March 4, 1861 | John C. Haines, John Wentworth |
Served 1 term. | [1] | ||||
13th | ![]() |
Cyrus Parker Bradley | April 6, 1861 | 1862 | General Superintendent of Police | John Wentworth, Julian S. Rumsey, Francis C. Sherman |
November 11, 1819 | March 6, 1865 | Was acting General Superintendent from April 6, 1861, until being appointed permanent General Superintendent on April 23, 1861. | [1] |
14th | ![]() |
Jacob Rehm | February 20, 1863 | July 3, 1863 | Francis C. Sherman | December 7, 1828 | March 6, 1915 | Initially appointed as interim General Superintendent, subsequently made permanent. | [1] | |
— | ![]() |
Cyrus Parker Bradley (interim) | July 1863 | April 1864 | Francis C. Sherman | November 11, 1819 | March 6, 1865 | [1] | ||
15th | ![]() |
William Turtle | April 23, 1864 | November 29, 1865 | Francis C. Sherman, John B. Rice |
November 27, 1820 | February 14, 1887 | [1] | ||
16th | ![]() |
Jacob Rehm | November 1865 | 1871 | John B. Rice, Roswell B. Mason |
December 7, 1828 | March 6, 1915 | Was interim superintendent from November 1865 until being officially appointed as permanent superintendent on January 13, 1866. | [1][10] | |
17th | ![]() |
William Wallace Kennedy | April 1871 | July 29, 1872 | Roswell B. Mason, Joseph Medill |
May 1830 | September 20, 1900 | [1][11] | ||
18th | ![]() |
Elmer Washburn | July 29, 1872 | December 29, 1873 | Joseph Medill, Lester L. Bond, Harvey D. Colvin |
December 25, 1834 | November 23, 1918 | Was interim General Superintendent from July 29, 1872, until being appointed permanent General Superintendent on August 12, 1872. | [1][11] | |
19th | ![]() |
Jacob Rehm | December 22, 1873 | October 4, 1875 | Harvey D. Colvin | December 7, 1828 | March 6, 1915 | [1][10] | ||
20th | George L. Dunlap | July 30, 1875 | November 22, 1875 | City Marshall | Harvey D. Colvin | City Marshall, at this time, existed as co-head alongside General Superintendent of Police. | [1] | |||
21st | ![]() |
Michael C. Hickey | October 7, 1875 | August 1, 1878 | General Superintendent of Police | Harvey D. Colvin, Monroe Heath |
1830 | August 31, 1900 | [1][11] | |
22nd | ![]() |
Roswell Eaton Goodell | November 22, 1875 | June 5, 1876 | City Marshall | Harvey D. Colvin | October 21, 1825 | October 19, 1903 | City Marshall, at this time, existed as co-head alongside General Superintendent of Police. | [1] |
23rd | ![]() |
Valerius A. Seavey | August 1, 1878 | September 7, 1879 | General Superintendent of Police | Monroe Heath, Carter Harrison Sr. |
1840 | September 7, 1879 | Was interim General Superintendent from August 1, 1878, until being officially appointed as permanent General Superintendent on July 30, 1878. | [1][11] |
24th | ![]() |
Simon O'Donnell | December 15, 1879 | November 30, 1880 | Carter Harrison Sr. | 1834 | August 3, 1893 | [1] | ||
25th | ![]() |
William J. McGarigle | November 30, 1880 | November 1882 | Carter Harrison Sr. | September 12, 1850 | April 29, 1917 | Was acting General Superintendent from November 30, 1880, until being officially appointed as permanent General Superintendent on December 13, 1880. | [1] | |
26th | ![]() |
Austin J. Doyle | November 13, 1882 | October 15, 1885 | Carter Harrison Sr. | September 18, 1849 | February 6, 1924 | [1][11] | ||
27th | ![]() |
Frederick Ebersold | October 15, 1885 | February 14, 1888 | Carter Harrison Sr., John A. Roche |
March 30, 1841 | January 21, 1900 | Was interim General Superintendent from October 15, 1885, until being officially appointed as permanent General Superintendent on October 26, 1885. | [1][11] | |
— | ![]() |
Frederick H. Marsh (interim) | February 14, 1888 | April 17, 1888 | John A. Roche | 1842 | May 3, 1929 | [1] | ||
28th | ![]() |
George W. Hubbard | April 17, 1888 | 1889 | John A. Roche, DeWitt C. Cregier |
February 22, 1850 | ??? | [1][11] | ||
29th | ![]() |
Frederick H. Marsh | January 1, 1890 | 1891 | DeWitt C. Cregier, Hempstead Washburne |
1842 | May 3, 1929 | [1][11] | ||
30th | ![]() |
Robert Wilson McClaughry | May 18, 1891 | May 1893 | Hempstead Washburne, Carter Harrison Sr. |
July 22, 1839 | November 9, 1920 | [1][11] | ||
31st | ![]() |
Michael Brennan | May 1893 | April 8, 1895 | Carter Harrison Sr., George B. Swift, John P. Hopkins |
1844 | April 9, 1920 | Was acting General Superintendent from May 1893 until being officially appointed permanent General Superintendent on September 11, 1893. | [1][11][12] | |
— | ![]() |
Joseph Kipley (interim) | April 8, 1895 | April 11, 1895 | John P. Hopkins George B. Swift |
January 6, 1848 | February 6, 1904 | [1][12] | ||
32nd | ![]() |
John J. Badenoch | April 11, 1895 | April 1897 | George B. Swift | April 5, 1851 | April 27, 1933 | [1][11] | ||
33rd | ![]() |
Joseph Kipley | April 16, 1897 | April 23, 1901 | George B. Swift, Carter Harrison Jr. |
January 6, 1848 | February 6, 1904 | [1] | ||
— | ![]() |
John E. Ptacek (interim) | April 16, 1901 | April 30, 1901 | Carter Harrison Jr. | [1] | ||||
34th | ![]() |
Francis O'Neill | April 30, 1901 | July 24, 1905 | Carter Harrison Jr., Edward F. Dunne |
August 28, 1848 | January 28, 1936 | [1][11] | ||
— | ![]() |
Herman F. Schuettler (interim) | July 24, 1905 | July 26, 1905 | Edward F. Dunne | July 14, 1861 | August 22, 1918 | [1] | ||
35th | ![]() |
John M. Collins | July 26, 1905 | April 15, 1907 | Edward F. Dunne | 1840 | 1916 | [1][11] | ||
36th | ![]() |
George M. Shippy | April 15, 1907 | August 3, 1909 | Fred A. Busse | June 24, 1854 | April 13, 1913 | [1][11] | ||
— | ![]() |
Herman F. Schuettler (interim) | August 3, 1909 | August 15, 1909 | Fred A. Busse | July 14, 1861 | August 22, 1918 | [1] | ||
37th | ![]() |
LeRoy T. Steward | August 15, 1909 | 1911 | Fred A. Busse | March 24, 1862 | April 26, 1944 | [1] | ||
— | ![]() |
Herman F. Schuettler (interim) | 1911 | April 4, 1911 | Fred A. Busse | July 14, 1861 | August 22, 1918 | [1] | ||
38th | ![]() |
John McWeeny | April 4, 1911 | October 23, 1913 | Fred A. Busse, Carter Harrison Jr. |
March 15, 1857 | December 26, 1934 | [1] | ||
— | ![]() |
Herman F. Schuettler (interim) | October 24, 1913 | November 3, 1913 | Carter Harrison Jr. | July 14, 1861 | August 22, 1918 | [1] | ||
39th | ![]() |
James Gleason | November 3, 1913 | April 26, 1915 | Carter Harrison Jr. | January 13, 1861 | November 16, 1929 | [1][11] | ||
40th | ![]() |
Charles C. Healy | April 26, 1915 | January 11, 1917 | William H. Thompson | May 14, 1856 | 1959 | [1][11] | ||
41st | ![]() |
Herman F. Schuettler | January 11, 1917 | August 22, 1918 | William H. Thompson | July 14, 1861 | August 22, 1918 | [1][11] | ||
— | John H. Alcock (interim) | January 11, 1918 | November 25, 1918 | William H. Thompson | [1] | |||||
42nd | ![]() |
John J. Garrity | November 25, 1918 | November 10, 1920 | William H. Thompson | June 21, 1869 | August 10 1940 | [1] | ||
43rd | ![]() |
Charles C. Fitzmorris | November 10, 1920 | April 16, 1923 | William H. Thompson | May 1, 1884 | August 18, 1948 | [1] | ||
44th | ![]() |
Morgan A. Collins | April 16, 1923 | April 14, 1927 | William E. Dever | April 5, 1886 | March 21, 1946 | [1] | ||
45th | ![]() |
Michael Hughes | April 14, 1927 | July 25, 1928 | Commissioner of Police | William E. Dever, William H. Thompson |
September 24, 1870 | June 21 1956 | Was acting General Superintendent from April 14, 1927, until being officially appointed permanent General Superintendent on April 16, 1923. | [1] |
46th | ![]() |
William F. Russell | September 12, 1928 | June 16, 1930 | William H. Thompson | December 1, 1874 | April 1, 1946 | Initially acting Commissioner, elevated to permanent Commissioner. | [1] | |
— | John H. Alcock (interim) | June 16, 1930 | October 1, 1931 | William H. Thompson, Anton Cermak |
[1] | |||||
47th | ![]() |
James P. Allman | October 1, 1931 | January 1, 1946 | Anton Cermak, Frank J. Corr, Edward J. Kelly |
October 16, 1875 | February 24, 1956 | [1] | ||
48th | John C. Prendergast | January 1, 1946 | November 16, 1950 | Edward J. Kelly, Martin H. Kennelly |
October 19, 1884 | January 16, 1958 | [1] | |||
49th | Timothy J. O'Connor | November 14, 1950 | 1960B | Martin H. Kennelly, Richard J. Daley |
January 27, 1902 | December 31, 1968 | [1] | |||
50th | O. W. Wilson | March 2, 1960 | July 1, 1967 | Superintendent of Police | Richard J. Daley | May 15, 1900 | October 18, 1972 | [1] | ||
51st | James Conlisk Jr. | July 1, 1967 | November 1, 1973 | Richard J. Daley | October 2, 1918 | September 29, 1984 | Initially interim Superintendent, elevated to permanent Superintendent. | [1] | ||
52nd | James M. Rochford | November 1, 1973 | October 11, 1977 | Richard J. Daley, Michael A. Bilandic |
October 1, 1921 | April 14, 2004 | Was acting Superintendent, from November 1, 1973, until being officially appointed as permanent Superintendent on February 11, 1974. | [1] | ||
— | Michael Spiotto (interim) | October 11, 1977 | April 10, 1978 | Michael A. Bilandic | [1] | |||||
53rd | James E. O'Grady | April 10, 1978 | April 25, 1979 | Michael A. Bilandic, Jane Byrne |
1929 | — | [1] | |||
— | Joseph DiLeonardi (interim) | April 25, 1979 | September 1, 1979 | Jane Byrne | March 31, 1932 | January 28, 2017 | Relieved of command by Mayor Jane Byrne. | [1] | ||
— | Samuel Nolan (interim) | September 1, 1979 | January 11, 1980 | Jane Byrne | September 30, 1997 | [1][13] | ||||
54th | Richard J. Brzeczek | January 11, 1980 | April 29, 1983 | Jane Byrne | October 8, 1942 | — | Discharged by Mayor Jane Byrne. | [1] | ||
— | James E. O'Grady (interim) | April 29, 1983 | August 27, 1983 | Jane Byrne Harold Washington |
1929 | — | [1] | |||
55th | Fred Rice Jr. | August 27, 1983 | November 1, 1987 | Harold Washington | December 24, 1926 | January 10, 2011 | [1] | |||
56th | LeRoy Martin | November 18, 1987 | April 12, 1992 | Harold Washington, Eugene Sawyer, Richard M. Daley |
1929 | August 31, 2013 | [1] | |||
57th | Matt L. Rodriguez | April 13, 1992 | December 1, 1997 | Richard M. Daley | April 5, 1936 | — | [1] | |||
58th | Terry G. Hillard | February 18, 1998 | April 18, 2003 | Richard M. Daley | August 11, 1943 | — | [1] | |||
59th | Philip J. Cline | October 6, 2003 | April 2, 2007 | Richard M. Daley | October 10, 1949 | — | [1] | |||
60th | ![]() |
Jody Weis | February 1, 2008 | March 1, 2011 | Richard M. Daley | December 10, 1957 | — | [1] | ||
— | Terry G. Hillard (interim) | March 1, 2011 | May 11, 2011 | Richard M. Daley | August 11, 1943 | — | [1] | |||
61st | ![]() |
Garry McCarthy | May 11, 2011 | December 1, 2015 | Rahm Emanuel | May 4, 1959 | — | [1] | ||
— | ![]() |
John Escalante (interim) | December 1, 2015 | March 28, 2016 | Rahm Emanuel | — | Returned to command as First Deputy Superintendent of Police on March 28, 2016. | [1] | ||
62nd | ![]() |
Eddie T. Johnson | March 28, 2016 | December 2, 2019 | Rahm Emanuel, Lori Lightfoot |
July 28, 1960 | — | Was interim Superintendent from March 28, 2016, until being officially appointed as permanent Superintendent on April 13, 2016; discharged by Mayor Lori Lightfoot. | [1] | |
— | ![]() |
Charlie Beck (interim) | December 2, 2019 | April 15, 2020 | Lori Lightfoot | June 27, 1953 | — | [1][14][15] | ||
63rd | ![]() |
David Brown | April 15, 2020 | March 16, 2023 | Lori Lightfoot | September 18, 1960 | — | Was acting Superintendent from April 15, 2020, until being officially appointed as permanent Superintendent on April 22, 2020. Resigned post on March 16, 2023. | [1][15][16][17] | |
— | Eric Carter (interim) | March 16, 2023 | May 15, 2023 | Lori Lightfoot | — | Interim superintendent; stepped down on May 15, 2022 | [18][19] | |||
— | Fred Waller (interim) | May 15, 2023 | September 27, 2023 | Brandon Johnson | — | [20] | ||||
64th | Larry Snelling | September 27, 2023 | — | Brandon Johnson | — | [21] |
Notes
[edit]^A Orsemus Morrison's tenure predates the incorporation of Chicago as a city. While no mayor was serving at the time he was High Constable, John H. Kinzie was Town President
^B The position of "General Superintendent of Police" ceased to be the head of the Chicago Police Department prior to the end of O'Connor's tenure, which was December 29, 1964
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn "HEADS OF THE CHICAGO POLICE DEPARTMENT | ChicagoCop.com". ChicagoCop.com. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "History | Chicago Police Department". ChicagoPolice.org. Chicago Police Department. Retrieved 30 May 2020.
- ^ "Many Superintendents Have Tried To Reform the Chicago Police (TIMELINE)". DNAinfo Chicago. December 8, 2015. Archived from the original on November 2, 2020. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
- ^ Lee, William; Schlikerman, Becky (January 11, 2011). "Fred Rice, 1926-2011". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved October 30, 2020.
- ^ Gorner, Jeremy; Pratt, Gregory; Sweeney, Annie (November 10, 2019). "Mayor Lori Lightfoot appoints retired LAPD Chief Charlie Beck as Chicago's interim top cop". ChicagoTribune.
- ^ Kozlov, Dana (December 4, 2019). "Eddie Johnson Officially Retires, But His Firing Was Technically A Demotion, Attorney Says". CBS Television Stations.
- ^ "City Council unanimously approves McCarthy for police superintendent". WGN-TV. Retrieved 2011-06-10.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Garry McCarthy". NBC Chicago. Retrieved 2011-06-22.
- ^ "A History of the City of Chicago: Its Men and Institutions. Biographical Sketches of Leading Citizens". Inter ocean. 1900. p. 440. Retrieved May 31, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Flinn, John Joseph; Wilkie, John Elbert (1887). History of the Chicago Police: From the Settlement of the Community to the Present Time, Under Authority of the Mayor and Superintendent of the Force. Under the auspices of the Police book fund. p. 112, 553. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "The Chicago Daily News Almanac and Yearbook for 1917". Chicago Daily News Company. 1917. p. 718. Retrieved May 6, 2020.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Michael Brennan resignation from Police Dept". The Inter Ocean. April 8, 1895. p. 7. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
- ^ Heise, Kenan (October 9, 1997). "SAM NOLAN, FIRST BLACK POLICE SUPERINTENDENT". chicagotribune.com. Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 3, 2020.
- ^ "Charles L. Beck: Commanding Officer, Detective Bureau". LAPD. Retrieved November 3, 2009.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Masterson, Matt (April 15, 2020). "Charlie Beck Steps Down as David Brown Becomes Chicago's New Top Cop". WTTW News. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
- ^ Спилман, Фрэн (2020-04-22). «Городской совет единогласно одобряет Дэвида Брауна в качестве полицейского суперинтенданта полиции в Чикаго» . Чикаго Sun-Times . Получено 2020-04-22 .
- ^ Горнер, Джереми; Шеридан, Джейк (2023-03-01). «Суперинтендант полиции Чикаго Дэвид Браун выйдет из CPD в этом месяце после выборов мэра» . Чикаго Трибьюн . Получено 2023-03-02 .
- ^ Коваль, Энди (16 марта 2023 г.). «Эрик Картер выбрал в качестве временного суперинтенданта CPD» . WGN-TV . Получено 11 апреля 2023 года .
- ^ Бауэр, Келли (20 апреля 2023 г.). «Временный топ-полицейский Чикаго уйдет на пенсию в тот же день избранного мэра Брэндон Джонсон вступит в должность» . Блок клуб Чикаго .
- ^ «Фред Уоллер присяг в качестве временного суперинтенданта CPD - CBS Chicago» . CBS News . 16 мая 2023 года . Получено 26 июня 2023 года .
- ^ Спилман, Фрэн (27 сентября 2023 г.). «Городской совет единогласно подтверждает Снеллинг в качестве лучшего полицейского города. Теперь тяжелая часть» . Чикаго Sun-Times . Получено 29 сентября 2023 года .