Bunong People
 Группа людей в традиционной и церемониальной одежде | |
| Общая численность населения | |
|---|---|
| 37,500 [ 1 ] | |
| Регионы со значительным населением | |
Мондулкири ,  Камбоджа | |
| Языки | |
| Баман | |
| Religion | |
| Animist (majority), Roman Catholic,Protestant,Theravada Buddhism | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Khmer Loeu, Khmers, Stieng |
Bunong phnong альтернативно , ( [ 2 ] Вождь, или pnong ) [ 3 ] [ 4 ] это коренная этническая группа в Камбодже . Они встречаются в основном в провинции Мондулкири в Камбодже. Bunong является крупнейшей этнической группой в Камбодже в Камбодже. У них есть свой язык под названием Bunong , который принадлежит бахнарскому ветви австроазиатских языков . Большинство людей Бунга - анимисты , но меньшинство из них следует за христианством (евангельским протестантизмом или римско -католицизмом) и буддизмом трюки . После независимости Камбоджи в 1953 году принц Сиханук создал новую терминологию, ссылаясь на жителей горных жителей страны, в том числе «Бунонг», как кхмер Лоу («Нагорный кхмер»). Под Народной Республикой Кампучеей (1979-89) общий термин ជនជាតិភាគតិច ( chuncheat pheaktech ) «этнические меньшинства» стали использоваться, и буннг стал называться ជនជាតិព្នង ( chuncheat pnong ), что означает «этнический пннонг ". Сегодня общий термин, который используется многими для обозначения себя Bunong, - это ជនជាតិដើមភាគតិច ( Chuncheat Daem Pheaktech ), который может быть переведен как «коренное меньшинство» и включает в себя особые права, в частности, на коллективные земли как «коренное сообщество» Полем [5] Во Вьетнаме народы, говорящие на Bunong, повторяются как Mnong .
Language
[edit]Bunong language (sometimes spelled 'Mnong') is the native language of the Bunong people. It is a member of Bahnaric branch of Austroasiatic languages and is distantly related to Khmer and other languages spoken in the Cambodian highlands (excluding Jarai and Rade which are Austronesian languages closely related to Cham). There are several dialects of Bunong, some even recognised as a distinct language by linguists; most Bunong dialects are spoken in neighbouring Vietnam, except for Kraol which is spoken within Cambodia.
Culture
[edit]
The Bunong practice a very diverse, dynamic, unstructured and often secretive traditional medicine. Originally tied to the large biodiversity of their forest environment, the wars of the 1970s had a significant impact on the Bunong culture and knowledge of traditional medicine, when everybody relocated to either Vietnam or the Cambodian Koh Niek district. New plants and practices were acquired by the Bunong in these new locations, but upon returning in the 1980s and 1990s, knowledge and use of plants native to their homelands had been forgotten by many. Adequate conventional biomedicine and healthcare can be difficult or impossible to obtain by the locals in the countryside of Cambodia - in particular during the rainy season - and it is therefore official policy of the Cambodian government (backed by the WHO) to support the practice of traditional medicines. Research shows that, as of 2011, 95% of the inhabitants in two Bunong villages still regularly use medicinal plants. It is hoped that the Bunong culture of traditional medicine can help to build respect for the environment and halt the deforestation and habitat loss of Cambodia on a local level.[6]
Traditional agriculture
[edit]Highland rice varieties formed a staple for the Bunong, grown in slash-and-burn or swidden plots called 'mir'. These are typically on valley slopes. These plots are used for up to 5 years before being left to regrow into forest, recovering soil fertility and allowing use again in the future. Rice was traditionally supplemented with other items gathered from the forest including vegetables, plants, roots, and honey.[4] Over the last two decades, there has been an increasing shift to cash crop cultivation in Bunong communities, especially cassava and cashew.[7]
Spirit practices and religion
[edit]Bunong traditionally relate to spirit-gods (brah-yaang) who live in surrounding forests, on mountains, or in rivers. The Bunongs' world is populated by spirits with whom people interact through rituals, offering them jar wine and sacrificed animals. No spirits are more powerful than those of the Spirit Forests.” - Chok Marel[8] Ancestors also hold an important place in Bunong ritual life and, like the spirit-gods, they are called to join every ceremony. During Vietnam war, in the early 1970s, a number of Bunong converted to Christianity during their exile in South Vietnamese refugee camps.[9] In more recent years, Christian missionaries of many different denominations have been trying to spread their religion in Mondulkiri, notably through concurrent development support.[10] Bunong spirit practices have also been blended with Khmer Buddhism through proximity.
Documentation
[edit]Documentary movies
[edit]- "Bunong guu oh / Bunong's birth practices: between tradition and change" (2011) by Tommi Mendel and Brigitte Nikles http://www.tigertoda.ch/BUNONG_GUU_OH.html
- "The last refuge" (2013) by Anne-Laure Porée and Guillaume Suon https://bophana.org/productions/the-last-refuge/
- "Last of the Elephant Men" (2015) by Arnaud Bouquet and Daniel Ferguson https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Derniers_Hommes_%C3%A9l%C3%A9phants
- "Mirr" (2016) by Mehdi Sahebi http://www.mirr.ch/
See also
[edit]- Mnong people
- Austroasiatic carrying basket known in Mondolkiri as kapha
References
[edit]- ^ 2008 Cambodian census
- ^ "Phnong" has derogatory connotations in Khmer and implies "savage" or "uncivilized".
- ^ The Bunong: Caretakers of Cambodia’s Sacred Forests. Phnom Penh: USAID, European Union.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Smith, P. (2010). The Bunong Culture of Silence: Exploring Bunong perspectives on participation at the interface between Bunong culture and development organisations.
- ^ "Law on Land (2001) - OD Mekong Datahub".
- ^ Savajol; et al. (2011). Traditional Therapeutic Knowledge of the North-eastern Cambodia Healers, their practices and medicinal plants. Nomad Recherche et Soutien International.
- ^ Mahanty, Sango; Milne, Sarah (August 2016). "Anatomy of a boom: Cassava as a 'gateway' crop in Cambodia's north eastern borderland: Anatomy of a boom". Asia Pacific Viewpoint. 57 (2): 180–193. doi:10.1111/apv.12122.
- ^ Vater, T. (2006). The Bunong: Caretakers of Cambodia’s Sacred Forests. Phnom Penh: USAID, European Union.
- ^ Scheer, Catherine. ‘When the spirits get angry God gains in popularity: Exploring the emergence of Bunong Protestantism in the highlands of Cambodia’. Aséanie, no. 28 (2011): 45–72. https://www.persee.fr/doc/asean_0859-9009_2011_num_28_1_2213
- ^ "Cambodia". www.cmalliance.org. Retrieved 2020-08-24.
Further reading
[edit]Linguistics
[edit]- Bequette, Rebecca. ‘Participant Reference, Deixis, and Anaphora in Bunong Narrative Discourse’. Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics, 2008.
- Butler, Becky. ‘Bunong’. In The Handbook of Austroasiatic Languages, by Mathias Jenny and Paul Sidwell, 717–45. Leiden ; Boston: Brill, 2014.
- Butler, Becky. ‘Approaching a Phonological Understanding of the Sesquisyllable with Phonetic Evidence from Khmer and Bunong’. In Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The State of the Art, by N.J. Enfield and Bernard Comrie, 443–99. Pacific Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2015.
- Vogel, Sylvain, and Jean-Michel Filippi. Eléments de langue phnong. Phnom Penh: Editions Funan, 2006.
Oral literature
[edit]- Vogel, Sylvain. Introduction à la langue et aux dits traditionnels des Phnong de Mondulkiri. Phnom Penh: Editions Funan, 2006.
- Vogel, Sylvain. Poèmes et chants des Phnong de Mondulkiri. Phnom Penh (Cambodge): Funan, 2008.
- Vogel, Sylvain. Aspects de la culture traditionnelle des Bunoong du Mondulkiri. Tuk Tuk Editions. Phnom Penh, 2011.
- Vogel, Sylvain. ‘“Les maisons de pierre du village de Chiang”: Un point de vue Bunong sur les temples d’Angkor et la distinction entre peuples des collines et de la plaine’. Péninsule, no. 71 (2015): 149–95.
- Vogel, Sylvain. Voix du Mondulkiri historique. Phnom Penh: UNESCO, 2015.
Botany and ethno-pharmacology
[edit]- Chassagne, Fransois, Sovanmoly Hul, Eric Deharo и Jeneviève Bourdy. «Природные средства, используемые людьми Бунга в провинции Мондулкири (северо -восточная Камбоджа), с особым упором на обработку 11 наиболее распространенных заболеваний». Журнал этнофармакологии 191 (15 сентября 2016 г.): 41–70.
- Лаваль, Полин. «Воздействие нехватки лекарственных растений и деревенских стратегий. Случай двух деревень в провинции Мондолькири, Камбоджа ». Итом, 2010.
История
[ редактировать ]- Бурдир, Фредрик. «От Сезана до Срепока, корни и судьбы местных популяций в северо -восточной Камбодже». В исследованиях кхмерцев , Сорн Самранг, 1058–79. Phnom Penh, 1996.
- Герин, Матье, Эндрю Харди, Ван Чинх Нгуен и Стэн Тан Бун Хви. От горных обитателей до этнических меньшинств: какая национальная интеграция для жителей горного района Вьетнам и Камбоджи? Paris: L'harmattan, 2003. https://books.openedition.org/irasec/1420
- Герин, Матье. Лесные крестьяне в колониальные времена: умиротворение аборигенов нагорья Камбоджи . Ренн: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008.
- Шеер, Кэтрин. «Поднусочные солдаты: омраченная борьба горцев Буннг в рамках Кхмерской Республики (1970-75)». Журнал исследований Юго -Восточной Азии 53, нет. 1–2 (2022).