Уильям Йорк

Уильям
Уильям
Архиепископ Йоркского
Избран	Январь 1141 ; 20 декабря 1153 ;
Установлен	1141
Термин закончился	Лишен 1147 ; 8 июня 1154 ;
Предшественник	Генри де Салли ; Генри Мердак ;
Преемник	Генри Мердак ; Roger de Pont l'Evêque ;
Другие сообщения (ы)	Казначей Йорка
Приказ
Освящение	26 сентября 1143
Личные данные
Рожденный	Конец 11 века
Died	8 June 1154; York, Kingdom of England
Buried	York Minster
Parents	Herbert of Winchester; Emma;
Sainthood
Feast day	8 June
Venerated in	Roman Catholic Church; Anglicanism;
Canonized	18 March 1226; Rome; by Pope Honorius III
Shrines	York Minster

Уильям Йорк (конец 11 века - 8 июня 1154 г.) ^{[ А ]} был английским священником и дважды архиепископом Йоркского , до и после соперника, Генри Мурдак . Считалось, что он связан с королем Стивеном из Англии , который помог обеспечить свои выборы в провинцию после того, как несколько кандидатов не смогли получить папское подтверждение. Уильям столкнулся с оппозицией со стороны цистерцианцев , которые после выборов цистерцианского папы Юджина III , Уильям сверг в пользу цистерцианского, Мурдака. С 1147 до 1153 года Уильям работал, чтобы восстановить Йорк, чего он достиг после смерти Мурдака и Юджина III. Он не держал провинцию долго, умирая вскоре после его возвращения, якобы от яда в чаше, которую он использовал, чтобы праздновать мессу. ^{[ 1 ]} Чудеса были зарегистрированы в его гробнице с 1177 года. Он был канонизирован в 1226 году.

Ранний период жизни

Born William fitzHerbert in York,^[2] William was the son of Herbert of Winchester, or Herbert fitzAlberic,^[3] chancellor and treasurer of King Henry I.^[4] Most sources say his mother was Emma, half-sister of King Stephen and Henry of Blois, Bishop of Winchester,^[5] and that she was an illegitimate daughter of Stephen II, Count of Blois, Stephen's father.^[6] New research, however, suggests that Emma may have been a daughter of Hunger fitzOdin, who held lands in Dorset in the Domesday survey.^[2] William was born sometime before the 1090s, but the date is unknown.^[2]

William held the prebendary of Weighton in the diocese of Yorkshire between 27 June 1109 and 24 February 1114.^[7] Sometime between 1109 and 1114 he was appointed Treasurer of York.^[5] He was also appointed archdeacon of the East Riding of Yorkshire at an unknown date between 1125 and 1133.^[8] The influence of his rich and powerful father, who had many landholdings in Yorkshire, may have been of benefit in gaining him these offices at a relatively early age.^[9] William apparently held both of these offices until his election as Archbishop.^[8] Serving under Archbishop Thurstan of York, William became involved in Thurstan's dispute with King Henry I after Henry demanded that the Archbishops of York accept subordination to the Archbishops of Canterbury. William accompanied Thurstan into exile in Europe and on embassies to the papal court.^[10] Reconciliation with Henry allowed a return to York in 1121. A papal ruling in favour of the independence of the Archbishops of York was finally delivered in 1127.^[11]

Election problems

In January 1141 William was elected Archbishop of York.^[12] Originally, the cathedral chapter of York had elected Waltheof in 1140, but that election was set aside, as one of Waltheof's supporters had made an uncanonical gift (bribe) to secure Waltheof's election. Then Henry of Blois tried to secure the see for Henry de Sully, another nephew of Stephen and Henry's. Sully's election was opposed by Pope Innocent II,^[13] who refused to confirm him as Archbishop while he remained Abbot of Fécamp.^[14] Only at a third election in January 1141 was William chosen. Whether he had been a candidate in the previous two elections is unknown.^[13]

The election was opposed by the Cistercian monasteries of Yorkshire and by the archdeacons of York.^[15] The Cistercians opposed on the grounds that the Second Lateran Council in 1139 had given the religious houses of a diocese the right to participate in electing the bishop.^[16] Theobald of Bec, the Archbishop of Canterbury, refused to recognise William's election due to allegations of simony (acquisition of church positions by bribery), and of interference by King Stephen.^[17] In 1143, Pope Innocent II ruled that William could be confirmed in office if he swore under oath that the allegations were false. After he swore the oath, Henry of Blois, who was also papal legate, found William innocent, and he was consecrated as archbishop on 26 September 1143.^[5]

First archiepiscopate and deposition

As Archbishop, William undertook several ecclesiastical reforms and became popular with the people of York. However, he still needed a pallium, the sign of an archbishop's authority from the Pope, which he had not yet received. The Cistercians, who were still adamantly opposed to his being Archbishop, were determined to prevent his receiving it. William travelled to Rome in an attempt to obtain the pallium. The election of Pope Eugene III, a Cistercian, in 1145, was a setback for his cause.^[18] Bernard of Clairvaux, the famous Cistercian abbot and religious leader, exerted all his influence to ensure William's suspension, sending a series of complaints to the new Pope that William had been intruded by secular powers into the see, that he was oppressing the Cistercian monasteries and that he had irregularly appointed William of St. Barbara as Dean of York. In the winter of 1145–1146 Eugene re-examined the case, declared that William had not been validly consecrated and suspended him from office.^[19] William was required to obtain an in-person refutation of the old charges by William of St Barbara, by then the Bishop of Durham.^[5]^[15]

While awaiting the final decision in his case, William took up residence with one of his friends, Roger II, King of Sicily.^[19] Hearing of his suspension, some of William's supporters in York launched a damaging attack on Fountains Abbey, which destroyed many of the buildings.^[20] William was formally deposed by Eugene in early 1147 and the deposition was confirmed at the Council of Reims on 21 March 1148. Another election to York was held, and the candidates included Hilary of Chichester, who was the king's candidate, and Henry Murdac, the Cistercian abbot of Fountains Abbey. Murdac's supporters included the Cistercians and most of the clergy of the diocese, including William's former ally, William of St Barbara. Both sides appealed to the Pope, and the Pope confirmed Murdac as the successful candidate.^[5]^[15] William then returned to Winchester, the city he had left 40 years earlier to begin his career in York.^[21]

Second archiepiscopate

King Stephen refused to accept William's deposition and the appointment of Murdac, and prevented Murdac from taking up residence in York. Stephen probably wished to trade recognition of Murdac for support for his son Eustace, whose coronation as his successor he was trying to secure during his own lifetime, to defeat rival claims to the throne by Henry of Anjou.^[22]^[b] Within a few years both Murdac and the Pope had died and William travelled to Rome to plead with the new Anastasius IV for restoration to office. The Pope concurred and William's reappointment was confirmed on 20 December 1153.^[5]^[23] On his return to York, while crossing the Ouse Bridge in York in triumphal procession, the bridge collapsed, but no one was killed.^[24]

Death and sainthood

After less than a month back in York, William died on 8 June 1154,^[12] allegedly due to poison administered in the chalice at Mass.^[23] One of William's clerks accused Osbert de Bayeux, an archdeacon of York, of the murder, and Osbert was summoned before the king to be tried at the royal court. Stephen died before the trial could take place.^[25] William was buried in York Minster^[26] and within a few months of his death, miracles were attributed to his intervention and a sweet smell came from his tomb when it was damaged during a fire. Nor was the body decayed or burnt.^[27] Pope Honorius III then ordered an investigation into the miracles and canonized him in Rome in 1226.^[27]

William's feast day is marked on 8 June, the day of his death.^[28] Although his veneration was largely localised in York, among his devotees was Margery Kempe (1373–1438) of King's Lynn in Norfolk, who "cried copiously" before his tomb.^[1] Traditional iconography and windows often depict William's crossing of the Tweed; some iconography shows him crossing in a boat. William's coat of arms is blazoned: Or, seven mascles Gules, 3, 3 and 1. This actual shield at one time hung on the west wall of St Wilfrid's Church, Bognor Regis.^[29]

An extant church in Sheffield (in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Hallam) was dedicated to St William in 1932.^[30]

St William's College

St William's College, which was named for him is next to York Minster. It was established between 1465 and 1467 with the permission of King Edward IV as the home for chantry priests of the Cathedral.^[31]

St William's Chapel

A chapel to St William was built in York in the later 12th century. It was placed on the northern edge of the Ouse Bridge to mark a miracle associated with the collapse of the bridge when William returned to York in 1154. It remained as a functional chapel until 1550. The chapel was removed during the renovation of the bridge between 1810 and 1818.^[32]

Shrines

The earliest shine to St William in York Minster dates to the c. 1220s in which William's sarcophagus was buried 10 inches (25 cm) into the floor and a shrine structure erected above it - this left the lid of the sarcophagus proud of the structure to be accessible to pilgrims.^[33] In 1284 Bishop Bek paid for the translation of William's body to a new shrine in the choir behind the high altar; no trace of the shrine has been recorded.^[33] There is evidence of two larger shrines in York Minster – one at his tomb site and the other a separate, principal, shrine.

The tomb shrine was built c. AD 1330 on the site of William's original burial place in the eastern-most bay of the nave; it comprised a large stone or marble slab five or six feet in height supported by a series of decorative arches (four on the longer sides, two on the shorter) with an upper stage of decoration rising above it. The whole structure stood at least 3.5 metres (11 ft) in height.^[34] It was decorated with small statues in niches throughout and each of the four corner spandrels depicts imagery associated with the Four Evangelists.^[33]

The latest, principal shrine, located near the Minster's High Altar was built in 1471-1472 and probably designed by Robert Spillesby, the master mason of the Minster from 1466-1473. This later shrine was in the Perpendicular Gothic style made from a darker marble than the rest of the Minster and comprised a large marble pedestal on which a reliquary of William was placed and covered by a wooden canopy.^[34] It was 3.3 metres (11 ft), 1.4 metres (4.6 ft) wide and 4.15 metres (13.6 ft) long.^[33]

Shrines of St William

Corner fragment of the 14th-century tomb shrine of St William
Pedestal fragment of the 15th-century principal shrine of St William

There is no evidence of large scale pilgrimage to William's shrines.^[34] However, numerous panels from the stained glass window in the Minster depict petitioners and worshippers at the shrines. A lead ampulla found in York and depicting an archbishop on one side has been argued to represent Saint William.^[35] The upper face of William's sarcophagus has been worn smooth, probably from the hands of pilgrims touching it.^[33] In the 1890s Catholic pilgrims who were part of the Guild of Our Lady of Ransom pilgrimage through York were given permission to kiss the shrine.^[36]

On 22 September 1541 the Privy Council met in York and ordered the Archbishop to demolish all of the shrines in his province.^[34] William's shrines were taken apart and buried at Precentor's Court. In 1715 Ralph Thoresby reported that he had acquired some architectural fragments in marble which had been 'enclosed betwixt two walls and in a private House' from Precentor's Court.^[37] These were probably the first rediscoveries of fragments of St. William's shrines.^[34] Several fragments from 18th century interventions at or near this house were later discovered spread around York including in the gardens near Clifford's Tower and used as domestic furniture. Further discoveries of shrine fragments from Precentor's Court were made in 1882-1883 and 1927-1928. Fragments of both later and earlier shrines were discovered during each excavation.^[34]

The sarcophagus containing William's remains was rediscovered in 1732 and again in 1968, at which point they were removed.^[34] His remains are now held in a shrine in the crypt at York Minster.^[38] Parts of the shrines are now in the Yorkshire Museum.^[39] This is the only example of a saint's shrine in a museum collection in England.^[40]

Notes

^ also known as William FitzHerbert, William I FitzHerbert and William of Thwayt
^ Henry eventually became King Henry II of England after the death of Eustace and Stephen.

Citations

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Emma J. Wells, "Making Sense of Things", History Today, Vol. 69, No. 5 (May 2019), p. 40
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Burton "William of York" "Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"
^ Keats-Rohan Domesday Descendants pp. 151–152
^ Hollister "Origins of the English Treasury" English Historical Review p. 268
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Greenway "Archbishops" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York
^ Davis King Stephen pp. 172–173
^ Greenway "Prebendaries: Weighton" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Greenway "Archdeacons: East Riding" Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300: Volume 6: York
^ Norton Saint William of York pp. 10–16
^ Norton Saint William of York pp. 34–37
^ Norton Saint William of York p. 61
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Fryde, et al. Handbook of British Chronology p. 281
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Crouch Reign of King Stephen p. 304
^ Norton Saint William of York p. 81
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 98
^ Burton Monastic and Religious Orders p. 77
^ Poole Domesday Book to Magna Carta p. 191
^ Davis King Stephen pp. 97–99
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Norton Saint William of York p. 118
^ Norton Saint William of York p. 120
^ Norton Saint William of York p. 124
^ Davis King Stephen p. 103
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Barlow English Church 1066–1154 p. 102
^ Walsh New Dictionary of Saints pp. 627–628
^ Richardson and Sayles Governance of Mediaeval England p. 288
^ Norton Saint William of York p. 145
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Norton Saint William of York p. 149
^ Manser (ed.) "Dictionary of Saints," p. 300
^ "Heraldry associated with St Wilfrid (and St William of York)" St Wilfrid's Church
^ "Church History". Church of St William of York. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
^ Page (ed.) "Collegiate Churches: York (including York Minster)" History of the County of York: Volume 3 pp. 375–386.
^ "A History of the County of York: the City of York". Victoria County History. 1961. pp. 510–520.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Harrison, Stuart (2022). "The shrines of St William of York reconstructed". In Brown, Sarah; Rees Jones, Sarah; Ayers, Tim (eds.). York: Art, Architecture, and Archaeology. Routledge. pp. 1–25.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Christopher Wilson (1977). The Shrines of St William of York. Yorkshire Museum.
^ Patrick Ottoway; Nicola Rogers (2002). Craft Industry and Everyday Life: Finds from Medieval York (PDF). The Archaeology of York, The Small Finds 17/15. York Archaeological Trust. p. 2944.
^ Hurlock, Kathryn (May 2021). "The Guild of Our Lady of Ransom and Pilgrimage in England and Wales, c. 1890–1914". British Catholic History. 35 (3): 316–337. doi:10.1017/bch.2021.5. ISSN 2055-7973.
^ Ralph Thoresby (1715). Ducatus Leodiensis. p. 567.
^ "York Minster FAQs, Question 8" York Minster
^ "St William of York shrines on display for first time in 400 years". York Press. 8 June 2010. Retrieved 8 June 2021.
^ "St. William's Shrine". BBC: A History of the World. Retrieved 8 June 2021.

References

Burton, Janet (1994). Monastic and Religious Orders in Britain: 1000–1300. Cambridge Medieval Textbooks. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-37797-8.
Burton, Janet (2004). "William of York (d. 1154)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/9606. Retrieved 17 March 2008. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
Crouch, David (2000). The Reign of King Stephen: 1135–1154. New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-22657-0.
Davis, R. H. C. (1990). King Stephen 1135–1154 (Third ed.). New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-04000-0.
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third Edition, revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
Greenway, Diana E. (1999). "Archbishops". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
Greenway, Diana E. (1999). "Archdeacons: East Riding". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
Greenway, Diana E. (1999). "Prebendaries: Weighton". Fasti Ecclesiae Anglicanae 1066–1300. Vol. 6: York. Institute of Historical Research. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
"Heraldry associated with St. Wilfrid (& St. William of York)". St. Wilfrid's Church. Retrieved 16 March 2008.
Hollister, C. W. (April 1978). "The Origins of the English Treasury". The English Historical Review. 93 (367): 262–275. doi:10.1093/ehr/XCIII.CCCLXVII.262. JSTOR 567061.
Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. (1999). Domesday Descendants: A Prosopography of Persons Occurring in English Documents, 1066–1166: Pipe Rolls to Cartae Baronum. Ipswich, UK: Boydell Press. ISBN 0-85115-863-3.
Manser, Martin, ed. (2004). Dictionary of Saints. New York: Collins. ISBN 0-00-716950-7.
Norton, Christopher (2006). St William of York. York: York Medieval Press. ISBN 1-903153-17-4.
Page, William, ed. (1974). "Collegiate Churches: York (Including York Minster)". A History of the County of York: Volume 3. Victoria County History. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
Poole, Austin Lane (1955). From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087–1216 (Second ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821707-2.
Richardson, H. G.; Sayles, G. O. (1963). The Governance of Mediaeval England: From the Conquest to Magna Carta. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. OCLC 504298.
Walsh, Michael J. (2001). Dictionary of Christian Biography. Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press. ISBN 0-8146-5921-7.
"York Minster FAQs Question 8". York Minster. Archived from the original on 16 November 2007. Retrieved 16 March 2008.

Католические церковные названия
Предшествует Терстан	Архиепископ Йоркского 1143–1147	Преуспевает Генри Мердак
Предшествует Генри Мердак	Архиепископ Йоркского 1153–1154	Преуспевает Roger de Pont l'Evêque

v Т и Епископы и архиепископы Йорка
Pre-Reformation bishops	Paulinus Chad Wilfrid Bosa John of Beverley Wilfrid II
Pre-Reformation archbishops	Egbert Æthelbert Eanbald I Eanbald II Wulfsige Wigmund Wulfhere Æthelbald Hrotheweard Wulfstan I Oscytel Edwald Oswald Ealdwulf Wulfstan II Ælfric Puttoc Cynesige Ealdred Thomas of Bayeux Gerard Thomas II Thurstan William FitzHerbert Henry Murdac William FitzHerbert Roger de Pont L'Évêque Geoffrey Plantagenet Simon Langton Walter de Gray Sewal de Bovil Godfrey Ludham William Langton Bonaventure Walter Giffard William de Wickwane John le Romeyn Henry of Newark Thomas of Corbridge William Greenfield William Melton William Zouche John of Thoresby Alexander Neville Thomas Arundel Robert Waldby Richard le Scrope Thomas Langley Robert Hallam Henry Bowet Philip Morgan Richard Fleming John Kemp William Booth George Neville Lawrence Booth Thomas Rotherham Thomas Savage Christopher Bainbridge Thomas Wolsey
Post-Reformation archbishops	Edward Lee Robert Holgate Nicholas Heath Thomas Young Edmund Grindal Edwin Sandys John Piers Matthew Hutton Tobias Matthew George Montaigne Samuel Harsnett Richard Neile John Williams Episcopacy abolished (Commonwealth) Accepted Frewen Richard Sterne John Dolben Thomas Lamplugh John Sharp Sir William Dawes Bt Lancelot Blackburne Thomas Herring Matthew Hutton John Gilbert Robert Hay Drummond William Markham Edward Venables-Vernon-Harcourt Thomas Musgrave Charles Longley William Thomson William Connor Magee William Maclagan Cosmo Lang William Temple Cyril Garbett Michael Ramsey Donald Coggan Stuart Blanch John Habgood David Hope John Sentamu Paul Ferguson (acting diocesan) Stephen Cottrell

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