Чарльз Вейн-Темпест-Стюарт, 7-й маркиз Лондондерри

Самый почетный Маркиз Лондондерри KG MVO ПК ПК (IRE)
Лидер палаты лордов Лорд -хранитель Тайной Печать
В офисе 7 июня 1935 г. - 22 ноября 1935 г.
Монарх	George V
премьер-министр	Стэнли Болдуин
Предшествует	Виконт Хайлшам (Лидер лордов) Энтони Иден (Господь личная печать)
Преуспевает	Виконт Галифакс
Государственный секретарь по воздуху
В офисе 5 ноября 1931 - 7 июня 1935 г.
Монарх	George V
премьер-министр	Рамсей Макдональд
Предшествует	Господь Амульре
Преуспевает	Виконт Суинтон
Первый комиссар произведений
В офисе 25 августа 1931 - 5 ноября 1931 г.
Монарх	George V
премьер-министр	Рамсей Макдональд
Предшествует	Джордж Лансбери
Преуспевает	Достопочтенный Уилл Ормсби-Гри
В офисе 18 октября 1928 г. - 4 июня 1929 г.
Монарх	George V
премьер-министр	Стэнли Болдуин
Предшествует	Виконтная кожура
Преуспевает	Джордж Лансбери
Министр образования Северной Ирландии
В офисе 7 июня 1921 - 8 января 1926 г.
Монарх	George V
премьер-министр	Джеймс Крейг
Губернатор	Герцог Аберрн
Предшествует	Офис создан
Преуспевает	Виконт Шармонт
Парламентский заместитель государственного секретаря на воздух
В офисе 2 апреля 1920 - 18 июля 1921 г.
Монарх	George V
премьер-министр	Дэвид Ллойд Джордж
Предшествует	Джордж Трион
Преуспевает	Лорд Горелл
Член Сената Северной Ирландии
В офисе 7 июня 1921 г. - 6 июня 1929 г.
Предшествует	Офис создан
Преуспевает	Джон Макхью
Член палаты лордов Лорд Временный
В офисе 9 февраля 1915 - 10 февраля 1949 г. Наследственный пэры
Предшествует	6 -й маркиз Лондондерри
Преуспевает	8 -й маркиз Лондондерри
Член парламента Для Мейдстона
В офисе 8 февраля 1906 - 8 февраля 1915 г.
Предшествует	Сэр Фрэнсис Эванс
Преуспевает	Карлион Беллеирс
Личные данные
Рожденный	Чарльз Стюарт Генри Вейн-Темпест-Стюарт ( 1878-05-13 ) 13 мая 1878 г.
Умер	10 февраля 1949 г. (1949-02-10) (в возрасте 70 лет) Гора Стюарт , графство вниз
Национальность	Британский
Political party	Conservative Ulster Unionist
Spouse	Hon. Edith Chaplin ​ ​ (m. 1899)​
Children	Lady Maureen Vane-Tempest-Stewart Robin Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 8th Marquess of Londonderry Lady Margaret Vane-Tempest-Stewart Lady Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart Lady Mairi Vane-Tempest-Stewart Dorothé Mabel Lewis
Parent(s)	Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 6th Marquess of Londonderry Lady Theresa Chetwynd-Talbot
Alma mater	Royal Military College, Sandhurst

Чарльз Стюарт Генри Вейн-Темпест-Стюарт, 7-й маркиз Лондондерри , К.Г. , MVO , ПК , ПК (IRE) (13 мая 1878 года-10 февраля 1949 года), в стиле лорда Стюарта до 1884 года и виконт Касконт в период с 1884 по 1915 год был британцем, был британским сверстник и политик. Его лучше всего помнят за его пребывание в качестве государственного секретаря для воздуха в 1930 -х годах и за его попытки достичь понимания с нацистской Германией. В 1935 году он был удален из министерства воздуха, но сохранил в кабинете в качестве лорда -тайной печать и лидер Палаты лордов .

Предыстория и образование

Его мать, Тереза ​​(«Нелли»), Маркионеса Лондондерри, Джон Сингер Сарджент , 1912

Старший сын Чарльза, 6-го маркиза Лондондерри , и леди Тереза ​​Четвинд-Талбот , дочь 19-го графа Шрусбери , он получил образование в Итоне и в Королевском военном колледже, Сандхерст . Семья его отца была частично из спуска Донегала Ольстера-Скута .

Ранняя карьера

22 мая 1895 года лорд Каслри был назначен вторым лейтенантом во 2 -м (Сихэм) артиллерийском корпусе артиллерии , корпусам в рамках волонтерских сил, прикрепленных к Королевской гарнизонской артиллерии (Западный дивизион) и в то время, которым было командовано его отец, который владел Seaham Colliery , из которой были завербованы многие из неполный рабочий день. Выпустив сознание из Сандхерста, он был назначен в Королевскую лошадь в качестве второго лейтенанта 8 сентября 1897 года. Он был назначен лейтенантом 30 августа 1899 года, и назначен адъютантом 9 мая 1900 года.

В начале 1901 года он был назначен королем Эдуардом VII для участия в специальной дипломатической миссии, чтобы объявить о вступлении короля правительствам Австрии-Венгрии , Румынии , Сербии и Турции . В августе 1903 года, после визита короля в Ирландию, он был назначен членом четвертого класса (современный лейтенант) Королевского викторианского ордена , его отец был удостоен чести Рыцарского Гранд-Креста Ордена в то же время. 24 марта 1904 года он подал в отставку с капитана в Королевских лошадях.

Впоследствии его родители заставили его выборить в Палате общин на всеобщих выборах в Мейдстоун . Он сохранил свою армейскую комиссию, но был помещен в список полуоплачивания с января 1910 года. Его относительно неудачная карьера на истощенных юнионических загибах была сломана возвращением в британскую армию во время Первой мировой войны .

Первая мировая война

Будучи капитаном Каслери -депутатом, он отправился в северную Францию ​​в первые недели войны и добрался до Парижа 29 августа 1914 года, став выброшенным АЦП генералу Уильяму Пултени в предыдущий день. Несмотря на то, что сотрудник, Кастлер, сразу же увидел много боевых действий и полагал, что он застрелил одного из врагов 2 сентября 1914 года. В последующие месяцы 1914 года Каслри сильно стал свидетелем разрушения войны и ужасных страданий британских раненых. Он был повышен во временном звании майора в своем старом полку 1 ноября и до основного ранга 7 -го.

До сих пор неохотно привлекать себя, как и его отец, в ирландскую политику , война побудила его взять на себя дело в Ирландию. С смертью отца в феврале 1915 года он перестал быть депутатом для Мейдстона и унаследовал титул Лондондерри и огромное богатство и статус, которые с ним пошли. Его возвышенная позиция помогла его политической карьере, не в последнюю очередь в Ирландии, которая впоследствии привлекло его благоприятное внимание британскому правительству . В 1915 году лорд Лондондерри (как он стал сейчас), был упомянут в отправках и присоединился к своему полку, Королевские лошадиные гвардии (блюз). Он впервые увидел в 1915 году ужасные последствия атаки газа на людей, когда посещали солдат газом в первой битве при Ипресе .

В 1916 году Лондондерри был назначен вторым в команде блюза, частью 8-й кавалерийской бригады . Он служил на фронте во время битвы при Сомме , наблюдая за массовым убоем из первых рук; Его ближайший друг, подполковник Гарольд Брасси , лучший мужчина на своей свадьбе в 1899 году, был убит. Он был исполняющим обязанности подполковника с 15 декабря 1916 года по 20 января 1917 года.

Londonderry with his cousin Winston Churchill in 1920, as Under-Secretary of State for Air

In 1917, Londonderry took command of a composite battalion drawn from the 8th Cavalry Brigade with the brevet rank of Lt-Colonel, and the Royal Horse Guards (The Blues) took part in the massed mounted cavalry attacks on Monchy-le-Preux on the morning of 11 April 1917, during the Battle of Arras. Monchy-le-Preux was one of the keys to the northern end of the Hindenburg Line. While reconnoitring the enemy near Monchy the GOC 8th Cavalry Brigade, Brigadier-General Charles Bulkeley-Johnson, was shot in the face; he fell with a piercing shriek, the thirtieth British General to be killed in action or to die of wounds on the Western Front. This put Brevet Lt-Colonel Londonderry temporarily in command of the 8th Cavalry Brigade during their charge in the Battle of Arras. At Monchy 600 cavalrymen were casualties and many more horses died. The animals were tethered in the open, as their riders took cover; attempts to take them to the rear during a "box barrage" only increased the casualties. For Londonderry, the experiences of war and the carnage of his brother officers and the family and school friends he grew up with would, as Ian Kershaw commented, "leave an indelible mark on him".

After serving in the Irish Convention of 1917–18, Lord Londonderry served on the short-lived Viceroy's Advisory Council, meeting at Dublin Castle in the autumn of 1918. Promoted to brevet lieutenant-colonel on 7 November 1918, he retired from the army on 10 September 1919 as a major and brevet lieutenant-colonel.

On 13 August 1920, he was appointed Honorary Colonel of the 55th Medium Brigade, Royal Garrison Artillery in the Territorial Army, the successor unit to his father's 2nd (Seaham) Durham Artillery Volunteers. He continued in that role until World War II, after it had been converted into the 63rd (Northumbrian) Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery in Anti-Aircraft Command.

In the Northern Ireland cabinet

The Marquess, c.1921

He was appointed to the new Air Council at Westminster in 1919 by the postwar coalition government. Promoted to Under-Secretary of State for Air in 1920, Londonderry was nevertheless frustrated and took advantage of his Ulster connections to join the first Cabinet of the Government of Northern Ireland in June 1921, as Leader of the Senate and Minister for Education. Londonderry was particularly interested in education and favoured a secularised interest, not the least as a way to end Catholic education. Londonderry appointed the Lynn Commission, headed by Robert Lynn, for advice about education. Lynn stated during the commission's hearings his belief that it would be a waste of public funds to teach Gaelic in the schools, a proposal that was widely seen as promoting Unionism, and led to a Catholic boycott of the commission.

In 1923 his Education Act sought to advance the prospect of mixed Protestant-Catholic education by permitting religious instruction only after school hours and with parental consent. Both Protestant or Catholic educational interests objected and the measure was amended in 1925 to the point that its purpose, to secularise schooling in Northern Ireland, was lost.

In 1926, Londonderry resigned from the Government of Northern Ireland and, in 1929, he left the Parliament of Northern Ireland entirely.

In the British Cabinet

Londonderry was to involve himself in the General Strike of 1926, playing the role of a moderate mine owner, a stance made easier for him by the relative success of the Londonderry mines in County Durham. His performance earned him high praise, and along with the Londonderrys' role as leading political hosts, he was rewarded by Prime Minister Stanley Baldwin with a seat in the Cabinet in 1928 as First Commissioner of Works. Londonderry was invited to join the emergency National Government under Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald and Lord President Baldwin in 1931. That was the cause of some scandal as MacDonald's many critics accused the erstwhile Labour leader of being too friendly with Edith, Lady Londonderry.

When the National Government won the 1931 General Election he returned to the Cabinet as Secretary of State for Air (Londonderry held a pilot's licence). This position became increasingly important during his tenure, not least due to the deliberations of the League of Nations Disarmament Conference at Geneva. In September 1931, Japan seized the Manchuria region of China, setting up the sham state of Manchukuo while making claims to the effect that the rest of China was in the exclusive Japanese sphere of influence, an interpretation that the Chinese government vehemently objected to. In January 1932, the First Battle of Shanghai began which saw the Japanese bomb much of Shanghai into rubble. The scenes of Shanghai in flames together with the increasingly assertive Japanese claims about China and the Far East in general as within its sphere of influence convinced Londonderry that Britain needed a strong Royal Air Force as the best way to deter Japan from attacking the British empire and to ensure that Britain was prepared for war should Anglo-Japanese relations take a turn for the worse.

Londonderry's record at the Air Ministry has been outlined by a biographer:

He preserved the core of the RAF at a time when even this was under threat from the Treasury. He encouraged the planning of vital new fighter aircraft such as the Hurricane and Spitfire. It was under his tutelage that radar was developed for use by the RAF. The Staff College at Cranwell was opened in the last months of his time as air minister....[But in underestimating the Luftwaffe he was] badly astray over the issue of German air strength in 1934–5.

Londonderry toed the British government's equivocal line on disarmament but opposed in Cabinet any moves that would risk the deterrent value of the Royal Air Force. He was thus attacked by Clement Attlee and the Labour Party and became a liability to the National Government. In the spring of 1935, he was removed from the Air Ministry but retained in the Cabinet as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords. Combined with his role as a leading member of the Anglo-German Fellowship, he attracted the popular nickname of "Londonderry Herr".

Contacts with Nazi Germany

The sense of hurt Lord Londonderry felt at that and accusations that he had misled Baldwin about the strength of Nazi Germany's Luftwaffe led him to seek to clear his reputation as a "warmonger" by engaging in amateur diplomacy. The British historian Richard Griffiths made a distinction between appeasers, a term that he reserved for government officials who believed in appeasement of the Axis states for a variety of reasons, many quite pragmatic, and the enthusiasts for Nazi Germany, which he described a group of individuals who acting on their own as private citizens sought better relations with the Third Reich, usually for ideological reasons. Griffiths defined Londonderry as an enthusiast for Nazi Germany, instead of an appeaser, by noting that after June 1935, Londonderry was speaking mostly for himself when he sought out the company of Nazi leaders. Londonderry joined the Anglo-German Fellowship, a society that sought to bring together elites from Britain and Germany with the aim of forging an Anglo-German alliance.

William Shirer, an American reporter assigned to Berlin in the years leading to the Second World War, referred to Londonderry simply as "an all-out pro-Nazi."

Between January 1936 and September 1938, Londonderry made six visits to Nazi Germany, the first lasting for three weeks, but a seventh invitation that had been accepted for March 1939 was abruptly declined by Londonderry after the Nazi occupation of Prague. From early 1936 onward, Londonderry's public statements about the Third Reich became markedly admiring and sympathetic. In March 1936, Leopold von Hoesch, the German ambassador in London in a report to Berlin called Londonderry "one of those on whom the German government relied for the right opinions". As part of his amateur diplomacy, at the end of May 1936 Londonderry invited in Joachim von Ribbentrop, the German Ambassador to the Court of St. James's, later the German foreign minister, to his ancestral home in Northern Ireland, Mount Stewart. Ribbentrop is reported to have landed in Newtownards with a "noisy gang of SS men" and the four-day visit became a national newspaper story. Londonderry entertained Ribbentrop for a further four days at his family home in County Durham, Wynyard Hall on 13–17 November and accompanied him to briefings with government officials in London.

During the first two visits, prior to the abdication of Edward VIII, whom the Nazis assessed as a supporter, Londonderry was considered an aristocrat of real influence by Hitler. The friendly regard in which Londonderry was held in Berlin was reflected in Hitler indiscreetly informing his guest, in October 1936, of his intended moves both on Czechoslovakia and Poland, years before two invasions happened.

Although Londonderry immediately passed that information regarding Hitler's indicated future direction of German policy on to a member of the British government by a letter to Lord Halifax on 24 December 1936, rearmament was not notably accelerated in Britain. In the end, Londonderry's high-profile promotion of Anglo-German friendship marked him with a far greater slur than what had led him to engage in appeasement in the first place.

Fall from grace

Under attack from anti-Nazis inside and outside Westminster, Lord Londonderry attempted to explain his position by publishing Ourselves and Germany in March 1938. Then, after the Munich agreement, in October 1938, Londonderry wrote in a letter that he was aware that Hitler was "gradually getting back to the theories which he evolved in prison", when working on Mein Kampf. Londonderry's work was openly antisemitic, declaring: "I have no great affection for the Jews ... it is possible to trace their participation in most of the international disturbances which have created so much havoc in different countries."

December 1939: Honorary Air Commodore Lord Londonderry (centre) looks on as Air Chief Marshal Sir Cyril Newall, Chief of the Air Staff, inspects an aircraft in France.

After playing a marginal role in the resignation of Neville Chamberlain as Prime Minister in 1940, he failed to win any favour from the new Prime Minister, Winston Churchill (his second cousin), who thought little of his talents. With talk of his possible internment, Londonderry retreated to Mount Stewart, where he produced Wings of Destiny (1943), a relatively short memoir that was considerably censured by some of his former colleagues, and where he died in 1949.

On the mantlepiece of his smoking room at Mount Stewart, Londonderry retained a memento of his diplomatic démarche: an Allach porcelain figurine of an SS Fahnenträger (SS flag bearer). The gift from Reichmarshall Hermann Göring was neither destroyed nor removed at the outbreak of war.

Lord Londonderry served as Lord Lieutenant of County Down between 1915 and 1949 and of County Durham between 1928 and 1949 and was Chancellor of the University of Durham and The Queen's University of Belfast. He was Mayor of Durham during the year of George VI's Coronation (1937). He was sworn of the Irish Privy Council in 1918, of the Privy Council of Northern Ireland in 1921 and of the Imperial Privy Council in 1925 and appointed a Knight Companion of the Garter in 1919.

Family

On 28 November 1899, Lord Londonderry married the Hon. Edith Helen Chaplin, eldest daughter of Henry Chaplin, 1st Viscount Chaplin, and Lady Florence Sutherland-Leveson-Gower (herself a daughter of the 3rd Duke of Sutherland) at St Peter's Church, Eaton Square and had issue:

• Lady Maureen Helen Vane-Tempest-Stewart (1900–1942), who married in 1920 the Hon. Oliver Stanley and had issue: (i) Michael Charles Stanley (1921–1990), who married (Aileen) Fortune Constance Hugh Smith and had two sons; and (ii) Kathryn Edith Helen Stanley DCVO (1923–2004), Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Elizabeth II from 1955 to 2002 and who married Sir John Dugdale KCVO (1923–1994) and had two daughters and two sons.
• Edward Charles Stewart Robert Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 8th Marquess of Londonderry (1902–1955)
• Lady Margaret Frances Anne Vane-Tempest-Stewart (1910–1966), who married in 1934 (div. 1939) Frederick Alan Irving Muntz and in 1952 (div.1958) as his 3rd wife, Hugh Falkus (1917–1996).
• Lady Helen Maglona Vane-Tempest-Stewart (1911–1986), who married, firstly (of three marriages), in 1935 Edward Jessel, 2nd Baron Jessel, and had issue: (i) Hon. Timothy Edward Jessel (1935–1969) who married twice and had issue; (ii) Hon. Camilla Edith Mairi Elizabeth Jessel (b. 1940) who was married and has issue; and (iii) Hon. Joanna Margaret Jessel (1945-1980) who was married and had issue.
• Lady Mairi Elizabeth Vane-Tempest-Stewart (1921–2009), who married in 1940 (div. 1958) Derek William Charles Keppel, Viscount Bury (1911–1968), eldest son of Walter Keppel, 9th Earl of Albemarle and had issue: (i) Lady Elizabeth Mairi Keppel (1941–2014) who married in 1962 (div.) Alastair Michael Hyde Villiers (1939–2005) and has issue, and in 1980 (div. 1988) Merlin Hanbury-Tracy, 7th Baron Sudeley; and (ii) Lady Rose Deirdre Margaret Keppel (b. 1943) who married Peter Lathrop Lauritzen, son of George F. Lauritzen, of River Forest, Illinois, U.S.A., founder of a food manufacturing, processing and export firm, and has issue.

Lord Londonderry had an illegitimate daughter with actress Fannie Ward, named Dorothé Mabel Lewis (b. 1900). She first married, in 1918, a nephew of mining magnate Barney Barnato, Capt. Jack Barnato, who died of pneumonia shortly after their wedding. Her second husband, whom she married in 1922, was Terence Plunket, 6th Baron Plunket, and with him, she had three sons: Patrick Plunket, 7th Baron Plunket, Robin Plunket, 8th Baron Plunket, and the Hon Shaun Plunket. Lord and Lady Plunket were killed in an aircraft crash in California in 1938.

Having suffered a stroke after a gliding accident a few years after the end of the war, Lord Londonderry died on 10 February 1949 at Mount Stewart, County Down, aged 70.

Дальнейшее чтение

• Флеминг, Нил С. "Аристократическое умиротворение: лорд Лондондерри, нацистская Германия и продвижение англо-германского недоразумения". Кардифф Исторические документы (2007). онлайн
• Флеминг, Нил С. «Лорд Лондондерри и реформа образования в 1920 -х годах Северной Ирландии», История Ирландия (весна 2001 г.)
• Флеминг, Нил С. Маркиз Лондондерри: аристократия, власть и политика в Великобритании и Ирландии . (Лондон, 2005)
• Гриффитс, Ричард. Попутчики The Right: британские энтузиасты нацистской Германии, 1933–1939 (констебль, 1980)
• Хайд, Х. Монтгомери. Британская воздушная политика между войнами, 1918–1939 (1976) ·
• Хайд, Х. Монтгомери, Лондондеррис: семейный портрет . (Лондон, 1979)
• Джексон, Элвин. «Стюарт, Чарльз Стюарт Генри Вейн-Темпест, седьмой маркиз Лондондерри (1878–1949)», Оксфордский словарь национальной биографии, издательство Оксфордского университета, 2004; онлайн Edn, январь 2008 г., доступ к 6 января 2016
• Кершоу, Ян. Подружиться с Гитлером: лорд Лондондерри и Британская дорога к войне . (Лондон, 2004)
• Стробл, Гервин. Германский остров: нацистские восприятия Британии (издательство Кембриджского университета, 2000)

Первичные источники

• Эдит, Леди Лондондерри, ретроспектива . (Лондон, 1938)
• Лорд Лондондерри, мы сами и Германия . (Лондон, 1938)
• Лорд Лондондерри, крылья судьбы . (Лондон, 1943)

Внешние ссылки

• Хансард . 1803–2005 гг
• Газетные вырезки о Чарльзе Вэйн-Темпест-Стюарт, 7-й маркиз Лондондерри в архивах 20-го века ZBW пресс -
• «Лондондерри, маркиз» . Том ирландцы кто есть   . Дублин: Александр Том и Сон Лтд. 1923 г. с. 139 - через Wikisource .