Перепись США 1870 года
| Перепись США 1870 года | ||
|---|---|---|
| ||
 Печать Министерства внутренних дел | ||
| Общая информация | ||
| Страна | Соединенные Штаты | |
| Власть | Бюро переписи населения | |
| Результаты | ||
| Общая численность населения | 38,925,598 (  22.6%) | |
| Most populous | New York 4,382,759 | |
| Least populous | Nevada 42,941 | |
Перепись 1870 года в США была девятой переписью населения США . Она проводилась Управлением переписи населения с 1 июня 1870 года по 23 августа 1871 года. Перепись 1870 года была первой переписью, предоставившей подробную информацию об афроамериканском населении, всего через пять лет после кульминации Гражданской войны , когда были предоставлены рабы. свобода. Общая численность населения составляла 38 925 598 человек, постоянное население - 38 558 371 человек, что на 22,6% больше, чем в 1860 году. [1]
Оценка населения переписи 1870 года была противоречивой, поскольку многие полагали, что она недооценила истинную численность населения, особенно в Нью-Йорке и Пенсильвании . [2] Это была первая перепись, в ходе которой во всех 100 крупнейших городах было зарегистрировано население более 10 000 человек. Это также была последняя федеральная перепись, проведенная с использованием Службы маршалов США в качестве счетчиков.
Акт о переписи г. 1850
Закон о переписи 1850 года установил основной механизм девятой переписи. Управление переписи населения, входящее в состав Министерства внутренних дел , курировало регистрацию и подведение итогов, собранных помощниками маршалов, которые были наняты и контролировались федеральными маршалами . Во время переписи 1870 года произошли два новых структурных изменения: маршалы должны были вернуть заполненную анкету населения в Управление переписи населения в сентябре, а штрафы за отказ отвечать на вопросы счетчиков были расширены и теперь охватывают каждый вопрос в анкетах.
Census organization[edit]
The commonly past-used slave questionnaires were redesigned to reflect the American society after the Civil War. The five schedules for the 1870 census were the following: General Population, Mortality, Agriculture, Products of Industry, and Social Statistics.
The general population saw a 22.6% increase to 38,555,983 individuals in 1870. Charges of an undercount, however, were brought against Francis Amasa Walker, the Superintendent of the 1870 census.
Mortality rates in 1870, in general, decreased as a fraction of the total population by <0.1% from 1860 and by 0.1% from 1850. The lower death rates indicate that the standard of living increased, due to some exogenous factor, over the period of twenty years from 1850 to 1870.[citation needed]
In terms of products of industry, total U.S. wealth increased by 17.3% from 1860 to 1870, to reach an assessed wealth of $14,178,986,732. The four largest state contributors to this wealth were New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, in that order. Most of the wealth was concentrated in the developed Northeast region, as newer territories like Wyoming were beginning to develop their young economies.
The 1870 census was the first of its kind to record the nativity of the American population. This social statistic helped determine which areas were more highly composed of immigrants than native-born Americans. New York City had the most foreign-born individuals, with 419,094 foreigners, who comprised 44.5% of the city's total population. Philadelphia, Chicago, St. Louis, and San Francisco also had a great population of foreigners that made up a significant fraction of their total populations. Therefore, a great ethnic and cultural change was witnessed from 1860 to 1870, as part of the population growth was due to immigrants moving in and a shuffling of residents across state borders.
Census results[edit]
| True population | Total United States | 38,925,598 |
|---|---|---|
| States only | 38,205,598 | |
| Territories | 720,000 | |
| Constitutional/resident population* | Total United States | 38,558,371 |
| States only** | 38,115,641 | |
| Territories | 442,730 | |
| White population | Total United States | 33,589,377 |
| States only | 33,203,128 | |
| Territories | 386,249 | |
| Black population | Total United States | 4,880,009 |
| States only | 4,835,106 | |
| Territories | 44,903 | |
| Indian (Native American) population (on reservations) | Total United States | 357,981 |
| States only | 89,957 | |
| Territories | 268,024 | |
| Indian (Native American) population (not on reservations) | Total United States | 25,731 |
| States only | 21,228 | |
| Territories | 4,503 | |
| Chinese population | Total United States | 63,199 |
| States only | 56,124 | |
| Territories | 7,075 | |
| Japanese population | Total United States | 55 |
| States only | 55 | |
| Territories | 0 |
*The constitutional population excludes the populations of Native Americans "maintaining their tribal relations and living upon Government reservations" and "the newly acquired district of Alaska."[3]
**When considering congressional apportionment, the total state population of the Constitutional population was used.
Census questions[edit]
Schedule 1 of the 1870 census collected the following information:[4]
- Dwelling-houses numbered in the order of Visitation
- Families numbered in the order of visitation
- Names
- Age
- Sex
- Color
- Profession
- Value of Real Estate
- Value of Personal Estate
- Place of Birth (State, Territory, Country)
- Father's Birthplace*
- Mother's Birthplace*
- If born within the year, state month
- If married within the year, state month
- Attended School within the Year (Y/N)
- Cannot Read (Y/N)
- Cannot Write (Y/N)
- Deaf & dumb, blind, insane, idiotic, pauper, or convict
- Male Citizens of U.S. of 21 years of age or upwards
- Male Citizens of U.S. of 21 years of age and upwards where rights to vote is denied on grounds other than rebellion or other crime**[5]
*If born in another country
**This question asked if one's right to vote is being denied due to a legal matter other than rebellion or conviction. Such circumstances included being unable to pay poll taxes, or being unable to pass a literacy test.
Full documentation for the 1870 population census, including census forms and enumerator instructions, is available from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series.
Population undercount[edit]
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (January 2015) |
Although Francis Walker, the Superintendent of the 1870 census, defended the quality of the census, arguing that standardized, clear, and statistical approaches and practices were carried out across all regions of the United States, the public at the time was disappointed in the national growth rate and suspected underenumeration. With especially bitter complaints coming from New York and Philadelphia claiming up to a third of the population was not counted, the President made the rare move to order a recount in those areas. While it was thought a large fraction of the population was not counted for being indoors in the wintry cold, newer estimates resulted in only a 2.5% increase in Philadelphia's population and a 2% increase in New York's.
This controversy of the 1870 undercount resurfaced in 1890, when the national growth rate between 1880 and 1890 was discovered to be much lower than it was between 1870 and 1880. Critics then asserted that the 1870 population must have been underenumerated by over 1.2 million people to account for the discrepancy between growth rates; it was presumed that the growth rate in 1880 had to be exaggerated because of the 1870 undercount. Despite the fact that modern investigations have yet to quantify the exact effect of the undercount, most modern social scientists do not believe the undercount was as severe as 1890 investigators assumed. Today most analyzers compare the 1870 undercount to the non-response rates seen in most modern census data.
State rankings[edit]
| Rank | State/Territory | Population |
|---|---|---|
| 01 | New York | 4,382,759 |
| 02 | Pennsylvania | 3,521,951 |
| 03 | Ohio | 2,665,260 |
| 04 | Illinois | 2,539,891 |
| 05 | Missouri | 1,721,295 |
| 06 | Indiana | 1,680,637 |
| 07 | Massachusetts | 1,457,351 |
| 08 | Kentucky | 1,321,011 |
| 09 | Tennessee | 1,258,520 |
| 10 | Virginia | 1,225,163 |
| 11 | Iowa | 1,194,020 |
| 12 | Georgia | 1,184,109 |
| 13 | Michigan | 1,184,059 |
| 14 | North Carolina | 1,071,361 |
| 15 | Wisconsin | 1,054,670 |
| 16 | Alabama | 996,992 |
| 17 | New Jersey | 906,096 |
| 18 | Mississippi | 827,922 |
| 19 | Texas | 818,579 |
| 20 | Maryland | 780,894 |
| 21 | Louisiana | 726,915 |
| 22 | South Carolina | 705,606 |
| 23 | Maine | 626,915 |
| 24 | California | 560,247 |
| 25 | Connecticut | 537,454 |
| 26 | Arkansas | 484,471 |
| 27 | West Virginia | 442,014 |
| 28 | Minnesota | 439,706 |
| 29 | Kansas | 364,399 |
| 30 | Vermont | 330,551 |
| 31 | New Hampshire | 318,300 |
| 32 | Rhode Island | 217,353 |
| 33 | Florida | 187,748 |
| X | District of Columbia [note 1] | 131,700 |
| 34 | Delaware | 125,015 |
| 35 | Nebraska | 122,993 |
| X | New Mexico | 91,874 |
| 36 | Oregon | 90,923 |
| X | Utah | 86,336 |
| 37 | Nevada | 42,941[note 2] |
| X | Colorado | 39,864 |
| X | Washington | 23,955 |
| X | Montana | 20,595 |
| X | Idaho | 14,999 |
| X | South Dakota | 11,776 |
| X | Arizona | 9,658 |
| X | Wyoming | 9,118 |
| X | North Dakota | 2,405 |
Notes[edit]
- ^ The District of Columbia is not a state but was created with the passage of the Residence Act of 1790.
- ^ Includes a population of 450 for Rio Virgin County, which was located in Nevada but enumerated as part of Utah in the 1870 census.
City rankings[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ Census History Staff. "1870 Fast Facts – History". U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
- ^ Munroe, James Phinney (1923) A Life of Francis Amasa Walker, Holt, p. 111 Conditions for the work were therefore so adverse that the new superintendent (Walker), with characteristic frankness, repudiated in many instances the results of the Census, denouncing them as false or misleading and pointing out the plain reasons. p. 113 When the appointments of enumerators were made in 1870 the entire lot was taken from the Republican party, and most of those in the South were negroes. Some of the negroes could not read or write, and the enumeration of the Southern population was done very badly. My judgement was that the census of 1870 erred as to the colored population between 350,000 and 400,000
- ^ Jump up to: Jump up to: a b "1870 Census: A Compendium of the Ninth Census (June 1, 1870)". www.census.gov. Retrieved April 29, 2019.
- ^ "1870 Federal Census Schedule 1 Form" (PDF). National Archives.
- ^ "1870 Enumerator Instructions (to Assistant Marshals)". IPUMS USA. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
- ^ Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
- ^ "Regions and Divisions". U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved September 9, 2016.
- Хакер, Дж. Дэвид; Рагглс, Стивен; Форуги, Андреа Р.; Джарвис, Брэд Д.; Сарджент, Уолтер Л. (1999). «Образцы микроданных общественного пользования переписей населения США 1860 и 1870 годов» . Исторические методы: журнал количественной и междисциплинарной истории . 32 (3). Информа UK Limited: 125–133. дои : 10.1080/01615449909598933 . ISSN 0161-5440 .
- «Перепись населения и жилищного фонда – Публикации» . Бюро переписи населения США . Проверено 27 августа 2019 г.
- Гибсон, Кэмпбелл; Леннон, Эмили (2011). «Технический документ 29: Таблица 19. Родина населения 50 крупнейших городских населенных пунктов: с 1870 по 1990 год» . Census.gov . Проверено 27 августа 2019 г.
- «Отчет переписи населения США 1871 года» (PDF) . Бюро переписи населения США . Содержит результаты переписи 1870 года. [ постоянная мертвая ссылка ]
- Дуглас, Мэрилин; Йейтс, Мелинда (1981). Записи переписи населения штата Нью-Йорк, 1790–1925 гг.: библиографический бюллетень 88 . Государственная библиотека Нью-Йорка. OCLC 866298008 .
Внешние ссылки [ править ]
- Справочник Библиотеки Конгресса по переписи 1870 года - ссылки на первичные документы
| Базы данных органов управления : Национальные |
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