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Wappinger

(Перенаправлено из Kichtawanks )
Эта статья о племени коренных американцев. Для других видов использования см. Wappinger (устранение неоднозначности) .
Wappinger
Территория Wappinger (в центре, «Wappinges»), из переиздания 1685 года на карте 1656 года
Общая численность населения
Вымирает как племя, [ 1 ]
Потомки присоединились к Stockbridge-Munsee [ 2 ]
Регионы со значительным населением
Соединенные Штаты ( Нью -Йорк )
Языки
Восточные алгонкианские языки , вероятно, Munsee [ 1 ]
Религия
Традиционная племенная религия
Связанные этнические группы
Другие алгонкианские народы

Wappinger wop ( / ˈ w ɒ p ɪ n dʒ ər / -in -jər ) [ 3 ] были восточно-алгонкьянскими , говорящими на народ коренных американцев из того, что сейчас является южным Нью-Йорком и Западным Коннектикутом .

Во время первого контакта в 17 -м веке они были в основном основаны в том, что сейчас является округом Датчесс, штат Нью -Йорк , но их территория включала Восточный берег Гудзона в округах Патнэм и Уэстчестер на юг до Западной Бронкса [ 4 ] и северный Манхэттенский остров . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] На востоке они добрались до долины реки Коннектикут , [ 1 ] и на севере ролифф Янсен убийство в самом южном округе Колумбия, штат Нью -Йорк , ознаменовал конец их территории. [ 7 ]

Их ближайшие союзники были Могикан на севере, Монтокетт на юго -восток на Лонг -Айленде, а оставшиеся племена Новой Англии на востоке. Как и ленап, Wappinger был очень децентрализован как люди. Они сформировали многочисленные слабо ассоциированные полосы, которые создали географические территории. [ 8 ]

Wequaesgeek , люди из Wappinger , живущие вдоль реки Нижний Гудзон недалеко от сегодняшнего Нью -Йорка, были одними из первых, кто был зарегистрирован, встречаясь с европейскими авантюристами и торговцами, когда Генри Хадсон . полуанлый в 1609 году появился [ 9 ]

Спустя долго после того, как их первоначальные поселения были уничтожены войнами с колонистами, войнами с другими индийскими племенами, сомнительными продажами земель, волнами болезней, вызванных европейцами, и поглощением в другие племена, их последний сахем и группа их сильно сокращенных людей были проживает в заповеднике «Молитвенный город» Стокбриджа, штат Массачусетс . Постоянный представитель проблем коренных американцев и доблестного солдата, Даниэль Нимхэм отправился в Великобританию в 1760 -х годах, чтобы спорить о возвращении племенных земель и служил во французских и индийских войнах (от имени англичан) и американской революции ( в поддержку колонистов). Он умер со своим сыном Авраамом в результате убийства милиции Стокбриджа в битве при Кингсбридже в 1778 году. [ 10 ]

После войны, [ 11 ] То, что осталось от комбинированной общины Mohican и Wappinger в Стокбридже, штат Массачусетс, уехал в округ Онейда в Западном Нью -Йорке, чтобы присоединиться к людям тамиды там. Там к ним присоединились остатки Манси , образуя племя Стокбридж-Мунси .

С того времени Wappinger перестал иметь независимое имя в истории, и их люди вступали в брак с другими. Их потомки были впоследствии перемещены в резервацию Стокбридж-Мунси в округе Шавано, штат Висконсин . Племя управляет там казино, и в 2010 году было награждено двумя крошечными посылками, подходящими для казино в штате Нью -Йорк, в обмен на прекращение претензий на землю там. [ 12 ]

The totem (or emblem) of the Wappinger was the "enchanted wolf," with the right paw raised defiantly. By one account, they shared this totem with the Mohicans.[13]

Name

[edit]

The origin of the name Wappinger is unknown. While the present-day spelling was used as early as 1643,[14] countless alternate phonetic spellings were also used by early European settlers well into the late 19th century. Each linguistic group tended to transliterate Native American names according to their own languages. Among these spellings and terms are:

Wappink, Wappings, Wappingers, Wappingoes, Wawpings, Pomptons, Wapings, Opings, Opines,[15] Massaco,[16] Menunkatuck,[17] Naugatuck,[18] Nochpeem,[19] Wangunk[1] Wappans, Wappings, Wappinghs,[20] Wapanoos, Wappanoos, Wappinoo, Wappenos, Wappinoes, Wappinex, Wappinx, Wapingeis, Wabinga, Wabingies, Wapingoes, Wapings, Wappinges, Wapinger and Wappenger.[14]

Anthropologist Ives Goddard suggests the Munsee language-word wápinkw, used by the Lenape and meaning "opossum", might be related to the name Wappinger.[21][22] No evidence supports the folk etymology of the name coming from a word meaning "easterner," as suggested by Edward Manning Ruttenber in 1906[7] and John Reed Swanton in 1952.[23]

Others suggest that Wappinger is anglicized from the Dutch word wapendragers, meaning "weapon-bearers", alluding to the warring relationship between the Dutch and the Wappinger.[7][24] Such reference would correspond to a first appearance in 1643. This was thirty-four years after the Dutch aboard Hudson's Half Moon may have learned the name the people called themselves. The 1643 date reflects a period of great conflict with the natives, including the preemptive Pavonia massacre by the Dutch, which precipitated Kieft's War.

Language

[edit]
The Wappinger spoke a dialect of the Munsee language, a Lenape tongue

The Wappinger were most closely related to the Munsee,[25] a large subgroup of the Lenape people. All three were among the Eastern Algonquian-speaking subgroup of the Algonquian peoples. They spoke using very similar Lenape languages, with the Wappinger dialect most closely related to the Munsee language.

Their nearest allies[citation needed] were the Mohican to the north, the Montaukett to the southeast on Long Island, and the remaining New England tribes to the east. Like the Lenape, the Wappinger were highly decentralized as a people. They formed approximately 18 loosely associated bands that had established geographic territories.[8]

History

[edit]

The Wappinger had summer and winter camps. As agriculturists, they cultivated maize, beans, and various species of squash. They also hunted game, fished the rivers and streams, collected shellfish, and gathered fruits, flowers, seeds, roots, and nuts.[26] By 1609, the Wappingers' earliest recorded European contact, their settlements included camps along the major rivers between the Hudson and Housatonic, with larger villages located at the river mouths.[27] Settlements near fresh water and arable land could remain in one location for about 20 years, until the people moved to another place some miles away. Despite many references to their villages and other site types by early European explorers and settlers, few contact-period sites have been identified in southeastern New York.[28][29]

17th century

[edit]

The Wappinger first came into contact with Europeans in 1609, when Henry Hudson's expedition reached this territory on the Half Moon.[9] The total population of the Wappinger people at that time has been estimated at between 3,000[8] and 13,200[30][29] individuals.

Robert Juet, an officer on the Half Moon, provides an account in his journal of some of the lower Hudson Valley Native Americans. In his entries for September 4 and 5, 1609, he says:

"This day the people of the country came aboord of us, seeming very glad of our comming, and brought greene tobacco, and gave us of it for knives and beads. They goe in deere skins loose, well dressed. They have yellow copper. They desire cloathes, and are very civill ... They have great store of maize or Indian wheate whereof they make good bread. The country is full of great and tall oakes. This day [September 5, 1609] many of the people came aboord, some in mantles of feathers, and some in skinnes of divers sorts of good furres. Some women also came to us with hempe. They had red copper tabacco pipes and other things of copper they did wear about their neckes. At night they went on land againe, so wee rode very quite, but durst not trust them" (Juet 1959:28).[29]

Dutch navigator and colonist David Pieterz De Vries recorded another description of the Wappinger who resided around Fort Amsterdam:

"The Indians about here are tolerably stout, have black hair with a long, lock which they let hang on one side of the head. Their hair is shorn on the top of the head like a cock's comb. Their clothing is a coat of beaver skins over the body, with the fur inside in winter and outside in summer; they have, also, sometimes a bear's hide, or a coat of the skins of wild cats, or hefspanen [probably raccoon], which is an animal most as hairy as a wild cat, and is also very good to eat. They also wear coats of turkey feathers, which they know how to put together. Their pride is to paint their faces strangely with red or black lead, so that they look like fiends. Some of the women are very well featured, having long countenances. Their hair hangs loose from their head; they are very foul and dirty; they sometimes paint their faces, and draw a black ring around their eyes."[31]

As the Dutch began to settle in the area, they pressured the Connecticut Wappinger to sell their lands and seek refuge with other Algonquian-speaking tribes. The western bands, however, stood their ground amid rising tensions.[32]

Following the Pavonia massacre by colonists, during Kieft's War in 1643, the remaining Wappinger bands united against the Dutch, attacking settlements throughout New Netherland. The Dutch responded with the March 1644 slaughter of between 500 and 700 members of Wappinger bands in the Pound Ridge Massacre, most burned alive in a surprise attack upon their sacred wintering ground. It was a severe blow to the tribe.

Allied with their trading partners, the powerful Mohawk of the Iroquois nations in central and western New York, the Dutch defeated the Wappinger by 1645.[33] The Mohawk and Dutch killed more than 1500 Wappinger during the two years of the war. This was a devastating toll for the Wappinger.[8]

The Wappinger faced the Dutch again in the 1655 Peach War, a three-day engagement that left an estimated 100 settlers and 60 Wappinger dead, and strained relations further between the two groups.[34] After the war, the confederation broke apart, and many of the surviving Wappinger left their native lands for the protection of neighboring tribes, settling in particular in the "prayer town"[35] Stockbridge, Massachusetts in the western part of the colony, where Natives had settled who had converted to Christianity.

18th century

[edit]

In 1765, the remaining Wappinger in Dutchess County sued the Philipse family for control of the Philipse Patent land[a] but lost. In the aftermath the Philipses raised rents on the European-American tenant farmers, sparking colonist riots across the region.[36][37]

Daniel Nimham, last sachem of the Wappinger[38]

In 1766 Daniel Nimham, last sachem of the Wappinger, was part of a delegation that traveled to London to petition the British Crown for land rights and better treatment by the American colonists. Britain had controlled former "Dutch" lands in New York since 1664. Nimham was then living in Stockbridge, but he was originally from the Wappinger settlement of Wiccopee, New York,[10] near the Dutch-founded settlement of Fishkill on the Hudson.[39] He argued before the royal Lords of Trade, who were generally sympathetic to his claims, but did not arrange for the Wappinger to regain any land after he returned to North America.

The Lords of Trade reported that there was sufficient cause to investigate

"frauds and abuses of Indian lands...complained of in the American colonies, and in this colony in particular." And that, "the conduct of the lieutenant-governor and the council...does carry with it the colour of great prejudice and partiality, and of an intention to intimidate these Indians from prosecuting their claims."

Upon a second hearing before New York Provincial Governor Sir Henry Moore and the council, John Morin Scott argued that legal title to the land was only a secondary concern. He said that returning the land to the Indians would set an adverse precedent regarding other similar disputes.[40] Nimham did not give up the cause. When the opportunity to serve with the Continental Army in the American Revolution arose, he chose it over the British in the hopes of receiving fairer treatment by the American government in its aftermath. It was not to be.

Many Wappinger served in the Stockbridge Militia during the American Revolution. Nimham, his son and heir Abraham, and some forty warriors were killed or mortally wounded in the Battle of Kingsbridge[11] in the Bronx on August 30, 1778. It proved an irrevocable blow to the tribe, which had also been decimated by European diseases.[41]

19th century

[edit]

Following the American Revolutionary War,[11] what was left of a combined Mohican and Wappinger community in Stockbridge, Massachusetts left for Oneida County in western New York to join the Oneida people there. There they were joined by the remnants of the Munsee, forming the Stockbridge-Munsee tribe.[2]

From that time the Wappinger ceased to have an independent name in history, and their people intermarried with others. A few scattered remnants still remained. As late as 1811, a small band was recorded as having a settlement on a low tract of land by the side of a brook, under a high hill in the northern part of the Town of Kent in Putnam County.[42][b]

Later in the early 19th century, the Stockbridge-Munsee in New York were forced to remove to Wisconsin. Today, members of the federally recognized Stockbridge-Munsee Nation reside mostly there on a reservation, where they operate a casino. In 2010 the tribe was awarded two tiny parcels suitable for casinos in New York State in return for dropping larger land claims there.[12]

Bands

[edit]
Wappinger bands appear east of the Hudson on this excerpt of Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ (Amsterdam, 1685) ("New Netherland and New England", and also parts of Virginia, a 1685 revision by Petrus Schenk Junior of a 1656 map by Nicolaes Visscher)

While Edward Manning Ruttenber suggested in 1872 that there had been a Wappinger Confederacy, as did anthropologist James Mooney in 1910, Ives Goddard contests their view. He writes that no evidence supports this idea.[15]

The suggested bands of the Wappinger, headed by sachems, have been described as including:

  • Wappinger (proper), lived on the east side of the Hudson River in present-day Dutchess County, New York
  • Hammonasset, an eastern group at the mouth of the Connecticut River, in present-day Middlesex County, Connecticut
  • Kitchawank, lived in northern Westchester County, New York in the area of Croton-on-Hudson, New York, site of the oldest oyster-shell middens found on the North Atlantic Coast. There they built a large, fortified village, called Navish, at the neck of Croton Point.[45]
  • Massaco, along the Farmington River in Connecticut
  • Nochpeem, in southern portions of present-day Dutchess and western[46] and northern Putnam counties, New York. Their tribal fire at one point was in Kent.
  • Paugusset, along the Housatonic River, present-day eastern Fairfield and western New Haven counties of Connecticut
  • Podunk, east of the Connecticut River in eastern Hartford County, Connecticut
  • Poquonock, western present-day Hartford County, Connecticut
  • Quinnipiac, in central New Haven County, Connecticut
    • The Menunkatuck, were a sub-group of the Quinnipiac, living along the coast in present-day in Guilford in New Haven County, Connecticut.[47]
  • Sicaog, in present-day Hartford County, Connecticut
  • Sintsink, also Sinsink, Sinck Sinck, and Sint Sinck, origin of the name of the penitentiary Sing Sing in Ossining, east of the Hudson River in present-day Westchester County, New York
  • Siwanoy, southeast coastal Bronx as far as Hell Gate, and interior southernmost Westchester County, New York, into southwestern Fairfield County, Connecticut at the Five Mile River.
  • Tankiteke, also "Pachami" and "Pachani",[48] central coastal and extreme western Fairfield County, Connecticut, north to Danbury, north and west into northern Westchester County, New York,[49] eastern Putnam County, New York[50] and southeastern Dutchess County, New York[51]
  • Tunxis, Farmington, in southwestern Hartford County, Connecticut
  • Wangunk, also sometimes called the "Mattabesset", they lived in the Mattabesset area in central Connecticut. Originally located around Hartford and Wethersfield, but were displaced by settlers and relocated to land around the oxbow bend in the Connecticut River.[52]
  • Wecquaesgeek (Wiechquaeskeck, Wickquasgeck, Weckquaesgeek),[53] southwestern Westchester County, New York,[54] originally centered on the mouth of the Saeck Kill in today's Yonkers, and ranging south into the western Bronx along the Hudson and Harlem rivers.[4] Had hunting grounds on the northern three-quarters of Manhattan Island, and ranged north to present-day Tarrytown and Pocantico Hills.[45]

Legacy

[edit]

The Wappinger are the namesake of several areas in New York, including:

Broadway in New York City also follows their ancient trail.[55]

Notable Wappinger

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Then part of Dutchess County, but subsequently all of Putnam County, New York
  2. ^ This may well be the same place described as the settlement where David Nimham stayed during his annual pilgrimage up Mount Nimham to survey all he claimed to still be Wappinger territory; it is described as "an area west of today's Boyd's Dam, at the southwest base of the mountain."[43][44]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sebeok 1977, p. 380.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Ricky, Donald B. (1999). Indians of Maryland. St. Clair Shores, MI: Somerset. p. 295. ISBN 9780403098774.
  3. ^ "Definition of WAPPINGER".
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Sultzman, Lee (1997). "Wappinger History". Retrieved 14 January 2012.
  5. ^ "The $24 Swindle", Nathaniel Benchley, American Heritage, 1959, Vol. 11, Issue 1
  6. ^ Boesch, Eugene, J., Native Americans of Putnam County
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c Ruttenber, E.M. (1906). "Footprints of the Red Men: Indian Geographical Names in the Valley of Hudson's River, the Valley of the Mohawk, and on the Delaware: Their location and the probable meaning of some of them". Proceedings of the New York State Historical Association - the Annual Meeting, with Constitution, By-Laws and List of Members. 7th Annual. New York State Historical Association: 40 (RA1–PA38). Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Trelease, Allen (1997). Indian Affairs in Colonial New York. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 0-8032-9431-X.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Swanton 1952, p. 47.
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b "Grumet, Robert S. "The Nimhams of the Colonial Hudson Valley 1667-1783", The Hudson River Valley Review, The Hudson River Valley Institute" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-01-13. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Death In the Bronx, The Stockbridge Indian Massacre August, 1778", Richard S. Walling, americanrevolution.org
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b Gale Courey Toensing, "Seneca Upset Over N.Y. Casino Agreement", Indian Country Today, 26 January 2011
  13. ^ Ruttenber, E.M. (1872). History of the Indian Tribes of Hudson's River. Albany, NY: J. Munsell. p. 50.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. (October 1912). Handbook of American Indians North of Mexico. Vol. Part 2 (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology. pp. 913, 1167, 1169. ISBN 978-1-4286-4558-5. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b Goddard 1978, p. 238.
  16. ^ Sebeok 1977, p. 307.
  17. ^ Sebeok 1977, p. 310.
  18. ^ Sebeok 1977, p. 309.
  19. ^ Sebeok 1977, p. 325.
  20. ^ Brodhead, John Romeyn, Agent (1986) [First Pub. 1855]. O'Callaghan, E.B. (ed.). London Documents: XVII-XXIV. 1707-1733. Documents relative to the colonial history of the State of New York procured in Holland, England and France. Vol. 5. Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons & Co. ISBN 0-665-53988-6. OL7024110M. Retrieved October 31, 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  21. ^ Pritchard, Evan T. (April 12, 2002). Native New Yorkers, the legacy of the Algonquin people of New York. Council Oaks Distribution. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-57178-107-9. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  22. ^ Bright, William (November 30, 2007). Native American placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 548. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved November 1, 2010.
  23. ^ Swanton 1952, p. 48.
  24. ^ Vasiliev, Ren (2004). From Abbotts to Zurich: New York State Placenames. Syracuse University Press. p. 233. ISBN 0-8156-0798-9.
  25. ^ They are referred to as Munsee, one of the Lenape dialect groups, by author Hauptman (2017)
  26. ^ "The Wappinger Indians". Mount Gulian Historic Site. Archived from the original on August 18, 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
  27. ^ MacCracken 1956: 266
  28. ^ Funk 1976
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c Eugene J. Boesch, Native Americans of Putnam County
  30. ^ Cook 1976:74
  31. ^ Boyle, David (1896). "Short Historical and Journale Notes by David Pietersz, De Vries, 1665". Annual Archæological Report. 1894–95. Toronto: Warwick Bros. & Rutter: 75.
  32. ^ Pauls, Elizabeth Prine (2010). "Wappinger". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved October 31, 2010.
  33. ^ Axelrod, Alan (2008). Profiles in Folly. Sterling Publishing Company. pp. 229–236. ISBN 978-1-4027-4768-7.
  34. ^ Reitano, Joanne R. (2006). The Restless City: A Short History of New York from Colonial Times to the Present. CRC Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 0-415-97849-1.
  35. ^ Hauptman (2017)
  36. ^ Kammen, Michael (1996). Colonial New York: A History. Oxford University Press. p. 302. ISBN 0-19-510779-9.
  37. ^ Steele, Ian K. (2000). The Human Tradition in the American Revolution. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 85–91. ISBN 0-8420-2748-3.
  38. ^ Note that this is a romanticized modern depiction of an idealized "American Indian" of the Northeastern woods, and not an accurate representation of Nimham or his dress. File:Stockbridge_1778.jpg This is contemporary rendering of a Stockbridge warrior in 1778; Nimham died as one at the Battle of Kingsbridge
  39. ^ Vaughan, Alden (2006). Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain, 1500-1776. Cambridge University Press. p. 177. ISBN 0-521-86594-8.
  40. ^ Smolenski, John. and Humphrey, Thomas J., New World Orders: Violence, Sanction, and Authority in the Colonial Americas, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013 ISBN 9780812290004
  41. ^ Historical and Genealogical Record Dutchess and Putnam Counties, New York, Press of the A. V. Haight Co., Poughkeepsie, New York, 1912; pp. 62-79 [1] "In this fray the power of the tribe was forever broken. More than forty of the Indians were killed or desperately wounded."
  42. ^ Historical and Genealogical Record Dutchess and Putnam Counties, New York, Press of the A. V. Haight Co., Poughkeepsie, New York, 1912
  43. ^ "Mt. Nimham: The Ridge of Patriots", Thomas F. Maxon, Rangerville Press, Kent, New York, 2005, p. 25, citing Murray and Osborn
  44. ^ Murray, Jean and Osborn, Penny Ann. “Indians Who Lived Here Centuries Ago.” An Historic Biographical Profile of the Town of Kent, Putnam County, New York, Town of Kent Bicentennial Committee, 1976
  45. ^ Jump up to: a b "Levine, David. "Discover the Hudson Valley's Tribal History", Hudson Valley Magazine, June 24, 2016". Archived from the original on May 24, 2017. Retrieved October 23, 2019.
  46. ^ Their presence just inland of the Hudson Highlands is clearly labeled on the 1685 revision by Petrus Schenk Junior, Novi Belgii Novæque Angliæ
  47. ^ "1638- Colonists from Massachusetts Met the Quinnipiac Indians", The Society of Colonial Wars in the State of Connecticut
  48. ^ Wappinger History, Lee Saltzman
  49. ^ Их присутствие только вглубь Восточного берега реки Гудзон в сегодняшнем округе Вестчестер под -Хайлендс простирающим Хадсон и Николас Виссер.
  50. ^ «Кладбище Монток в Истхемптоне, Лонг -Айленд», Фостер Хармон Савилль, в индийских нотах и ​​монографиях , том II, изд. FW Hodge, музей американских индейцев, Фонд Хей, Нью-Йорк, 1919-20: «Таким образом, если Пачами были частью танкота, они, вероятно, были той частью группы, которая занимала дикую внутреннюю страну вокруг Риджфилда, Данбери, Северный Салем и Кармель, и, таким образом, находились в тесном контакте с Nochpeem округа Путнэм и Китчаунком Кортлендта, чьи вождей согласились с капитуляцией Пачама »[в 1644 году].
  51. ^ Swanton 1952 : Tankitele в основном в округе Фэрфилд, штат Коннектикут, между пятью милями и Фэрфилдом, простирающими
  52. ^ Грант-Коста, Пол (2015). «Бронирование Ванганк» . Йельский индийский проект . Йельский университет . Получено 15 декабря 2015 года .
  53. ^ Джеймс Хаммонд Трумбулл (1881). Индийские названия мест и т. Д., В границах Коннектикута и на его наступлениях: с интерпретациями некоторых из них . Хартфорд: Пресса Кейса, Локвуд и Брейнард Компания. п. 81 . Название индийской группы по -разному было написано Wiechquaeskeck, Wechquaesqueck, Weckquaesqueek, Wecquaesgeek, Weekquaesguk, Wickquasgeck, Wickquasgek, Wiequaeskeek, Wiequashook и Wiquaeskec. Переписание, приведенное здесь, является одним из широко используемых для оригинального названия Бродвея в Нижнем Манхэттене: «Тропа Викквасгека». Значение имени, как и пописано, было дано как «конец болота, болота или влажного луга», «Место коры коры» и «Страна Березовой коры».
  54. ^ Коэн, Дорис Дарлингтон. "Weckquaesgeek" (PDF) . Историческое общество Ардсли . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2020-10-23 . Получено 2016-08-19 .
  55. ^ Dunlap, David W. (1983-06-15). «Самые старые улицы защищены как ориентир» . New York Times . ISSN   0362-4331 . Получено 2018-03-09 .

Библиография

[ редактировать ]
  • Годдард, Айвс (1978). «Делавэр» . В триггере Брюс Г. (ред.). Справочник по североамериканским индейцам: Северо -восток, вып. 15 ​Вашингтон, округ Колумбия: Смитсоновский институт. С. 213–39. ISBN  978-0-1600-4575-2 .
  • Hauptman, Laurence M. (2017). «Дорога в Кингбридж: Даниэль Нимхэм и индийская компания Stockbridge в американской революции». Американские индейцы . 18 (3). Смитсоновский национальный музей американских индейцев: 34–39.
  • Sebeok, Thomas, ed. (1977). Родные языки Америки, том 2 . Спрингер. п. 380. ISBN  978-1-4757-1562-0 .
  • Свантон, Джон Рид (1952). Индийские племена Северной Америки . Балтимор, MD: Генеалогические книги. ISBN  978-0-8063-1730-4 .
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