8,8 см затем 43

8,8 см затем 43
8,8 см PAK 43/41 выставлен на шоу оружия на северном секторе восточного фронта в 1943 году.
Тип	Противотанковая пистолет
Место происхождения	Германия
История обслуживания
В эксплуатации	1943–1945
Используется	Нацистская Германия
Wars	World War II
Production history
Designer	Krupp
Manufacturer	Krupp Rheinmetall-Borsig Henschel & Son
Unit cost	26,000 RM
Produced	1943–1945
No. built	~2,100
Variants	Pak 43 Pak 43/41 KwK 43
Specifications
Mass	3,650 kg (8,050 lb) Pak 43
Barrel length	628 cm (20 ft 7 in) bore (71 calibres) Pak 43
Crew	6+
Shell	88 × 822mm R
Shell weight	7.3 kg (16 lb) Armor-piercing composite rigid (APCR) Pzgr 40/43
Caliber	88 mm (3.46 in)
Breech	Semi-automatic vertical sliding-block
Recoil	Hydro-pneumatic
Carriage	Cruciform mount Pak 43 Split trail Pak 43/41
Elevation	-8° to +40° Pak 43 -5° to +38° Pak 43/41
Traverse	360° Pak 43 56° Pak 43/41
Rate of fire	6–10 rounds per minute
Muzzle velocity	1,030 m/s (3,400 ft/s) Pzgr 40/43
Maximum firing range	15,150 m (49,705 ft) Pak 43

Pak 43 ( Panzerabwehrkanone 43 и Panzerjägerkanone 43 ) был немецком 8,8 см немецким противотанковым оружием в , разработанном Krupp в конкуренции с Rheinmetall 8,8 см Flak 41 Gun и использовался во время Второй мировой войны. PAK 43 был самым мощным противотанковым пистолетом Wehrmacht , увидеть обслуживание в значительном количестве, также служившей в модифицированной форме в качестве 43 на 8,8 KWK см . пистолета чтобы основного -Содерные элефантов и джагдпантера эсминцы .

Улучшенный пистолет 8,8 см был оснащен полуавтоматическим вертикальным механизмом казенного механизма, который значительно уменьшил отдачу. Его также можно было бы стрелять электрически, находясь на колесах. Он имел очень плоскую траекторию до 910 м (1000 ярдов), что облегчает стрельбу, чтобы стрелять в цели на более длинных диапазонах, поскольку необходимо меньше исправлений на высоте. У пистолета было исключительное проникновение и мог победить фронтальную броню любого союзного танка, чтобы увидеть службу во время войны на долгосрочной перспективе, даже советские танки IS-2 и представляют собой эсминцы танков на основе шасси. Максимальный диапазон стрельбы пистолета превысил 15 км (9,3 мили).

Design

KwK 43 and Pak 43s were initially manufactured with monobloc barrels but the extremely high muzzle velocity and operating pressures caused rapid barrel wear, resulting in a change to a two-piece barrel. This did not affect performance but made replacing a worn out barrel much faster and easier than before. A new PzGr.39/43 APCBC-HE projectile was designed, which, apart from the addition of much wider driving bands, was identical to the older 10.2 kg (22 lb) PzGr.39-1 APCBC-HE projectile used by the 8.8 cm KwK 36 and Pak 43 guns. The wider driving bands resulted in an increased weight to 10.4 kg (23 lb) for the PzGr.39/43. The older PzGr.39-1 was used for the KwK & Pak 43 before new PzGr.39/43 rounds came into use but only if the gun had fired no more than 500 rounds. Over this, the expected barrel wear combined with the narrow driving bands could lead to a loss of pressure. The new PzGr.39/43 could be fired without loss of pressure until the barrel was worn out, thus requiring no restriction.

PzGr.39-1 FES & Al all up weight: 10.2 kg (9.87 kg without fuse & bursting charge)

PzGr.39/43 FES & Al all up weight: 10.4 kg (10.06 kg without fuse & bursting charge)

The same 278-gram BdZ 5127 fuse and 59-gram Amatol bursting charge was used for PzGr.39-1 and PzGr.39/43 rounds, requiring armoured targets of 30 mm or thicker to ignite after penetration for maximum effect.

Versions

Pak 43 and Pak 43/41 specifications

Specification	Pak 43	Pak 43/41
Weight	Travel: 4,750 kg (10,470 lb) Combat: 3,650 kg (8,050 lb)	Combat: 4,350 kg (9,590 lb)
Length	9.2 m (30 ft 2 in)	9.144 m (30 ft 0 in)
Barrel length	6.35 m (20 ft 10 in)	6.36 m (20 ft 10 in)
Width		2.527 m (8 ft 3.5 in)
Height	1.7 m (5 ft 7 in)	1.981 m (6 ft 6.0 in)

Pak 43/41 in firing position overlooking a river in Ukraine in September 1943

The main version of the Pak 43 was based on a highly effective cruciform mount, which offered a full 360 degree traverse and a much lower profile than the ubiquitous anti-aircraft 8.8 cm Flak 37. However the manufacture of this version was initially slow and costly, a situation that was made worse by the destruction of the carriage production line by Allied bombing.

As part of the design effort from Krupp to compete with the Flak 41, a barrel had been produced to prove the ballistics and design. This barrel design was developed, via an intermediate design known as the Gerät 42, to become the barrel used with Pak 43/41 design. When the Pak 43 was delayed, Krupp was asked to produce a weapon using this barrel using as many existing components as possible. This previous barrel design was then designated the Pak 41.

The Pak 41 barrel was fitted with a horizontal sliding-block breech mechanism resembling that of the 7.5 cm Pak 40, and the semi-automatic gear was a simplified version of that used on the Pak 43. The two-wheel split-trail carriage was from the 10.5 cm leFH 18 field howitzer, with the wheels from the 15 cm s FH howitzer. The Pak 41 was ballistically identical to the Pak 43 and fired the same ammunition, hence its performance was identical. Sources are unclear as to whether the Pak 41 and the Pak 43 barrels were identical; either way it is responsible for the Pak 43/41 designation for the whole design.

The 43/41 proved heavy and awkward to handle in the mud and snow of the Eastern Front and gunners referred to 43/41 as the "barn door" (German: Scheunentor), a reference to the size and weight of the gun. Nevertheless, the improvised Pak 43/41 proved an effective substitute for the Pak 43 until sufficient numbers of the more complex cruciform mounts could be manufactured to replace it in service.

The Pak 43 was also mounted in German armored vehicles, and this version was known as the 8.8 cm KwK 43. Versions of this gun were mounted in a number of German armored vehicles under different designations, including the Tiger II heavy tank (KwK 43 L/71) and several tank destroyers: the Hornisse/Nashorn (Pak 43/1), Ferdinand/Elefant (Pak 43/2, early name Stu.K. 43/1), and Jagdpanther (Pak 43/3 and Pak 43/4, early name Stu.K. 43). A few examples of the Tiger II-based Jagdtiger were also completed with the 8.8 cm weapon due to a shortage of the 12.8 cm Pak 44, but these tank destroyers are not believed to have seen operational service.

Pak 43 on cruciform mount, in towing configuration

8.8 cm Pak 43/41 at US Army Ordnance Museum

Service

There were 578 8.8 cm Pak in German army service on 1 October 1944 and 829 on 1 January 1945.

Ammunition and penetration

Pak 43 from the rear

The Pzgr. 39/43 and HE shells were generally available. Pzgr. 40/43 were in severely short supply.

Pzgr. 39/43 APCBC-HE

• Type: Armour-piercing Capped with Ballistic Cap - High Explosive
• Projectile weight: 10.4 kg (22.92 lbs)
• Muzzle velocity: 1,000 m/s (3,300 ft/s)

Performance

	Penetration	Hit probability versus 2.5 m x 2 m target
Range	RHA plate at 30° from vertical	in training	in combat
100 m	202 mm	100%	100%
500 m	185 mm	100%	100%
1,000 m	165 mm	100%	85%
1,500 m	148 mm	95%	61%
2,000 m	132 mm	85%	43%
2,500 m	n/a	74%	30%
3,000 m	n/a	61%	23%
3,500 m	n/a	51%	17%
4,000 m	n/a	42%	13%

Pzgr. 40/43 APCR

• Type: Armour-Piercing Composite Rigid
• Projectile weight: 7.3 kg (16 lbs)
• Muzzle velocity: 1,130 m/s (3,707 ft/s)

Penetration figures established as average against a rolled homogeneous armour plate laid back 30 degrees from the vertical

	Hit probability versus 2.5 m x 2 m target
Range	Penetration	in training	in combat
100 m	238 mm	100%	100%
500 m	217 mm	100%	100%
1000 m	193 mm	100%	89%
1500 m	171 mm	97%	66%
2000 m	153 mm	89%	47%
2500 m	n/a	78%	34%
3000 m	n/a	66%	25%

Gr. 39/3 HL (HEAT)

• Type: High explosive anti-tank
• Projectile weight: 7.65 kg (17 lbs)
• Muzzle velocity: 600 m/s (1,968 ft/s)
• Penetration: 110 mm

See also

• 8.8 cm Flak 18/36/37/41
• 90 mm gun M1/M2/M3
• Ordnance QF 32-pounder

References

• Gander, Terry and Chamberlain, Peter. Weapons of the Third Reich: An Encyclopedic Survey of All Small Arms, Artillery and Special Weapons of the German Land Forces 1939–1945. New York: Doubleday, 1979 ISBN 0-385-15090-3
• Haupt, W. (1990) [1989]. Panzerabwehrgeschütze 1935–1945 [German Anti-Tank Guns 1935–1945]. Translated by Force, E. West Chester, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0887402418.
• Hogg, Ian V. German Artillery of World War Two. 2nd corrected edition. Mechanicsville, PA: Stackpole Books, 1997 ISBN 1-85367-480-X
• Wolfgang Fleischer. Die Deutsches Panzerjägertruppe Waffen, Munition und Fahrzeuge 1935–1945. — Eggolsheim: Dörfler im Nebel GmbH, 2003 ISBN 978-3-89555-439-1.
• H.Dv. 119/329 ± Vorläufige Schußtafel für die 8,8 cm Kampfwagenkanone 43 (L/71) (8,8 cm Kw.K 43), 8,8 cm Panzerjägerkanone 43/1 (L/71) (8,8 cm Pak 43/1), 8,8 cm Panzerjägerkanone 43/2 (L/71) (8,8 cm Pak 43/2), 8,8 cm Panzerjägerkanone 43/3 (L/71) (8,8 cm Pak 43/3) und 8,8 cm Panzerjägerkanone 43/41 (L/71) (8,8 cm Pak 43/41), Juni 1943 mit eingearbeiteten Deckblättern Nr. 1 bis 9 (Ausgabe 1944).
• New Vanguard 46: 88mm Flak 18/36/37/41 & Pak 43 1936-45 (Osprey Publishing). Written by John Norris, illustrated by Mike Fuller.
• Bob Carruthers "German Tank Hunters" Pen and Sword, 2013 ISBN 1781591326, ISBN 9781781591321
• Terry Gander "German 88: The Most Famous Gun of the Second World War" Pen and Sword, 2009 ISBN 1783374799, ISBN 9781783374793

External links

• 8,8 cm Pak 43 (L/71) - Panzerworld
• 8,8 cm Pak (album) - flickr
• D97/1+ Gerätliste 1943, p.45 - guns.ru