Базальтовый крест

A typical basalt cross

Базальтовый крест ( немецкий : базальтакреуз ) - это конкретный тип каменного креста, найденного в Эйфеля горах Германии , свидетельствующим о благочестии местного населения в прошлые времена. Эти кресты указывают на их убеждения, а также богатство и положение людей, которые их воздвигли. Такие детали, как несчастные случаи, занятия и молитвенные запросы, сохранились благодаря чрезвычайно устойчивому по погоде материала, из которого сделаны кресты. Их географическое распределение сосредоточено на базальтовых карьерах Майен и охватывает область с и Мендига радиусом приблизительно 30 километров между реками Рейна , Ар и Мозель . Точное количество памятников неизвестно. По оценкам местного историка, Курт Мюллер-Увеллин, насчитывается около 4500 скрещиваний и около 6000 могил. Сохранение этих памятников осуществляется Обществом Rhenisch по сохранению памятников ( Rheinische Verein für denkmalpflege ).

Early examples

Wayside monuments known as Schöpflöffel ("ladle") due to their shape, appeared up to the 16th century. The Nischenstock ("niche post") was derived from it but a cross was added above the niche.

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  Undated Schöpflöffel wayside monument
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  1601 Nischenstock with cross
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  Undated basalt cross
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  A.D. 1751

Dating

The earliest monuments date to 1461; their benefactor was Clais Beligen.

Blessing stones

Some crosses were erected as "blessing stones" and had niches carved in them to hold the Blessed Sacrament (the host) during services as part of outdoor processions.

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  16__
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  1699
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  1881

Grave crosses

Particularly impressive grave crosses from the 18th century have survived in Mayschoß and in Dümpelfeld. On one side is the image of Christ with various symbols; on the other there is an inscription with details of the deceased.

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  Cross depicting the man of sorrows
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  Inscription side of a basalt grave cross
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  Cross with Seven Swords image
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  Cross of drowned person

Protection, defence and atonement

In the Early and High Middle Ages crosses were understood to provide protection from lightning, hail and other natural catastrophes. Atonement crosses were also erected in some places to provide satisfaction following murders and other serious crimes. Even unusual accidents were often a reason to put up a cross.

Inscriptions and house marks

The inscriptions are usually in German with dialectical influences. Years were given in Roman numerals to begin with, but later Arabic numerals were used. A commonly used abbreviation was D.S.G.G. which meant Der Seele Gott Gnade ("God have mercy on the soul"). The photograph shows an example of maximum economy in inscription writing e.g. MARIA

MAR_I_A

House marks are signs and ownership symbols of the clans or noble families. These marks may be used to work out when the deceased or donor lived.

Workshops

Originally the crosses were not produced in special workshops, but were by products of other stonemason businesses. Around 1630 specialist cross workshops emerged and crosses can usually be classified from the inscription style of the stonemason.

Material

Strictly speaking, the lava rock that was used from the quarries between Mayen and Mendig was not basalt, but a so-called tephrite lava. This scientific distinction did not make its way into every speech, however, as formerly all black, volcanic rock was described here as "basalt". The rock is relatively easy to work thanks to its coarse pores, but so weather-resistant that it survives for centuries without being significantly affected.

See also

• Moselkern stele, an early Christian cross at the mouth of the Mosel, also made of Basalt.

Literature

• Karl-Friedrich Amendt: Rheinische Wegkreuze (Bildstöcke). Geheimnisvolle Zeugen mittelalterlichen Denkens. Edition Lempertz, Königswinter 2010, ISBN 978-3-941557-52-9.
• Курт Мюллер-Увеллин: Средний Рейн-кресты, сделанные из базальтовой лавы. 2. Пересмотренное и расширенное издание. Ассоциация Rheinischer по защите памятников и защиты ландшафта, Cologne 2001, ISBN   3-88094-570-5 .
• Элке Леманн-Браунс: небеса, ад, вредители и волки. Базальлава ​​крест эйфеля. 3. издание. Bachem, Cologne 1996, ISBN   3-7616-1193-5 .
• Манфред Мелхоп: Старые каменные кресты в районе Бортальской общины. С введением Курта Мюллера-Увелтина. Verbandsgemeinde, Brohltal 1993.

Внешние ссылки

• Форум Суэхнекройз
• DataBank для украденных крестов
• Базальтовые кресты эйфеля
• Благословение камней