List of fish of Hawaii
The fish species of Hawaii inhabit the Hawaiian archipelago in the central North Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of Australia. The islands are part of the State of Hawaii, United States. The state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian Island chain, comprising hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles (2,400 km).
At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight "main islands" are (from the northwest to southeast) Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and Hawaiʻi. The Northwestern Hawaiian Islands include many atolls, and reefs. Due to Hawaii's isolation 30% of the fish are endemic (unique to the island chain).[1]
In total the Hawaiian Islands comprise a total of 137 islands and atolls, with a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles (16,636.5 km2).[2] This archipelago and its oceans are physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania.
The climate of Hawaii is typical for a tropical area, although temperatures and humidity tend to be a bit less extreme than other tropical locales due to the constant trade winds blowing from the east.
The surrounding waters are affected by effluents generated and released from the islands themselves. Floating plastic garbage is a problem, and refuse from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch affects its beaches. Other pressures on Hawaii's fish population are its fishing industries and whaling[3] until IWC's moratorium in 1986.[4] In the last century, some commercially fished stocks have decreased by 80-85%.[5]
Due to its isolation, very few native freshwater fish species are found in Hawaii, and none are entirely restricted to freshwater (all are either anadromous, or also found in brackish and marine water in their adult stage).
The seven native fish species regularly seen in fresh water are the flagtail Kuhlia xenura, the mullet Mugil cephalus, the gobies Awaous stamineus, Lentipes concolor, Sicyopterus stimpsoni and Stenogobius hawaiiensis, and the sleeper goby Eleotris sandwicensis.[6][7] Three of the gobies, A. stamineus, L. concolor and S. stimpsoni, are famous for their ability to climb waterfalls to reach higher sections of freshwater streams.[7] Several other species have been introduced to the freshwater habitats of Hawaii and some of these are invasive.[8]
Species of fish
[edit]Images
[edit]-
A Sailfin tang, a brown fish with five vertical white stripes, a blue spot on the caudal fin, and yellow fins
-
A green Moana kali fish on a light blue background
-
A Yellow-eyed surgeon, a brown and white fish with a bright yellow eye
-
An Orangeband surgeonfish, a light grey fish with a dark grey back half, an orange stripe running from just below the eye past the ventral fins, and stopping just before the fish's dorsal fin. This fish has a very heavily lyre-shaped tail
-
An Achilles tang, a black, lyre-tailed fish with an orange spot just before the caudal peduncle, black dorsal and anal fins with an orange stripe marking the boundary between fin and body. The tail is orange and white
-
Dussumier's surgeon, a grey fish with a blue lyre-tail and a white spot on the caudal peduncle.
-
A Blue striped snapper, a neon green fish with four horizontal neon blue stripes running the length of its body
-
A Parrotfish is a large, dark blue fish with a light blue underbelly and a protruding forehead
-
A Cardinal fish, a brown fish with three vertical black stripes, black outlining on the caudal fin and caudal peduncle, and covered in white spots.
References
[edit]- ^ "Hawaiian Fish". hawaii scuba diving. 2009. Archived from the original on 15 June 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
- ^ "Hawaii Public Forecast Products". National Weather Service. 2009. Retrieved 15 October 2009.
- ^ Whaling in Hawaii Archived 5 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Stuart Biggs (30 May 2007). "Kyokuyo Joins Maruha to End Whale Meat Sales in Japan". Bloomberg. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ Jason Philibotte (2009). "Fisheries Local Action Strategy (LAS)". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. National Marine Fisheries Service. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ McRae, McRae, and Fitzsimons (2011). Habitats used by Juvenile Flagtails (Kuhlia spp.; Perciformes: Kuhliidae) on the Island of Hawai'i. Pacific Science 65(4): 441-450
- ^ Jump up to: a b Fitzsimons; and McRae (2007) Behavioral Ecology of Indigenous Stream Fishes in Hawai‘i. Environmental Studies 3: 11–21.
- ^ Yamamoto, Mike N.; Tagawa, Annette W. (1 January 2000). Hawaii's Native and Exotic Freshwater Animals. Mutual Pub. ISBN 978-1-56647-342-2.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq Hoover, John P. (2008). The Ultimate Guide to Hawaiian Reef Fishes, Sea Turtles, Dolphins, Whales, and Seals. Mutual Publishing. ISBN 978-1-56647-887-8.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "FAMILY Details for Pomacanthidae - Angelfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf "Guide to Hawaiian Fish Species". State of Hawaii, Department of Land and Natural Resources. hawaiiforvisitors.com. 2009. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "FAMILY Details for Sphyraenidae - Barracudas". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Polymixiidae - Beardfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Current Line Fish Facts for Bottom Fishes of Hawaii" (PDF). DLNR—Division of Aquatic Resources. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k "FAMILY Details for Priacanthidae - Bigeyes or catalufas". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Fishbase Priacanthidae
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Etmopteridae - Lantern sharks". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Pentacerotidae - Armorheads". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Albulidae - Bonefishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "FAMILY Details for Ostraciidae - Boxfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "FAMILY Details for Chaetodontidae - Butterflyfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Bythitidae - Livebearing brotulas". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "FAMILY Details for Apogonidae - Cardinalfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "FAMILY Details for Pomacentridae - Damselfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "FAMILY Details for Congridae - Conger and garden eels". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Fistulariidae - Cornetfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Caracanthidae - Orbicular velvetfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Russo, Ron (1994). Hawaiian Reefs: A Natural History Guide. Wavecrest Publications. ISBN 978-0-9635696-0-8.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Ophidiidae - Cusk-eels". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Microdesmidae - Wormfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Ptereleotridae - Dartfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Coryphaenidae - Dolphinfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "FAMILY Details for Callionymidae - Dragonets". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Tripterygiidae - Triplefin blennies". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Myliobatidae - Eagle and manta rays". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Engraulidae - Anchovies".
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "FAMILY Details for Monacanthidae - Filefishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Kuhliidae - Aholeholes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Exocoetidae - Flyingfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Dactylopteridae - Flying gurnards". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "FAMILY Details for Antennariidae - Frogfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Gempylidae - Snake mackerels". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "FAMILY Details for Mullidae - Goatfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "FAMILY Details for Gobiidae - Gobies". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2006). Species of Opua in FishBase. April 2006 version.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "FAMILY Details for Serranidae - Sea basses: groupers and fairy basslets". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "FAMILY Details for Hemiramphidae - Halfbeaks". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "FAMILY Details for Cirrhitidae - Hawkfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Clupeidae - Herrings, shads, sardines, menhadens". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Schindleriidae - Infantfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "FAMILY Details for Carangidae - Jacks and pompanos". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Oplegnathidae - Knifejaws". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Elopidae - Tenpounders". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "FAMILY Details for Bothidae - Lefteye flounders". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i "FAMILY Details for Synodontidae - Lizardfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "FAMILY Details for Istiophoridae - Billfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Chanidae - Milkfish". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Molidae - Molas or Ocean Sunfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Lampridae - Opahs". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Zanclidae - Moorish idol". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q "FAMILY Details for Muraenidae - Moray eels". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Mugilidae - Mullets". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "FAMILY Details for Belonidae - Needlefishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "FAMILY Details for Scaridae - Parrotfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Carapidae - Pearlfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "FAMILY Details for Syngnathidae - Pipefishes and seahorses". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Bramidae - Pomfrets". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "FAMILY Details for Diodontidae - Porcupinefishes (burrfishes)". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "FAMILY Details for Tetraodontidae - Puffers". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Mobulidae - Devilrays". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Echeneidae - Remoras". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Samaridae - Crested flounders". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Creediidae - Sandburrowers". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Chimaeridae - Shortnose chimaeras or ratfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Rhinochimaeridae - Longnose chimaeras". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Ammodytidae - Sand lances". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Pinguipedidae - Sandperches". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Dorosomatidae - Gizzard shads and sardinellas)". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "FAMILY Details for Scorpaenidae - Scorpionfishes or rockfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d "FAMILY Details for Kyphosidae - Sea chubs". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "FAMILY Details for Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Dalatiidae - Sleeper sharks". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Megachasmidae - Megamouth sharks". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Sphyrnidae - Hammerhead, bonnethead, or scoophead sharks". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Galeocerdonidae - Tiger sharks". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "FAMILY Details for Lamnidae - Mackerel sharks or white shark". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Rhincodontidae - Whale shark". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Alopiidae - Thresher sharks". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Atherinidae - Silversides". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g "FAMILY Details for Ophichthidae - Snake eels". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Lethrinidae - Emperors or scavengers". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "FAMILY Details for Lutjanidae - Snappers". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "FAMILY Details for Soleidae - Soles". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "FAMILY Details for Holocentridae - Squirrelfishes, soldierfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Microcanthidae - Stripeys". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x "FAMILY Details for Acanthuridae - Surgeonfishes, tangs, unicornfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Xiphiidae - Swordfish". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Polynemidae - Threadfins". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Malacanthidae - Tilefishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j "FAMILY Details for Balistidae - Triggerfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ "FAMILY Details for Aulostomidae - Trumpetfishes". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "FAMILY Details for Scombridae - Mackerels, tunas, bonitos". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak "FAMILY Details for Labridae - Wrasses". fishbase.mnhn.fr.
Further reading
[edit]- Dick Mills (2004). Aquarium Fish Handbook: The Complete Reference from Anemonefish to Zamora Woodcats (3 December 2003 ed.). Barron's Educational Series. ISBN 0-7641-5713-2. - Total pages: 256