Битва при Солиферино

Битва при Солиферино
	Часть второй итальянской войны за независимость
	; Битва при Солиферино, Адольфе Ивон
Дата	24 июня 1859 года
Расположение	Солферино , Королевство Ломбардия -Вентия ; (современная Ломбарди , Италия ) 45 ° 22′2 ″ с.ш. 10 ° 33′59 ″ E / 45,36722 ° N 10,56639 ° E
Результат	Франко-сардинская победа Конец итальянской войны за независимость ; Армистит Вильяфранки ;
Воинственники
Франция ; Сардиния	Австрия
Командиры и лидеры
Нахозен III ; Виктор Эммануэль II	Франц Джозеф я
Сила
82 935 пехота ; 9,162 кавалерия ; 240 орудий ; 37,174 пехота ; 1562 кавалерия ; 80 орудий ; Общий : ; 130,833 ; 320 орудий	119 783 пехота ; 9,490 кавалерия ; 429 орудий ; Общий : ; 129,273 ; 429 орудий
Потери и потери
Франция: 3887 убитых ; В том числе 117 офицеров ; 8530 раненых ; 1518 отсутствует ; Сардиния: 691 убит ; В том числе 49 офицеров ; 3572 раненых ; 1258 отсутствуют ; Общий : ; в 28 000	7 679 убитых ; В том числе 216 офицеров ; 17 567 раненых ; 9 290 отсутствуют ; Общий : ; в 40 000

Битва при Солферино (называемая в Италии в битве при Солферино и Сан-Мартино ) 24 июня 1859 года привела к победе французской армии союзников при Наполеоне III и Армии Пьемонт-Сардин под Виктором Эммануэлем II (вместе известная как Франко -Сардинский альянс) против австрийской армии под императором Францем Джозефом I. Это была последняя крупная битва в мировой истории, где все армии находились под личным командованием своих монархов. ^{[ 4 ]} Возможно, 300 000 солдат сражались в важной битве, самой большой после битвы за Лейпциг в 1813 году. Там было около 130 000 австрийских войск и общая сумма 140 000 французских и союзников Пьемонтских войск. После битвы австрийский император воздержался от дальнейшего прямого командования армии.

Битва заставила швейцарскую Джин-Генри Даннант, чтобы написать его книгу воспоминания о Солферино . Хотя он не стал свидетелем битвы (его заявление содержится в «неопубликованной странице», включенной в английское издание 1939 года, опубликованное Американским Красным Крестом), он совершил поездку по полю после битвы и был значительно тронут тем, что он видел. В ужасе от страданий раненых солдат, оставшихся на поле битвы, Dunant начал процесс, который привел к Женевским конвенциям и созданию Международного Красного Креста .

Фон

22 июня французские (96 000 человек) и Пьемонта (37 000 человек) союзники продвинулись из Чизе в Минчо . Левое крыло состояло из четырех пьемонтских подразделений, правое крыло состояло из французского III и IV корпуса, в то время как центр состоял из корпуса I и II, а имперская гвардия была удерживана в заповеднике. 23 июня Франц Йозеф перевел свою 1 -ю армию (57 000 человек) и 2 -й армию (45 500 человек) по всему Минсио. Обе силы сходились на медаль , Солферино и Сан -Мартино. ^{[ 5 ]}

Боевой

Битва при Солферино была решающим участием во второй итальянской войне за независимость , что является важным шагом в итальянском рисоргименто . Геополитическим контекстом войны была националистическая борьба за объединение Италии, которая долгое время была разделена между Францией, Австрии, Испанией и многочисленными независимыми итальянскими государствами. Битва состоялась у деревень Солферно и Сан -Мартино , Италия, к югу от озера Гарда между Миланом и Вероной .

Конфронтация произошла между австрийцами, с одной стороны, и французскими и Пьемонтскими силами, которые выступили против своего продвижения. Утром 23 июня, после прибытия императора Франца Джозефа, австрийская армия изменила направление на контратаку вдоль реки Чизе . В то же время Наполеон III приказал своим войскам продвигаться, в результате чего битва произошла в непредсказуемом месте. В то время как Пьемонца боролся с австрийским правым крылом возле Сан -Мартино, французы сражались к югу от них недалеко от Солферино против главного австрийского корпуса.

Opposing forces

The Austrian forces were personally led by Emperor Franz Joseph, consisting of the 1st Army, containing four corps (II, III, IX and XI) under Franz von Wimpffen, and the 2nd Army, containing four corps (I, V, VII and VIII) under Franz von Schlick.^[5]

The French army at Solferino, personally led by Napoleon III, was divided in four Corps plus the Imperial Guard. Many of its men and generals were veterans of the French conquest of Algeria and the Crimean War, but its commander-in-chief had very limited military experience of note. The Sardinian army had four divisions on the field.

Although all three combatants were commanded by their monarchs, each was seconded by professional soldiers. Marshal Jean-Baptiste Philibert Vaillant served as Chief of Staff to Napoleon III, while Victor Emmanuel was accompanied by his Minister of War, Lieutenant General Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora. The Austrian high command was hindered by the rivalry between the Chief of Staff, Heinrich von Heß, and the Emperor's Adjutant General Karl Ludwig von Grünne.

Battle commences

According to the allied battle plan formulated on 24 June, the Franco-Sardinian army moved east to deploy along the right river banks of the Mincio. The French were to occupy the villages of Solferino, Cavriana, Guidizzolo and Medole with, respectively, the 1st Corps (Baraguey d'Hilliers), 2nd Corps (Mac-Mahon), 3rd Corps (Canrobert), and 4th Corps (Niel). The four Sardinian divisions were to take Pozzolengo. After marching a few kilometers, the allies came into contact with the Austrian troops, who had entrenched themselves in those villages. In the absence of a fixed battle plan, the fighting which took place was uncoordinated, which is why so many casualties occurred, and it fell into three separate engagements, at Medole (south), Solferino (centre) and San Martino (north).

Battle of Campo di Medole

The battle started at Medole around 4 am. Marching towards Guidizzolo, the 4th Corps encountered an Austrian infantry regiment of the Austrian 1st Army. General Niel immediately decided to engage the enemy and deployed his forces east of Medole. This move prevented the three corps (III, IX and XI) of the Austrian 1st Army from aiding their comrades of the 2nd Army near Solferino, where the main French attacks took place.

The French forces were numerically inferior to the Austrians'. The 4th Corps contained three infantry divisions under de Luzy, Vinoy and Failly and a cavalry brigade. Niel, holding a thin line of 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in length, was able to stop the Austrian assaults on his position by ably warding off attacks and counterattacking at opportune moments.

According to Schneid, "By early afternoon, the Austrian attack had failed and Niel pushed beyond Robecco and Casa Nova halfway to Guidizzolo. At 3:00 pm General Renault's division of Canrobert's III Corps arrived at Robecco. Niel, now reinforced, launched a coordinated attack on Guidizzolo." However, the arrival of the Austrian III and XI Korps stopped the French assault, and after two hours, Niel withdrew.^[5]

Battle of Solferino

French infantry advances (by Carlo Bossoli)

Sardinian troops charge at San Martino
(by Luigi Norfini)

Around 4:30 am the advance guard of the 1st Corps (three infantry divisions under Forey, de Ladmirault, and Bazaine, and a cavalry division under Desvaux) came into contact with the Austrian V Corps under Stadion near Castiglione delle Stiviere.

Around 5 am 2nd Corps under Mac-Mahon (two infantry divisions and a cavalry brigade under La Motterouge, Decaen and Gaudin) encountered Hungarian units posted near Ca’Morino (Medole). The Austrian forces were three corps strong (I, V and VII) and positioned on the towns of Solferino, Cavriana and Volta Mantovana. The Austrians were able to hold these positions all day against repeated French attacks.

According to Schneid, "Stadion received reinforcements from Clam Gallas' I Korps but Napoleon III fed the Imperial Guard divisions into the combat and by 2:00 pm the cemetery and town were surrounded.^[5]

Near 3 pm the French reserves, formed by Canrobert's 3rd Corps and the Imperial Guard under Regnaud, attacked Cavriana, which was defended by the Austrian I Corps under Clam-Gallas, finally occupying it at 6 pm and thereby breaking through the Austrian center. This breakthrough forced a general retreat of both Austrian armies.

Battle of San Martino

On the northern side of the battlefield the Sardinians, four divisions strong, encountered the Austrians around 7 am. A long battle erupted over control of Pozzolengo, San Martino and Madonna della Scoperta. The Austrian VIII Corps under Benedek had 39,000 men and 80 guns and was repeatedly attacked by a Sardinian force of 22,000 men with 48 guns.^[6] The Austrians were able to ward off three Sardinian attacks, inflicting heavy losses upon the attackers; at the end of the day Benedek was ordered to retreat with the rest of the Austrian army, but ignored the order and kept resisting. At 8:00 pm a fourth Sardinian assault finally captured the contested hills, and Benedek withdrew.^[7] The main Sardinian contribution in the overall battle consisted in keeping Benedek's corps deeply engaged throughout the day and preventing the sending of two brigades as reinforcement to the force attacked by the French in Solferino.^[8]

Results

The battle was a particularly gruelling one, lasting over nine hours and resulting in over 2,386 Austrian troops killed with 10,807 wounded and 8,638 missing or captured. The Allied armies also suffered a total of 2,492 killed, 12,512 wounded and 2,922 captured or missing. Reports of wounded and dying soldiers being shot or bayonetted on both sides added to the horror. In the end, the Austrian forces were forced to yield their positions, and the Allied French-Piedmontese armies won a tactical, but costly, victory. The Austrians retreated to the four fortresses of the Quadrilateral, and the campaign essentially ended.

Aftermath

Napoleon III was moved by the losses, as he had argued back in 1852 "the French Empire is peace", and for reasons including the Prussian threat and domestic protests by the Roman Catholics, he decided to put an end to the war with the Armistice of Villafranca on 11 July 1859.^[9] The Piedmontese won Lombardy but not Venetia. Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour, resigned.^[10] The Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in 1861.

This battle would have a long-term effect on the future conduct of military actions. Jean-Henri Dunant, who witnessed the aftermath of the battle in person, was motivated by the horrific suffering of wounded soldiers left on the battlefield to begin a campaign that would eventually result in the Geneva Conventions and the establishment of the International Red Cross.^[11] The Movement organized the 150th anniversary commemoration of the battle between 23 and 27 June 2009.^[12] The Presidency of the European Union adopted a declaration on the occasion stating that "This battle was also the grounds on which the international community of States has developed and adopted instruments of International Humanitarian Law, the international law rules relevant in times of armed conflict, in particular the four Geneva Conventions of 1949, the 60th anniversary of which will be celebrated this year."^[13]

In 2019, an important memorial event took place on the former battlefield in the presence of Karl von Habsburg, the head of the House of Habsburg, representatives of the Order of St. George and the presidents of the Society of Solferino and San Martino to emphasize the peace of the nations. Wreaths were laid in the cemeteries and the museum was honored. During the event, the battle was re-enacted by hundreds of volunteers.^[14]^[15]

The battlefield today

The area contains a number of memorials to the events surrounding the battles.

There is a circular tower, Tower of San Martino della Battaglia, dominating the area, a memorial to Victor Emmanuel II. It is 70 m high and was built in 1893. In the town there is a museum, with uniforms and weapons of the time, and an ossuary chapel.

At Solferino there is also a museum, displaying arms and mementos of the time, and an ossuary, containing the bones of thousands of victims.

Nearby Castiglione delle Stiviere, where many of the wounded were taken after the battle, is the site of the museum of the International Red Cross, focusing on the events that led to the formation of that organization.

The ossuary of Solferino
The ossuary of Solferino

References in popular culture

Elizabeth Barrett Browning's poem "The Forced Recruit at Solferino" commemorates this battle (Last Poems 1862). Joseph Roth's 1932 novel Radetzky March opens at the Battle of Solferino. There, the father of the novel's Trotta dynasty is immortalized as the Hero of Solferino.^[16]^[17]

The Battle of Solferino was depicted also in a 2006 television drama Henry Dunant: Du rouge sur la croix (English title: "Henry Dunant: Red on the Cross"), which tells the story of the signing of the Geneva Conventions and the founding of the Red Cross.

Footnotes

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Brooks 2009, p. 61.
^ Fink, Humbert (1994). Auf den Spuren des Doppeladlers. Berlin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Osterreichischen Militarischen Zeitschrift: Der Feldzug des Kaisers Napoleon 3. in Italien im Jahre 1859 (1865) (German translation of Campagne de l'Empereur Napoleon III en Italie.)
^ Evans, Richard J., The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914, Penguin: London, 2017, p. 242.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Schneid, Frederick (2012). The Second War of Italian Unification 1859–61. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 51–58. ISBN 9781849087872.
^ Vittorio Giglio, Il Risorgimento nelle sue fasi di guerra, Vol. I, Milano, Vallardi, 1948, p. 320
^ Piero Pieri, Storia militare del Risorgimento; guerre e insurrezioni, Turin, Einaudi, 1962, p. 618
^ Piero Pieri, Storia militare del Risorgimento; guerre e insurrezioni, Turin, Einaudi, 1962, p. 617.
^ Hearder, Harry (2014). Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870. Routledge. p. 226. ISBN 9781317872061.
^ Napoléon III, Pierre Milza, Perrin edition, 2004 Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine
^ Dromi, Shai M. (2020). Above the fray: The Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. chapter 1. ISBN 9780226680248. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
^ "World Red Cross Red Crescent Day 2009". Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.
^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ "Il Capo della Casa d’Austria a Solferino e San Martino per ricordare i caduti nel 160° della battaglia" In: Gardanotizi, 20.6.2019.
^ Guerra e pace sotto la torre di San Martino
^ Valotti, Gianluigi (2014). Solferino 1859, I feriti francesi ricoverati a Manerbio. Sardini Editore. ISBN 9788875062200.
^ Valotti, Gianluigi (2015). Solferino 1859. Les blessés français soignés à Manerbio. Sardini Editore. ISBN 9788875062231.

References

Brooks, R. (2009). Solferino 1859: The Battle for Italy's freedom. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-385-8.
Campagne de l'empereur Napoléon III en Italie, 1859, rédigée au dépot de la guerre, d'après les documents officiels (1865)
Кампания императора Наполеона 3 -го в Италии в 1859 году (1865) .

Внешние ссылки

Французская армия 1600–1900
Битва при Солиферино
(in Russian) Mikhail Dragomirov. (1861) Battle of Solferino. (With two plans) (Сольферинская битва. (с двумя планами)) at Runivers.ru in DjVu format

[FOOTNOTEBrooks200961-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b Brooks 2009, p. 61.

[HUM-2] Fink, Humbert (1994). Auf den Spuren des Doppeladlers. Berlin.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[FVH-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Osterreichischen Militarischen Zeitschrift: Der Feldzug des Kaisers Napoleon 3. in Italien im Jahre 1859 (1865) (German translation of Campagne de l'Empereur Napoleon III en Italie.)

[4] Evans, Richard J., The Pursuit of Power: Europe 1815–1914, Penguin: London, 2017, p. 242.

[FS-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Schneid, Frederick (2012). The Second War of Italian Unification 1859–61. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 51–58. ISBN 9781849087872.

[6] Vittorio Giglio, Il Risorgimento nelle sue fasi di guerra, Vol. I, Milano, Vallardi, 1948, p. 320

[7] Piero Pieri, Storia militare del Risorgimento; guerre e insurrezioni, Turin, Einaudi, 1962, p. 618

[8] Piero Pieri, Storia militare del Risorgimento; guerre e insurrezioni, Turin, Einaudi, 1962, p. 617.

[9] Hearder, Harry (2014). Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790–1870. Routledge. p. 226. ISBN 9781317872061.

[10] Napoléon III, Pierre Milza, Perrin edition, 2004 Archived 26 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine

[11] Dromi, Shai M. (2020). Above the fray: The Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. chapter 1. ISBN 9780226680248. Retrieved 27 June 2021.

[12] "World Red Cross Red Crescent Day 2009". Archived from the original on 28 June 2009. Retrieved 25 June 2009.

[13] "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 25 June 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[14] "Il Capo della Casa d’Austria a Solferino e San Martino per ricordare i caduti nel 160° della battaglia" In: Gardanotizi, 20.6.2019.

[15] Guerra e pace sotto la torre di San Martino

[16] Valotti, Gianluigi (2014). Solferino 1859, I feriti francesi ricoverati a Manerbio. Sardini Editore. ISBN 9788875062200.

[17] Valotti, Gianluigi (2015). Solferino 1859. Les blessés français soignés à Manerbio. Sardini Editore. ISBN 9788875062231.

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