На холоде
| На холоде | |
|---|---|
Божественный Голдсмит и серебряный | |
| Основной культовый центр | Нипур , Урук |
| Генеалогия | |
| Супруг | Нинимма |
До холода [ 1 ] ), также известный под оспариваемым старым чтением имени, Гушканданда , [ 2 ] [ 3 ] считался Месопотамский бог опекуном божества Голдсмитов и серебряных болот. Он обычно был сгруппирован с другими божествами схожного характера, такими как Нинагал . Его также считали мужем Ниниммы , и ему поклонялись в ее храме в Нипуре . Он засвидеживается в текстах, описывающих подготовку статуй, а также в различных документах из Урука с периода селевейда .
Имя и персонаж
[ редактировать ]Имя Кусибанды было написано Cuneiform в дюймовый Kug.gi.an.da. [ 1 ] По словам Джулии Крул, другое предлагаемое чтение, Гушкабанда, больше не используется сегодня. [ 2 ] Уилфред Г. Ламберт, тем не менее, утверждал, что, поскольку Гушкин является обычным чтением первых двух знаков, современный консенсус может быть неверным. [ 4 ] Позиция Ламберта также поддерживается Фрэнком Саймонсом. [ 3 ]
Кусибанда считался божественным Голдсмитом [ 2 ] и серебряный . [ 5 ] Он служил божеством опекунов обеих этих профессий. [ 6 ] В эпосе Эрры он описывается как «мода Бога и человека, чьи руки освящены». [ 7 ] Предполагается, что этот отрывок отражает его роль в ритуалах, ориентированных на создание статуй. [ 8 ]
Associations with other deities
[edit]Kusibanda was one of the members of a group of Mesopotamian artisan deities, the so-called "gods of the craftsmen" (ilī mārē ummâni), which also included Ninagal, Ninkurra, Ninildu and other similar figures.[3] He appears particularly often alongside the first of these deities, who was a divine blacksmith.[9] In the god list An = Anum he is listed among the members of the court of Enlil, even though Ninagal and Ninkurra are listed with Ea.[10] There is nonetheless evidence that he could be associated with the latter god, and in some cases he was outright equated with him.[6] True to his character, he was specifically referred to as "Ea of the goldsmith".[2] An incantation recited during temple renovations, When Anu had created the heavens (enuma danu ibnû šamê) mentions Kusibanda alongside Ninagal, Ninzadim and Ninkurra among deities created by Ea with clay from the Apsu.[11]
According to An = Anum (tablet I, line 316) Kusibanda was the husband of Ninimma, though a tradition according to which this goddess was the spouse of Ninurta also existed.[12] No earlier direct references to a spousal relation between them are known, though they do appear next to each other in a single older list.[13] In a Neo-Assyrian incantation he is addressed as Ninimma's "beloved spouse".[13]
Worship
[edit]Earliest attestations of Kusibanda come from the Ur III period.[13] The Nippur Compendium lists him among the deities worshiped in the temple of Ninimma located in this city.[13] He also often appears in texts describing the preparation of statues.[9] The mîs-pî (literally "mouth washing") ritual, consecration of a new divine statue,[14] mentions Kusibanda among the deities for whom offering tables should be set up during the ceremony.[15] At one point, the formula "I did not make (the statue), (I swear) I did not make (it), [...], Kusibanda, who is Ea the god of the goldsmith made it" had to be recited as well.[16] A prayer serving as the conclusion of the ceremony also reaffirms that the statue was made by Ninkurra, Ninagal, Kusibanda, Ninildu and Ninzadim.[17]
A text describing the origin of the so-called "sun god tablet of Nabu-apla-iddina" lists Kusibanda among the deities whose skills were utilized by Nabu-nadin-šumi to complete this work of art.[18] In an inscription of Esarhaddon describing the return of exiled gods to Babylon, Kusibanda is mentioned as one of the craftsman deities residing in Ekarzagina, the local temple of Ea, alongside Kusu, Ningirima, Ninkurra, Ninagal, Ninildu and Ninzadim.[19] Nabonidus in an inscription commemorating the renovating of the temple Ebabbar and the preparation of a new crown for the god it was dedicated to, Shamash,[20] states that after receiving instructions from him and Adad through extispicy, he had said accessory created through the craft of the deities Kusibanda and Ninzadim.[21]
Kusibanda appears in texts from Uruk from the Seleucid period pertaining to the akītu festival as one of the deities possibly worshiped in the Bīt Rēš complex.[2] He received offerings on the morning of its seventh day alongside Papsukkal.[22] He is also invoked in a ritual connected to temple renovation.[23] However, he is not attested in earlier, Neo-Babylonian sources from this city.[24] His introduction to the local pantheon might have reflected his importance in the eyes of local āšipu and kalû clergy, which was related to his role as a divine craftsman.[25]
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998, p. 326.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Krul 2018, p. 66.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Simons 2018, p. 132.
- ^ Lambert 2013, p. 378.
- ^ George 2016, p. 63.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Focke 1999, p. 109.
- ^ Foster 2005, p. 888.
- ^ Walker & Dick 1999, p. 62.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Cavigneaux & Krebernik 1998, pp. 325–326.
- ^ Lambert 2013, p. 377.
- ^ Simons 2018, pp. 133–134.
- ^ Metcalf 2019, p. 51.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Focke 1999, p. 108.
- ^ Walker & Dick 1999, p. 57.
- ^ Walker & Dick 1999, p. 79.
- ^ Walker & Dick 1999, p. 97.
- ^ Walker & Dick 1999, p. 99.
- ^ Woods 2004, p. 85.
- ^ George 1992, pp. 302–303.
- ^ Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020, pp. 124–125.
- ^ Weiershäuser & Novotny 2020, p. 129.
- ^ Krul 2018, p. 150.
- ^ Pongratz-Leisten 2015, p. 442.
- ^ Krul 2018, p. 72.
- ^ Krul 2018, p. 75.
Bibliography
[edit]- Cavigneaux, Antoine; Krebernik, Manfred (1998), "Nin-agala", Reallexikon der Assyriologie (in German), retrieved 2022-12-05
- Focke, Karen (1999). "Die Göttin Ninimma". Archiv für Orientforschung (in German). 46/47. Archiv für Orientforschung (AfO)/Institut für Orientalistik: 92–110. ISSN 0066-6440. JSTOR 41668442. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
- Foster, Benjamin R. (2005). Before the muses: an anthology of Akkadian literature. Bethesda, Md.: CDL Press. ISBN 1-883053-76-5. OCLC 57123664.
- George, Andrew R. (1992). Babylonian Topographical Texts. Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta. Departement Oriëntalistiek. ISBN 978-90-6831-410-6. Retrieved 2022-12-04.
- George, Andrew R. (2016). Mesopotamian incantations and related texts in the Schøyen Collection. Bethesda, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-934309-66-7. OCLC 936548667.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Krul, Julia (2018). The Revival of the Anu Cult and the Nocturnal Fire Ceremony at Late Babylonian Uruk. Brill. doi:10.1163/9789004364943_004. ISBN 9789004364936.
- Lambert, Wilfred G. (2013). Babylonian creation myths. Winona Lake, Indiana: Eisenbrauns. ISBN 978-1-57506-861-9. OCLC 861537250.
- Меткалф, Кристофер (2019). Шумерские литературные тексты в коллекции Schøyen . Penn State University Press. doi : 10.1515/9781646020119 . ISBN 978-1-64602-011-9 Полем S2CID 241160992 .
- Pongratz Strips, Beate (2015). Религия и идеология в Ассирии . Исследования в древних ближневосточных записях (проживание). Де Грюйтер. ISBN 978-1-61451-426-8 Полем Получено 2022-12-05 .
- Саймонс, Фрэнк (2018). "Богиня Кусу" . Revue of Assyriology и восточной археологии . 112 (1). Кэрн: 123–148. Doi : 10.3917/Assy . ISSN 0373-6032 .
- Уокер, Кристофер; Дик, Майкл Б. (1999). «Индукция культового образа в древней Месопотамии: мезопотамский ритуал mis mis petual». Родился на небесах, созданном на земле . Penn State University Press. С. 55–122. doi : 10.1515/9781575065120-003 . ISBN 9781575065120 .
- Weirshäuser, Frauke; Novotny, Джейми (2020). Королевские надписи Amēl-Marduk (561–560 г. до н.э.), Нериглиссар (559–556 до н.э.) и Набонидус (555–539 г. до н.э.), короли Вавилона (PDF ) Penn State University Press. Doi : 10.1515/ 978164602178 ISBN 978-1-64602-117-8 .
- Вудс, Кристофер Э. (2004). «Сан-бог таблетка Набу-Апла-Иддина повторно» . Журнал клинописных исследований . 56 Американские школы восточных исследований: 23–103. doi : 10.2307/3515920 . ISSN 0022-0256 . JSTOR 3515920 . S2CID 163512399 . Получено 2022-12-04 .