Красная черная змея
Красная черная змея | |
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Красная черная змея в национальном парке Ламингтон , Квинсленд | |
Научная классификация ![]() | |
Домен: | Эукариота |
Королевство: | Животное |
Филум: | Chordata |
Сорт: | Рептилия |
Заказ: | Шкалы |
Подотряд: | Змея |
Семья: | Elapidae |
Род: | Pseudechis |
Разновидность: | P. porphyriacus
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Биномиальное название | |
Pseudechis porphyriacus ( Шоу , 1794)
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Диапазон красной черной змеи (в красном) | |
Синонимы [ 2 ] [ 3 ] | |
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Красная черная змея ( Pseudechis porphyriacus ) представляет собой вид ядовитой змеи в семействе Elapidae , коренной для Австралии . Первоначально описанный Джорджем Шоу в 1794 году как вид, новый для науки, он является одной из Восточной Австралии наиболее часто встречающихся змей . В среднем длиной около 1,25 м (4 фута 1 дюйма), он имеет глянцевые черные верхние части, ярко -красные или оранжевые боковые боки и розовый или тусклый красный живот. Это не агрессивно и, как правило, отступает от человеческих встреч, но может атаковать, если спровоцировано. Хотя его яд может вызвать значительные заболевания, не было зарегистрировано никаких смертей от его укуса, который менее ядовит, чем другие австралийские элап -змеи. Яд содержит нейротоксины , миотоксины и коагулянты и обладает гемолитическими свойствами. Жертвы также могут потерять обоняние.
Распространенные в лесах, лесах, плаваниях, вдоль берегов речных и водных путей, черная змея с красной баллонье часто отправляется в близлежащие городские районы. Он корм в телах мелкой воды, обычно с клубками водных растений и бревен, где он охотится на свою основную добычу, лягушки, а также рыбу, рептилии и мелкие млекопитающие. Змея является наименее конфиденциальным видом в соответствии с МСОП , но, как полагают, ее количество снижается из-за фрагментации среды обитания и снижения популяций лягушек.
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Красная черная змея была впервые описана и названа английским натуралистом Джорджем Шоу в зоологии Новой Голландии (1794) как Coluber Porphyriacus . [ 4 ] Неправильно предполагая, что это было безвредно и не ядовитым, [ 5 ] Он писал: «Эта красивая змея, которая, кажется, не представляет собой трубчатые зубы или клыки, и, следовательно, не ядовитая природа, составляет три, иногда четыре, ноги в природе». [ 4 ] Название вида получено от греческого порфирового , что может означать «темно-фиолетовый», «красное фиолетовое» или «красивое». [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Это была первая австралийская Elapid Snake. [ 5 ] Синтип . считается потерянным [ 2 ] Французский натуралист Бернард Жермен де Лакпед описал его под названием Trimeresurus leptocephalus в 1804 году. [ 8 ] Его уроки по соотношению Рене назвал это как турнир Acanthophis в 1826 году. [ 9 ] Немецкий биолог Германн Шлегель чувствовал, что он был союз с кобрами и назвал его Наджей Порфирикой в 1837 году. [ 10 ]

Иллюстрация из оригинального описания
Род Pseudechis был создан для этого вида немецким биологом Иоганном Георгом Ваглером в 1830 году; [ 12 ] Еще несколько видов были добавлены к роду впоследствии. [ 13 ] Имя происходит от греческих слов Pseudēs "false", [ 14 ] [ 15 ] и Эхис "Гадюка". [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Эксперт по змеи Эрик Уоррелл в 1961 году проанализировал черепа рода и обнаружил, что из красной черной змеи-наиболее расходящимися. [ 18 ] Его позиция в качестве раннего ответвления от остальной части рода была генетически подтверждена в 2017 году. [ 19 ]
В дополнение к красной черной змеи, этот вид назывался обычной черной змеей, Redbelly и RBBS. [ 20 ] Он был известен как Djirrabidi для Eora и Darug -жителей бассейна Сиднея . [ 21 ]
Описание
[ редактировать ]Красная черная змея имеет глянцевую черную верхнюю часть с светло-серой мордом и коричневым ртом, [ 22 ] и совершенно черный хвост. У него не хватает четко определенной шеи; Его голова плавно сливается в тело. [ 23 ] Его фланги ярко -красные или оранжевые, исчезающие до розового или тусклого красного на животе. Все эти весы имеют черные поля. [ 4 ] Змеи из северного населения, как правило, имеют более легкие, больше сливок или розовых животов. Красная черная змея в среднем составляет длину около 1,25 м (4 фута 1 дюйма), самый большой человек зарегистрирован на уровне 2,55 м (8 футов 4 дюйма). [ 22 ] Мужчины, как правило, немного больше женщин. [ 20 ] Большой образец 2 м (6 футов 7 дюймов), попавший в Ньюкасл , по оценкам, весит около 10 кг (22 фунта). [ 24 ] Красная черная змея может иметь сильный запах, который некоторые эксперты по полевым значениям использовали для поиска змей в дикой природе. [ 25 ]
Как и все элапкие змеи, он протероглифный (передний фарнир). Несовершеннолетние похожи на восточную змею с маленькими глазами ( Cryptophis nigrescens ), с которой их можно легко запутать, хотя у последнего вида не хватает красных флангов. [ 23 ] Другие аналогичные виды включают черную змею с синими грудью ( Pseudechis guttatus ) и медные головы рода Austrelaps . [ 20 ] Раннее заблуждение заключалось в том, что черная змея с красной грудью была сексуально диморфной , и что восточная коричневая змея ( псевдонаджа Textilis ) была женской формой. [ 26 ] Эта ошибка была признана как таковая австралийским зоологом Джерардом Креффтом в его рабочих змеях Австралии в 1869 году . [ 27 ]
Масштаб
[ редактировать ]The number and arrangement of scales on a snake's body are a key element of identification to species level.[28] The red-bellied black snake has 17 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 180 to 215 ventral scales, 48 to 60 subcaudal scales (the anterior—and sometimes all—subcaudals are undivided), and a divided anal scale.[a] There are two anterior and two posterior temporal scales, and the rostral shield is roughly square-shaped.[30]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]
The red-bellied black snake is native to the east coast of Australia, where it is one of the most commonly encountered snakes.[20] It can be found in the urban forest, woodland, plains, and bushland areas of the Blue Mountains, Canberra, Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Cairns, and Adelaide. The Macquarie Marshes mark a western border to its distribution in New South Wales,[31] and Gladstone in central Queensland marks the northern limit to the main population. To the south, it occurs across eastern and central Victoria, and extends along the Murray River into South Australia.[32] Disjunct populations occur in the southern Mount Lofty Ranges in South Australia and in North Queensland.[20]
The red-bellied black snake is most commonly seen close to dams, streams, billabongs, and other bodies of water,[20] although they can venture up to 100 m (350 ft) away,[31] including into nearby backyards.[23] In particular, the red-bellied black snake prefers areas of shallow water with tangles of water plants, logs, or debris.[33]
Behaviour
[edit]Red-bellied black snakes can hide in many places in their habitat, including logs, old mammal burrows, and grass tussocks.[31] They can flee into water and hide there; one was reported as staying submerged for 23 minutes. When swimming, they may hold their full head or the nostrils above the water's surface.[34] At times, they may float without moving on the water surface, thus looking like a stick.[30] Within their habitat, red-bellied black snakes appear to have ranges or territories with which they are familiar and generally remain within. A 1987 field study in three New South Wales localities found that these areas vary widely, from 0.02 to 40 ha (0.05 to 100 acres) in size.[31] Within their territory, they may have some preferred places to reside.[20]
The red-bellied black snake is generally not an aggressive species, typically withdrawing when approached.[35] If provoked, it recoils into a striking stance as a threat, holding its head and front part of its body horizontally above the ground and widening and flattening its neck. It may bite as a last resort.[20] It is generally active by day,[34] though nighttime activity has occasionally been recorded.[31] When not hunting or basking, it may be found beneath timber, rocks, and rubbish or down holes and burrows.[20]
Snakes are active when their body temperatures are between 28 and 31 °C (82 and 88 °F).[31] They also thermoregulate by basking in warm, sunny spots in the cool, early morning and rest in shade in the middle of hot days, and may reduce their activity in hot, dry weather in late summer and autumn.[36] Rather than entering true hibernation, red-bellied black snakes become relatively inactive over winter, retreating to cover and at times emerging on warm, sunny days. Their dark colour allows them to absorb heat from sunshine more quickly.[37] In July 1949, six large individuals were found hibernating under a concrete slab in marshland in Woy Woy, New South Wales.[38] Groups of up to six hibernating red-bellied black snakes have been recorded from under concrete slabs around Mount Druitt and Rooty Hill in western Sydney.[39] Males are more active in the Southern Hemisphere spring (early October to November) as they roam looking for mates; one reportedly travelled 1,220 m (0.76 mi) in a day. In summer, both sexes are less active generally.[20]
Reproduction
[edit]In spring, male red-bellied black snakes often engage in ritualised combat for 2 to 30 minutes, even attacking other males already mating with females. They wrestle vigorously, but rarely bite, and engage in head-pushing contests, where each snake tries to push his opponent's head downward with his chin.[40]
The male seeks out a female and rubs his chin on her body, and may twitch, hiss, and rarely bite as he becomes aroused. The female indicates readiness to mate by straightening out and allowing their bodies to align. Pregnancy takes place any time from early spring to late summer. Females become much less active and band together in small groups in late pregnancy. They share the same retreat and bask in the sun together. The red-bellied black snake is ovoviviparous; that is, it gives birth to live young in individual membranous sacs,[20] after 14 weeks' gestation,[35] usually in February or March.[41] The young, numbering between eight and 40, emerge from their sacs very shortly after birth, and have an average length around 12.2 cm (4.8 in).[42] Young snakes almost triple their length and increase their weight 18-fold in their first year of life,[43] and are sexually mature when they reach SVL (snout–vent length) of 78 cm (31 in) for males or 88 cm (35 in) for females. Females can breed at around 31 months of age, while males can slightly earlier.[35] Red-bellied black snakes can live up to 25 years.[44]
Feeding
[edit]
The diet of red-bellied black snakes primarily consists of frogs, but they also prey on reptiles and small mammals. They also eat other snakes, commonly eastern brown snakes and even their own species. Fish are hunted in water.[33] Red-bellied black snakes may hunt on or under the water surface, and prey can be eaten underwater or brought to the surface. They have been recorded stirring up substrate, possibly to disturb prey.[20] As red-bellied black snakes grow and mature, they continue to eat the same size prey, but add larger animals, as well.[45] Although they prefer live food, red-bellied black snakes have been reported eating frogs squashed by cars.[46]
They are susceptible to cane toad (Rhinella marina) toxins.[46] The introduction of cane toads in Australia dates to 1935, when they were introduced in an attempt at biological control of native beetles, which were damaging sugarcane fields (a non-native plant). The intervention failed, mostly because the toads are on the ground, while the beetles feed on leaves at the top of the plant. One research study concluded that in less than 75 years, the red-bellied black snake had evolved in toad-inhabited regions of Australia to have increased resistance to toad toxin and decreased preference for toads as prey.[47]
Venom
[edit]Early settlers feared the red-bellied black snake, though it turned out to be much less dangerous than many other species.[41] The murine median lethal dose (LD50) is 2.52 mg/kg when administered subcutaneously.[48] A red-bellied black snake yields an average of 37 mg of venom when milked, with the maximum recorded being 94 mg.[41] It accounted for 16% of identified snakebite victims in Australia between 2005 and 2015, with no deaths recorded.[49] Its venom contains neurotoxins, myotoxins, and coagulants and also has haemolytic properties.[50]

Bites from red-bellied black snakes can be very painful—needing analgesia—and result in local swelling, prolonged bleeding, and even local necrosis,[51] particularly if the bite is on a finger.[52] Severe local reactions may require surgical debridement or even amputation.[53] Symptoms of systemic envenomation—including nausea, vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, or excessive sweating—were thought to be rare, but a 2010 review found they occurred in most bite victims. Most people also go on to develop an anticoagulant coagulopathy in a few hours. This is characterised by a raised activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and subsides over 24 hours. It resolves quickly with antivenom. A few people go on to develop a myotoxicity and associated generalised muscle pain and occasionally weakness, which may last up to 7 days. Patients may suffer a loss of sense of smell (anosmia);[54] this is unrelated to the severity of the envenoming and can be temporary or permanent.[52] Although the venom contains the three-finger toxin α-elapitoxin-Ppr1, which acts as a neurotoxin in laboratory experiments, neurotoxic symptoms are generally absent in clinical cases.[50]
A biologically active agent—pseudexin—was isolated from red-bellied black snake venom in 1981. Making up 25% of the venom, it is a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight around 16.5 kilodaltons.[55] In 1989, it was found to be composed of three phospholipase A2 isoenzymes.[56] If antivenom is indicated, red-bellied black snake bites are generally treated with tiger snake antivenom.[57] While black snake antivenom can be used, tiger snake antivenom can be used at a lower volume and is a cheaper treatment.[54]
It is the most commonly reported species responsible for envenomed dogs in New South Wales.[58] In 2006, a 12-year-old golden retriever suffered rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney injury secondary to a red-bellied black snake bite.[59] Laboratory testing has found that cats are relatively resistant to the venom, with a lethal dose as high as 7 mg/kg.[41]
Conservation and threats
[edit]The red-bellied black snake is considered to be a least-concern species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature.[1] Its preferred habitat has been particularly vulnerable to urban development and is highly fragmented,[20] and a widespread decline in frogs, which are its preferred prey, has occurred. Snake numbers appear to have declined.[50] Feral cats are known to prey on red-bellied black snakes, while young snakes presumably are taken by laughing kookaburras (Dacelo novaeguineae), brown falcons (Falco berigora), and other raptors.[20]
Captivity
[edit]One of the snakes commonly kept as pets in Australia,[44] the red-bellied black snake adapts readily to captivity and lives on a supply of mice,[60] though it can also survive on fish fillets, chicken, and dog food.[20]
Notes
[edit]References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b Shea, G.; Cogger, H.; Greenlees, M. (2018). "Pseudechis porphyriacus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T42493274A42493282. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T42493274A42493282.en. Retrieved 9 July 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Australian Biological Resources Study (26 August 2013). "Species Pseudechis porphyriacus (Shaw, 1794)". Australian Faunal Directory. Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2018.
- ^ Species Pseudechis porphyriacus at The Reptile Database . www.reptile-database.org.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Shaw, George (1794). Zoology of New Holland. Vol. 1. London, United Kingdom: J. Sowerby. pp. 27–28. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.61925. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Williams, David; Wüster, Wolfgang; Fry, Bryan Grieg (2006). "The good, the bad and the ugly: Australian snake taxonomists and a history of the taxonomy of Australia's venomous snakes". Toxicon. 48 (7): 919–30. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2006.07.016. PMID 16999982. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2018.
- ^ Liddell & Scott 1980, p. 579.
- ^ πορφυροῦς. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
- ^ Lacépède, B.G.E. (1804). "Mémoire sur plusieurs animaux de la Nouvelle-Hollande dont la description n'a pas encore été publiée". Annales du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Paris. 4: 184–211 [209], [pl. 56 fig. 1]. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ Lesson, R.P. (1826). "Reptiles.". In Duperrey, L.I. (ed.). Voyage Autour du Monde, Exécuté par Ordre du Roi, sur la Corvette de sa Majesté, La Coquille, Pendant les Années 1822, 1824 et 1825. Zoologie, Atlas. Vol. 1. Paris: Arthus Bertrand. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2018.
- ^ Schlegel, Hermann (1837). Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpens. Partie Générale et Partie Descriptive (in French). Vol. 2. La Haye : Kips & Stockum. pp. 479–80. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4273. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
- ^ Tab. X of: Zoology and botany of New Holland and the isles adjacent / the zoological part by George Shaw, the botanical part by James Edward Smith; the figures by James Sowerby.
- ^ Wagler, Johann Georg (1830). Natürliches System der Amphibien, mit vorangehender Classification der Säugethiere und Vogel (in German). Munich, Germany: Cotta'schen. p. 171.
- ^ Mackay, Roy D. (1953–54). "A revision of the genus Pseudechis". Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. 74th: 15–23. Archived from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2018.
- ^ Liddell & Scott 1980, p. 795.
- ^ ψευδής in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Liddell & Scott 1980, p. 295.
- ^ ἔχις in Liddell and Scott.
- ^ Worrell, Eric (1961). "Herpetological name changes" (PDF). West Australian Naturalist. 8: 18–27. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 March 2012. Retrieved 17 January 2012.
- ^ Maddock, Simon T.; Childerstone, Aaron; Fry, Bryan Grieg; Williams, David J.; Barlow, Axel; Wüster, Wolfgang (2017). "Multi-locus phylogeny and species delimitation of Australo-Papuan blacksnakes (Pseudechis Wagler, 1830: Elapidae: Serpentes)" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 48–55. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.09.005. hdl:2436/621498. PMID 27637992. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Beatson, Cecilie (5 May 2017). "Red-bellied Black Snake". Australian Museum website. Australian Museum. Archived from the original on 22 February 2017. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
- ^ Troy, Jakelin (1993). The Sydney Language (PDF). Canberra: Self-published. p. 53. ISBN 0-646-11015-2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Sutherland & Tibballs 2001, p. 139.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Australian Reptile Park. "Red-bellied Black Snake". Somersby, New South Wales. Archived from the original on 3 January 2008. Retrieved 28 December 2007.
- ^ Australian Broadcasting Corporation (3 October 2014). "Massive red-bellied black snake surprises Newcastle wrangler called in to remove it". ABC News. Archived from the original on 10 February 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2018.
- ^ Greer 1997, p. 163.
- ^ Bennett, George (1860). Gatherings of a naturalist in Australasia : being observations principally on the animal and vegetable productions of New South Wales, New Zealand, and some of the Austral Islands. London: J. Van Voorst. pp. 274–76. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.115620. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
- ^ Krefft, Gerard (1869). The Snakes of Australia : an illustrated and descriptive catalogue of all the known species. Sydney, New South Wales: T. Richards, Government Printer. pp. 46–47. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4679. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2018.
- ^ Hutchinson, Mark; Williams, Ian (2018). "Key to the Snakes of South Australia" (PDF). South Australian Museum. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.
- ^ Macdonald, Stewart. "snake scale count search". Australian Reptile Online Database. Archived from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Sutherland & Tibballs 2001, p. 140.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Shine, Richard (1987). "Intraspecific variation in thermoregulation, movements and habitat use by Australian blacksnakes, Pseudechis porphyriacus (Elapidae)" (PDF). Journal of Herpetology. 21 (3): 165–77. doi:10.2307/1564479. JSTOR 1564479. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
- ^ Mirtschin, Rasmussen & Weinstein 2017, p. 116.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Gilbert, P.A. (1935). "The black snake". Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. 55: 35–37. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Greer 1997, p. 139.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Mirtschin, Rasmussen & Weinstein 2017, p. 117.
- ^ Greer 1997, p. 140.
- ^ Mirtschin, Rasmussen & Weinstein 2017, p. 43.
- ^ Ormsby, A.I. (1952). "Notes on snake hibernation in New South Wales". Proceedings of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales. 71: 25–27. Archived from the original on 24 October 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ Hoser, Raymond T. (1980). "Further records of aggregations of various species of Australian Snake". Herpetofauna. 12 (1): 16–22.
- ^ Shine, Richard; Grigg, Gordon C.; Shine, Terri G.; Harlow, Peter (1981). "Mating and Male Combat in Australian Blacksnakes, Pseudechis porphyriacus" (PDF). Journal of Herpetology. 15 (1): 101–07. doi:10.2307/1563652. JSTOR 1563652. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 December 2011. Retrieved 23 October 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Sutherland & Tibballs 2001, p. 141.
- ^ Cogger, Harold G. (1983) [1979]. Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia (Rev. ed.). Reed. p. 449. ISBN 978-0-88359-048-5.
- ^ Shine, Richard (1978). "Growth Rates and Sexual Maturation in Six Species of Australian Elapid Snakes". Herpetologica. 34 (1): 73–79. JSTOR 3891614.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Eipper, Scott (2012). A Guide To – Australian Snakes in Captivity: Elapids & Colubrids. Reptile Publications. p. 237. ISBN 978-0-9872447-8-9.
- ^ Greer 1997, p. 145.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Greer 1997, p. 147.
- ^ Phillips, Ben L.; Shine, Richard (2006). "An invasive species induces rapid adaptive change in a native predator: cane toads and black snakes in Australia". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 273 (1593): 1545–50. doi:10.1098/rspb.2006.3479. PMC 1560325. PMID 16777750.
- ^ Broad, A. J.; Sutherland, S. K.; Coulter, A. R. (1979). "The lethality in mice of dangerous Australian and other snake venom". Toxicon. 17 (6): 661–64. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(79)90245-9. PMID 524395.
- ^ Johnston, Christopher I.; Ryan, Nicole M; Page, Colin B; Buckley, Nicholas A; Brown, Simon GA; O'Leary, Margaret A; Isbister, Geoffrey K (2017). "The Australian Snakebite Project, 2005–2015 (ASP-20)" (PDF). Medical Journal of Australia. 207 (3): 119–25. doi:10.5694/mja17.00094. hdl:1959.13/1354903. PMID 28764620. S2CID 19567016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Mirtschin, Rasmussen & Weinstein 2017, p. 119.
- ^ Mirtschin, Rasmussen & Weinstein 2017, p. 101.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Mirtschin, Rasmussen & Weinstein 2017, p. 110.
- ^ Weinstein, Scott; Mirtschin, Peter J.; Tristram, Hamish; Lawton, Luke; White, Julian (2018). "Local morbidity from red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus, Elapidae) envenoming: Two cases and a brief review of management". Toxicon. 142: 34–41. doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.12.047. PMID 29269114.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Churchman, Andrew; O’Leary, Margaret A; Buckley, Nicholas A; Page, Colin B; Tankel, Alan; Gavaghan, Chris; Holdgate, Anna; Brown, Simon G A; Isbister, Geoffrey K (2010). "Clinical effects of red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenoming and correlation with venom concentrations: Australian Snakebite Project (ASP-11)". Medical Journal of Australia. 193 (11): 696–700. doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2010.tb04108.x. PMID 21143062. S2CID 15915175. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ Vaughan, Gary T.; Sculley, Thomas B.; Tirrell, Roy (1981). "Isolation of a hemolytic, toxic phospholipase from the venom of the Australian red-bellied black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus)". Toxicon. 19 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(81)90121-5. PMID 7222091.
- ^ Schmidt, J.J.; Middlebrook, J.L. (1989). "Purification, sequencing and characterization of pseudexin phospholipases A2 from Pseudechis porphyriacus (Australian red-bellied black snake)". Toxicon. 27 (7): 805–18. doi:10.1016/0041-0101(89)90048-2. PMID 2675391.
- ^ Sutherland & Tibballs 2001, p. 142.
- ^ Heller, J.; Bosward, K.L.; Hodgson, J.L.; Cole, F.L.; Reid, S.W.; Hodgson, D.R.; Mellor, D.J. (2005). "Snake envenomation in dogs in New South Wales". Australian Veterinary Journal. 83 (5): 286–92. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2005.tb12743.x. PMID 15957391.
- ^ Heller, J.; Bosward, K. L.; Hodgson, D. R.; Pottie, R. (2006). "Anuric renal failure in a dog after Red‐bellied Black snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus) envenomation". Australian Veterinary Journal. 84 (5): 158–62. doi:10.1111/j.1751-0813.2006.tb12769.x. PMID 16739524. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ Hoser, Raymond (2003). "A re-assessment of the taxonomy of the Red-bellied Black Snakes (Genus Pseudechis) with the descriptions of two new subspecies" (PDF). Boydii – Journal of the Herpetological Society of Queensland (Autumn (May)): 15–18. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 18 May 2017.
Cited books
[edit]- Greer, Allen E. (1997). The Biology and Evolution of Australian Snakes. Chipping Norton, New South Wales: Surrey Beatty & Sons. ISBN 978-0-949324-68-9.
- Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1980) [1871]. A Greek-English Lexicon (abridged ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
- Mirtschin, Peter; Rasmussen, Arne; Weinstein, Scott (2017). Australia's Dangerous Snakes: Identification, Biology and Envenoming. Clayton South, Victoria: Csiro Publishing. ISBN 978-0-643-10674-1.
- Sutherland, Struan K.; Tibballs, James (2001) [1983]. Australian Animal Toxins (2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-550643-3.
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]СМИ, связанные с Pseudechis porphyriacus в Wikimedia Commons
Данные, связанные с Pseudechis porphyriacus в Wikispecies
- Картинки клыков из красной черной змеи