Национальный день Китайской Республики
| Национальный день Китайской Республики | |
|---|---|
 Комбинация двух 十 («десять») персонажей, часто встречающихся во время праздника | |
| Также называется | Двойной десятый день, двойной десять дней, годовщина революции Синьхай , Национальный день Тайваня |
| Observed by | Republic of China (as National Day or Double Ten Day) People's Republic of China (as the Anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution) |
| Type | Historical, cultural, nationalist |
| Celebrations | festivities, including fireworks and concerts |
| Date | 10 October |
| Next time | 10 October 2024 |
| Frequency | annual |
| First time | 10 October 1911 |
| Related to | 1911 Revolution |
| National Day of the Republic of China | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Traditional Chinese | 國慶日[1] | ||
| Simplified Chinese | 国庆日 | ||
| |||
| Double Ten Day[2] | |||
| Traditional Chinese | 雙十節 | ||
| Simplified Chinese | 双十节 | ||
| |||
Национальный день Китайской Республики , который также называется двойным десятидневным или двойным десятым днем , является государственным праздником 10 октября, который в настоящее время ежегодно проводится в качестве национального дня в Китайской Республике (ROC, обычно называемый Тайванем). Он отмечает начало восстания Вучанга 10 октября 1911 года, которое в конечном итоге привело к краху имперской династии Цин , заканчивая 2133 года имперского правления Китая с момента династии Цинь и создания Китайской Республики 1 января 1912 года. [ 3 ] Когда -то этот день был проведен в качестве государственного праздника в материковом Китае в течение материкового периода ROC до 1949 года. Последующая Китайская Народная Республика продолжает наблюдать за годовщиной революции Синхай в тот же момент, но не как государственный праздник , который ставит больше Акцент на его революционные характеристики как память исторического события, а не празднования основания Китайской Республики.
Following the outcome of the Chinese Civil War, the ROC government lost control of mainland China to the Chinese Communist Party and retreated to the island of Taiwan in December 1949. The National Day is now mainly celebrated in Taiwan Area, thus the name “Taiwan National Day” is also used by some groups, but it is also celebrated by many overseas Chinese communities.
Names
[edit]Double Ten Day can be referred to variety of names such as the National Day of China or Chinese National Day[4] when the ROC was in power in mainland China and as the internationally recognized government of "China" until the 1970s. Another name Taiwan National Day, is largely uncommon as the ROC was founded in 1911 at the same time when Taiwan was under colonial rule by Japan.[5][6] The name "Taiwan National Day" has been criticized by former ROC president Ma Ying-jeou.[7]
Celebration in Taiwan
[edit] | This section needs additional citations for verification. (October 2017) |
During the establishment of the Republic of China, Taiwan and Penghu were under Japanese rule, which began in 1895. In 1945, after surrender of the Empire of Japan in World War II, Taiwan and Penghu were placed under the control of the ROC.
In Taiwan, the official celebration begins with the raising of the flag of the Republic of China in front of the Presidential Office Building, along with a public singing of the National Anthem of the Republic of China. It is then followed by celebrations in front of the Presidential Office Building; from time to time, a military parade may occur. Festivities also include many aspects of traditional Chinese and/or Taiwanese culture, such as the lion dance and drum teams, and cultural features coming from Taiwanese aborigines are integrated into the display in recent years. Later in the day, the president of the Republic of China would address the country and fireworks displays are held throughout the major cities of the island. In 2009, all government sponsored festivities for the Double Ten Day were cancelled, and the money intended for the festivals (NT$70 million) were reallocated for reconstruction of the damage done by Typhoon Morakot.
In 2022 former President Ma Ying-jeou, who opposes the styling of the holiday as Taiwan National Day, publicly called for current President Tsai Ing-wen to stop using the name Taiwan National Day in material associated with the holiday. His view was criticized by Robert Tsao as obsolete.[8]
Because of the lack of direct relations between the origin of the holiday and Taiwan in modern Taiwan the holiday is widely believed to be slightly absurd but is still widely celebrated.[9]
National Day Military Parade
[edit]
In the past, the Republic of China Armed Forces have traditionally put on a military parade. During this parade, troops and equipment are marched past a reviewing platform in front of the Presidential Office Building. Typically, foreign ambassadors, military officers, and other representatives and dignitaries are invited to view the parade. Following the National Anthem and the firing of a 21-gun salute, the parade commander, a general-ranked officer of any of the service branches of the ROCAF, would then be driven to the front of the grandstand to inform the President of the permission to commence the parade proper. (Until 1975, the President also inspected the parade formations riding a vehicle, as each battalion of the parade formations presented arms in his/her presence and all the unit colours and guidons also dipped in his/her presence.) The presidential holiday address to the ROCAF and the country was the finale of the parade wherein all the units comprising the ground column, following the march past, reassembles at the center of the road for the address.
The parade has been held intermittently during the period of the Republic of China on Taiwan. The military parade on 10 October 1949, was the first public military parade held in Taiwan with Chen Cheng serving as the Grand Review Officer. The 1964 National Day parade was struck by tragedy when a low flying air force F-104 Starfighter fighter aircraft struck a Broadcasting Corporation of China tower, causing the plane's fuel tank to fall and kill three people including a woman and her baby in front of the Central Weather Bureau building in downtown Taipei. The other two remaining F-104 aircraft were ordered to look for the crashed aircraft and accidentally collided and crashed in Tucheng City, Taipei County (now New Taipei City), killing both pilots. The parade was not held again until 1971 (the 60th anniversary), while the mobile column and flypast segments returned in 1975. When Chen Shui-bian became president, the parade was not held until 2007 and then it was entitled a "Celebration Drill" and not a traditional military parade. Since Ma Ying-jeou became president, one parade has been held on the centenary celebrations of the Double Tenth Day, and another on the 105th, the only one under Tsai Ing-wen's presidency.
The tradition of shouting "Long live the Republic of China!" (中華民國萬歲; Zhonghua Mingguo Wansui!) at the end of the addresses by the president of the Republic of China was not held for the first time in 2016. It was also the very year that fire and police services joined the parade for the first time in history, breaking a tradition of a purely-military parade to include personnel from civil uniformed services.
List of Republic of China National Day Parades
| Parade Year | Exercise Name | Grand Review Officer | Venue | Parade Commander | Number of Troops | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1949 | n/a | Chen Cheng | Taipei | Unknown | First military parade held in Taiwan under the control of the Republic of China. | |
| 1951 | n/a | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Ai Ai | ROC Fortieth Anniversary | |
| 1952 | 復華演習 | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Tang Shou-chi | 10,046 | |
| 1953 | n/a | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Zhou Yuhuan | 19,000 | |
| 1954 | n/a | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Xu Rucheng | Artillery battle underway in Quemoy. Flyby aircraft requisitioned for defense of Quemoy. | |
| 1955 | 光華演習 | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Cheng Wei-yuan | ||
| 1956 | 光復演習 | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Liu Dinghan | 21,500 | |
| 1957 | 中興演習 | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Hu Xin | 12,000 | |
| 1960 | 鼎興演習 | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Chu Yuan-Cong | ||
| 1961 | 復興演習 | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Cheng Wei-yuan | ROC Fiftieth Anniversary (Golden Jubilee) | |
| 復華演習 | Taipei | Cancelled on September 11, 1962 | ||||
| 1963 | 復漢演習 | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Yuan Guo-Zheng | 15,370 | |
| 1964 | 興漢演習 | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | Hau Pei-tsun | Two F-104 aircraft collided after an air formation, killing both pilots | |
| 1971 | Chiang Kai-shek | Taipei | First parade after 6 years absence, marked the 60th Anniversary of the ROC, ground column only present | |||
| 1975 | 大漢演習 | Yen Chia-kan | Taipei | Zhang Jiajun | Full remastered video of 1975 National Day parade | |
| 1978 | 漢威演習 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Taipei | Chiang Chung-ling | Flypast cancelled due to rainy weather | |
| 1979 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Taipei | Ground column only present, air flypast and military mobile column cancelled Full video of 1979 National Day parade | |||
| 1980 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Taipei | ||||
| 1981 | 漢武演習 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Taipei | Hsu Li-nung | 11,966 | ROC Seventieth Anniversary |
| 1982 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Taipei | ||||
| 1986 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Taipei | ROC Seventy-Fifth Anniversary (Diamond Jubilee) | |||
| 1987 | 僑泰演習 | Chiang Ching-kuo | Taipei | It was the last military parade held during Chiang Ching-kuo's administration. It was held on 11 October, the day after the Double Ten Day celebrations due to Chiang's ailing condition. (Also the first since the abolition of Martial Law in Taiwan earlier that July.) | ||
| 1988 | 光武演習 | Lee Teng-hui | Taipei | Chen Tingchong | 13,166 | ROC Seventy-Seventh Anniversary |
| 1991 | 華統演習 | Lee Teng-hui | Taipei | Ro Wenshan | 12,566 | ROC Eightieth Anniversary |
| 2007 | 同慶操演 | Chen Shui-bian | Taipei | Wu Sihuai | 3,000 | Exhibitions presented on national defense, non-traditional military parade |
| 2011 | Ma Ying-jeou | Taipei | 1,000+ | The centennial event featured a skydiving show of 12 paratroopers of the Army Airborne Training Center above the plaza in front of the Presidential Office.[10] Military parade involving 1,000+ personnel, 71 aircraft and 168 vehicles.[11] On the part of the ground troops only the ROCAF Honor Guard Battalion and the ROCAF Composite Headquarters Band joined the parade on behalf of the armed forces. | ||
| 2016 | 慶祥操演 | Tsai Ing-wen | Taipei | 2,500+ | ||
| 2017 | Tsai Ing-wen | Taipei | ||||
| 2021 | Tsai Ing-wen | Taipei | ||||
| 2022 | Tsai Ing-wen | Taipei |
Full order of march past for National Day Parades until 1991
[edit]Until 1991, following the opening report by the Parade commander, usually a lieutenant general or vice admiral of the ROCAF, the massed military bands of the ROC Armed Forces, led by the Senior Drum Major, would take their positions in the parade, playing the ROC Armed Forces March, a medley of the official songs of the service branches of the armed forces. Then the parade would march past, in the following sequence, with minor variations over the years:
Ground column
[edit]- ROC Armed Forces Joint Honor Guard
- Parade commander and staff
- Joint Division of Armed Forces Academies
- Republic of China Military Academy
- Republic of China Naval Academy
- Republic of China Air Force Academy
- National Defense University College of Political Warfare Instruction
- ROC Air Force Institute of Technology
- Chung-cheng Armed Forces Preparatory School
- Army Academy R.O.C.
- Contingent of personnel from the service branches
- ROCA combined divisional formation
- Composite brigade of ROCN personnel (including Republic of China Marine Corps)
- Composite group of ROCAF ground and air defense personnel
- Republic of China Military Police
- Republic of China Joint Logistics Command
- Reserve and militia formations of the Republic of China Armed Forces Reserve
- Female battalion of the College of Political Warfare Instruction
- Drum and Bugle Corps of military educational institutions
- Taiwan Police College (formed part in past parades of the 1970s and 1980s)
Flypast
[edit]The parade's flypast segment was for many years organized in like manner as in the Bastille Day military parade. First, while the honor guard departs from the presidential grandstand the training, fighter and transport aircraft of the ROC Air Force, the transport and anti-submarine aircraft of ROCN Naval Aviation and transport planes of ROCA Army Aviation fly past first, followed by the helicopters of all three service branches, together with those of the National Police Agency, National Fire Agency and Coast Guard Administration after the ground column segment is concluded.
Mobile column
[edit]The mobile column, for many years, served as a crowd favorite of National Day civil-military parades, since in this segment the ROC shows off to its people the advanced and modern military equipment and vehicles in service and those being introduced, many of them nationally produced, for use by the servicemen and women of the ROCAF, and since 2016, the state civil security institutions. As in every parade, the ROCMP's motorcycle column leads off the mobile column segment, followed by (as of 2016):
- ROCN mobile column
- Republic of China Marine Corps
- Amphibious Reconnaissance and Patrol Unit
- Amphibious Armor Group
- Coastal and air defense formations of the Republic of China Navy
- Republic of China Marine Corps
- Republic of China Air Force mobile column
- Air defense guns and missiles
- Equipment and materiel, including air to air missiles
- Mobile column of ROCA formations and equipment (order as of 1991, 2007, 2011 and 2016 parades)
- Anti-tank weapons
- Signals
- Armored cavalry
- CBRN defense
- ROCA Corps of Engineers
- Motorized and mechanized infantry
- Armored formations
- Logistical and combat support
- Air defense and missiles (mobile missile and gun systems and truck-towed systems)
- Towed guns of the field artillery
- Self propelled artillery (MRLs and self-propelled guns)
- Disaster risk and response vehicles and equipment for calamity response operations
- National Police Agency
- Criminal Investigation Bureau vehicles and equipment
- NPA National Highway Police
- Mobile vehicles of the NPA's Special Police Corps
- National Fire Agency vehicles and equipment
- Coast Guard Administration small marine equipment and vehicles
Alongside the military and civil security mobile column, in the parades of the 70s and 80s and in more recent parades, a civil mobile column is present, composed of vehicles from the automobile and truck companies, state-owned firms, and the private sector.
Celebrations in Mainland China and special administrative regions
[edit]
As the Chinese Communist Party became the official government of mainland China in 1949, 10 October is now celebrated in the People's Republic of China as the anniversary of the Xinhai Revolution and the Wuchang Uprising.
Бывшая британская колония Гонконга отметила Национальный день РК как государственный отпуск , пока правительство Соединенного Королевства не преодолело свои дипломатические отношения с правительством ROC, поскольку Лондон признал Пекин в 1950 году, вскоре после основания КНР, и он был отложен. [12] Бывшая португальская колония Макао отметила Национальный день РК как государственный праздник , пока правительство Португалии не преодолело свои отношения, поскольку Лиссабон признает Пекин в 1979 году. После гражданской войны в материковом Китае Национальный день отмечался в регионах, населенных китайскими патриотами. кто оставался верным республике. До того, как суверенитет в Гонконге был переведен в КНР в 1997 году, а Макао также переведен в 1999 году, многие сторонники ROC там продемонстрировали патриотические и красочные флаги (в основном национальный флаг ROC ), чтобы отпраздновать национальный день. Тайваньские агентства в Гонконге и Макао ежегодно проводили публичную церемонию, чтобы отпраздновать Национальный день ROC с членами частных групп Pro-ROC. [ 13 ] День продолжает праздновать в Гонконге и Макао после передачи суверенитета на материк, но публичные национальные флаги были сняты полицией Гонконга с июля 1997 года и полицией Макао с декабря 1999 года. [ 14 ] Церемония поднятия флагов в Хунг Лау , Туен Мун, революционная база Сан Ят-сена, является наиболее заметным ежегодным событием, организованным Джонни Мак . С 2020 года мероприятие отмечалось как годовщина КНР революции Синхай, а не двойной десять дней ROC в соответствии с праздниками в материковом Китае. Крис Тан заявил в сентябре 2021 года, что празднование в Гонконге за двойные десяти дней могут рискнуть нарушить закон национальной безопасности . [ 15 ] [ 16 ] Мероприятие в Макао отмечено под именем Дня памяти Синхай революции.
Другие страны
[ редактировать ]
Зарубежные китайцы сыграли ключевую роль в рождении ROC, так как отец-основатель страны Sun Yat-Sen , врач по обучению, получил финансовую поддержку, главным образом, от зарубежных китайских общин за рубежом, чтобы свергнуть имперскую династию Цин и установить вторую республику в Азия в 1912 году. За пределами Тайваня Национальный день также отмечается многими зарубежными китайскими общинами. Значительные парады национального дня проводится ежегодно в китайских кварталах -Франциско Сан и Чикаго .
Смотрите также
[ редактировать ]- История Китайской Республики
- Национальный день Китая Народной Республики
- 10 октября 1943 г. восстание против японской оккупации британского Борнео
- Гонконг 1956 г.
- Двойное десятое соглашение
- Гонконг -Тайваньские отношения
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- ^ Памятный день и меры реализации праздничного дня (Jìniànrì Jí jiérì shíshī bànfǎ))
- ^ средняя школа девять -мои последовательные курсы по китайскому языку . Национальная начальная и
- ^ Atwill, Дэвид; Atwill, Юрун (2021). Источники в истории Китая: разнообразные перспективы с 1644 года по настоящее время . Routledge. ISBN 9780429560347 .
- ^ «Месяц в свободном Китае» . Ноябрь 1967.
- ^ Чеунг, Эрик (10 октября 2022 г.). « Нет места для компромисса» по поводу суверенитета Тайваня, говорит президент Цай в речи Национального дня » . CNN . Получено 25 марта 2023 года .
- ^ » . « Национальный 2021 года день
- ^ «MA отвергает национальный день приглашения на« Тайвань » - Taipei Times» . 2 октября 2023 года.
- ^ Пан, Джейсон. «Роберт Цао Панс мая-джеу впереди национального дня» . TaipeTimes.com . Тайбэй времена . Получено 8 октября 2022 года .
- ^ Wingfield-Hayes, Руперт (10 октября 2022 года). «Личность Defiant Тайваня уходит от Китая» . BBC.com . Би -би -си . Получено 10 октября 2022 года .
- ^ 10 октября 2011 г., Skydiving Show Wows Wows Modds в Национальный день , Focus Taiwan News
- ^ Синди Суй, 10 октября 2011 г., Наследие дебаты в качестве Республики отмечает 100 лет , BBC News
- ^ Дальневосточный экономический обзор , 1968, стр. 450
- ^ «Синорама» . Архивировано из оригинала 20 июля 2011 года . Получено 11 октября 2010 года .
- ^ Спор после переноса переноса Гонконга
- ^ «Празднование Тайваньского праздника в Гонконге рискует обвинение в отделении: начальник безопасности» . Южно -Китайский утренний пост . 23 сентября 2021 года . Получено 27 сентября 2021 года .
- ^ «Секторы HK отмечает 110 -летие революции Синхай» .
Внешние ссылки
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СМИ, связанные с Национальным Днем Китая в Wikimedia Commons - Фонд столетия Китая Архивировал 13 марта 2012 года на машине Wayback (на китайском языке)
