Вичайчан
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 Фотография Вичайчана на его троне | |
| Наместник Сиама | |
| Пребывание в должности | 2 октября 1868 - 28 августа 1885 г. |
| Appointer | Ascension Council on behalf of Chulalongkorn (Rama V) |
| Predecessor | Pinklao (Chutamani) |
| Successor | Position abolished (Vajirunhis as Crown Prince) |
| Born | Prince Yodyingyot 6 April 1838 Bangkok, Siam |
| Died | 28 August 1885 (aged 47) Bangkok, Siam |
| Spouse |
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| Issue | 28 sons and daughters, including: Rajani Chamcharas, Prince Bidyalongkorn |
| House | Chakri dynasty |
| Father | Pinklao (Chutamani) |
| Mother | Aim Sae-ong |
| Religion | Theravada Buddhism |
Phra ratchawang Bowon Wichaichan ( Тайский : Департамент Боуонви Чай Чан или Прао Йодингёт (или Юньот ) (6 апреля 1838 г. ) (Кинг Йиньот Krom ) Чакри Принц династии и (Rama IV). Wichaichan succeeded his father by being appointed the член . Сиам в 1868 году, во время правления его двоюродного брата короля Чулалонгкорна (Рама V). [ 1 ] Во время его пребывания в должности офис Фронт -Дворец был чрезвычайно сильным и соперничал с офисом собственного монарха . Неизбежно две силы столкнулись в кризисе переднего дворца . [ 2 ] Вичайчан был побежден, и сила переднего дворца была значительно уменьшена. После его смерти в 1885 году последние остатки титула были отменены в пользу наследного принца . [ 3 ] Примечательно, что он является единственным фронтальным дворцом, который был избран советом, не назначенный королем в соответствии с Королевской традицией, которая до сих пор считается спорной и неортодоксальной практикой.
Early life
[edit]Phra Ong Chao Yodyingyot Bovorn Rachorod Rattana Rachakumarn (พระองค์เจ้ายอดยิ่งประยุรยศบวรราโชรสรัตนราชกุมาร) was born on the 6 April 1838, the eldest son of Prince Chutamani and Princess Aim. It was said that his father gave him an English name in honour of his personal hero, the first President of the United States, George Washington.[4] Therefore, he is sometimes referred to as Prince George Washington or Prince George.[1][2][5][6] In May 1851 Prince Yodyingyot's father was elevated as Second King Pinklao or the Front Palace by his older brother King Mongkut (Rama IV). Pinklao also received from his brother all the styles, titles and honour of a monarch, despite never having been crowned himself.[5] During his childhood the Prince received a modern education, including the English language and modern sciences. It was said that he became an extremely skillful engineer.[2][7]
After King Pinklao's death in 1866, King Mongkut decided not to appoint another Front Palace due to the fact that his own son Prince Chulalongkorn was only 12 years old. This meant that the position which was also that of the heir presumptive was left unoccupied (Siam had no law of succession at the time, but the Viceroy was seen as the strongest claimant).[8] Fearing instability, Chao Phraya Sri Suriwongse (Chuang Bunnag) the Kalahom (one of the Prime Ministers of Siam)[9] tried to persuade the King to appoint Prince Yodyingyot to succeed King Pinklao. Sri Suriwongse was a member of the powerful Bunnag family, which had dominated the running of the Siamese government since the reign of King Phutthaloetla Naphalai (Rama II). The King refused to appoint Yodyingyot, instead he elevated the Prince to Krom Muen Bowon Wichaichan or Prince Bowon Wichaichan in 1867. This meant Wichaichan was only made a Prince of the Front Palace but not the actual title of Front Palace.[7] Since 1865 the Prince was also the commander of the Front Palace's naval forces.
Wichaichan was a great friend of the British Consul-General to Siam: Thomas George Knox, he was originally recruited by Pinklao to modernize the Front Palace's armed forces. Knox greatly preferred the mature and experienced Wichaichan — who was also the son of one of the most westernized member of the elite to ascend the throne — over the young Chulalongkorn.[10]
Reign
[edit]
In August 1868 King Mongkut contracted malaria whilst on an expedition to see a solar eclipse in Prachuap Khiri Khan province, six weeks later he died on 1 October. The young Chulalongkorn (who was only 15 years old at the time) was unanimously declared king by a council of high-ranking nobility, princes of the Chakri dynasty and monks.[1] The council was presided by Sri Suriwongse who was also appointed regent for the young king.[11]
During the meeting, when one of the princes nominated Wichaichan as the next Front Palace, many in the council objected. The most notable objection of this nomination came from Prince Vorachak Tharanubhab.[11] The prince argued that the appointment of such an important position was the sole prerogative of the king and not of the council. Furthermore, the position was not hereditary, and the appointment of the son of the former could set a dangerous precedent.[8] However, the nomination of Wichaichan was supported by Sri Suriwongse who wanted to secure a line of succession by appointing an able and experienced Front Palace (as the second-in-line to the throne). Sri Suriwongse was determined and retorted by accusing the prince of wanting to be appointed himself ("ที่ไม่ยอมนั้น อยากจะเป็นเองหรือ"). The prince replied wearily "If you have ask me to permit it [the appointment], then I will have to permit it" ("ถ้าจะให้ยอมก็ต้องยอม").[7] As a result, Prince Wichaichan was appointed Front Palace (Krom Phra Rajawang Bovorn Sathan Mongkol) and viceroy without the full consent of the incoming monarch.[11] The relationship between Chulalongkorn and the Wichaichan would remain difficult for the rest of the latter's life, based on this fact.[12] On 11 November 1868, Wichaichan's cousin Chulalongkorn was crowned Supreme King of Siam at the Grand Palace.
Since the elevation of King Pinklao twenty years earlier, the office of Front Palace had gained considerable amount of power and prestige. The viceroy had his own army of over 2,000 men, western trained and western armed.[13] He also controlled a naval forces of several steam powered gunboats. The prince also had a large share of state revenues, over one-third of which is given directly to him for the maintenance of his officials, retinue, court, concubines, and advisors.[2][8][14]
Front Palace crisis
[edit]
When Chulalongkorn came of age in 1873, he and his western-educated brothers were intent on creating a modern absolutist state. Siamese government during previous reigns were dominated by the aristocracy, with many elements of feudalism still in existence. In order to modernize and centralize the state, Chulalongkorn must consolidate the royal government's control over finances and the bureaucracy. First, he created the Auditing Office and then, a year later, the Privy Council of Siam. These two reforms quickly drew the ire of the aristocracy and Wichaichan, whose powers were slowly being eroded.[15]
The conflict between Chulalongkorn and Wichaichan over these reforms erupted in open confrontation, after Wichaichan received an anonymous letter threatening his life. On 28 December 1874, a fire erupted in the Grand Palace. Wichaichan's reluctance to help quell the flames gave Chulalongkorn the excuse he needed to lay siege to the Front Palace.[16][17] As a result, on the night of 2 January 1875, Wichaichan fled to the British consulate to the south of Bangkok to seek refuge from the king.[18] Negotiations between the two cousins began, however no clear conclusions were reached. With Wichaichan under the impression that his life was in danger, he refused all reconciliation.[18][19]
By February, the crisis has reached stalemate. Si Suriwongse decided to advise the British acting-Consul to invite an influential person to intervene and end the crisis. Invitations were made to Sir Andrew Clarke the Governor of the Straits Settlements.[18][20] Clarke arrived in Bangkok on 18 February. After some deliberations with various factions, he decided to support the young king over Wichaichan.[21][22] On the evening of 24 February, Clarke forced the humiliated Wichaichan to accept Chulalongkorn's terms in full.[12][23]
The terms of the settlement stripped Wichaichan of all of his powers. He was able to keep only 200 guards of small weaponry and was also forced to abdicate his title of viceroy.[23] Despite this, he was able to remain Front Palace and keep his residence. Chulalongkorn also promised to take responsibility for his finances and safety. He lived the rest of his life quietly as an educated gentleman, being consigned to his palace. The role and influence of the Front Palace and the nobility was greatly diminished, and Chulalongkorn was able to continue his reforms in peace without opposition.[24] In 1881 Wichaichan met King Kalākaua of the Hawaiian Islands, who made a stop in Siam on his world tour. The king noted that Wichaichan was well educated and spoke English fluently.[25]
Death
[edit]
Wichaichan died on 28 August 1885 at the age of 47.[23] Prince Bovorn Wichaichan was cremated with great ceremony on the field of Sanam Luang on 14 June 1886.[7] The Front Palace compound itself was partly demolished, parts that remain were given to Wichaichan's consorts, daughters and sisters as residences (sons were excluded).
After his death the office of Front Palace was left vacant until On 14 January 1886, when Chulalongkorn's son with Princess Consort Savang Vadhana was made Crown Prince Maha Vajirunhis or Somdet Phra Boromma-orasathirat Sayam Makutrajakuman. The title of Front Palace, which was first created in 1688 by King Petracha of Ayutthaya was thus abolished and replaced with an heir apparent, whose succession is to be based on the principle of male primogeniture.[3][25] The new invented title brought Siamese succession in line with the European tradition.
Семья
[ редактировать ]Во время своей жизни Вичайчан родил 28 детей с различными консортами и наложницами. С Чао Чом Мандой Прик Лек, у него был сын, принц Карнчананоф Расми, принц Чанчай Боворньод, чьи потомки используют фамилию: Канчанавичай и с Консортом Лемом: Принц Раджани Чарана , Принс Бидьялонгкорн, чьи потомки используют Сюнаме: Раджани. Одним из потомков принца принца Раджани Чемчара является мама Чао Бхисадея Раджани , президент Королевских проектов короля Бхумибола Адулядея (Рама IX), внука короля Чулалонгкорна .
Королевские названия и украшения
[ редактировать ]Заголовок
• 1838-Unknown : его Серенс Высочество принц Джордж Вашингтон
- Неизвестный - 1867 год : его королевское Высочество
- 1867–1868 : Его Королевское Высочество принц Йодинг Прайурайот, принц Боуон Вичайчан
- 1868–1885 гг .: Его Королевское Высочество - наместник Сиама
Украшения
[ редактировать ]Принц Вичайчан получил следующие почести от Сиамской системы чести :
Рыцарь самого прославленного порядка Королевского дома чакри 
Рыцарь древнего и благоприятного порядка девяти драгоценных камней 
Knight Grand Cross (первый класс) самого прославленного порядка Чула Чом Клао
Происхождение
[ редактировать ]| Предки Вичахана |
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Смотрите также
[ редактировать ]
- Пинклао
- Чулалонгкорн
- Si Suriyawongse
- Эндрю Кларк (администратор)
- Ваджирунхис
- Передний дворец
- Наследный принц Таиланда
- Великий дворец
- Королевство Раттанакозин
Примечания
[ редактировать ]- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Кесбуончо Мид с.38
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в дюймовый «Архивная копия» (PDF) . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2016-03-09 . Получено 2009-11-28 .
{{cite web}}: CS1 Maint: архивная копия как заголовок ( ссылка ) - ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Кесбуончо Мид с.95
- ^ «Полный текст" Монкута, короля сиама " . Archive.org . 2016-10-23 . Получено 2017-03-01 .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Леонауэнс, Анна Харриетт (1 августа 2005 г.). «Английская гувернантка в сиамском суде воспоминания о шести годах в Королевском дворце в Бангкоке» . Gutenberg.org . Получено 1 марта 2017 года - через проект Гутенберг.
- ^ «Сиам: могучий монарх» . ВРЕМЯ. 1931-04-20. Архивировано с оригинала 12 июня 2008 года . Получено 2017-03-01 .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в дюймовый Департамент королевской семьи, Боуонвичай Чан, Тайская Arc.Ask3.Ru
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Кесбуончо Мид с.60
- ^ Университет Гонконга. «Гонконгские журналы онлайн» (PDF) . Sunzi1.lib.hku.hk . Получено 2017-03-01 .
- ^ Kesboonchoo mead, стр. 44
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Кесбуончо Мид с.39
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Энглхарт с.95
- ^ Боуринг С. 429
- ^ Боуринг С. 446
- ^ Kesboonchoo mead, стр. 51
- ^ Kesboonchoo mead, стр. 61
- ^ «Первый азиатский тигр: сиам в 19 веке» . Heliograph.com . 2009-05-04 . Получено 2017-03-01 .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Кесбуончо Мид с.63
- ^ Vetch с.134
- ^ "Сэр Эндрю Кларк" . Архивировано из оригинала на 2009-09-09 . Получено 2009-11-28 .
- ^ Vetch с.137
- ^ Vetch с.138
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный в Кесбуончо Мид с.64
- ^ Kesbooonchoo mead, стр. 94
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный "HM второй король Пинклао" . Soravij.com . Получено 2009-12-05 .
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Боуринг, сэр Джон (1857). Королевство и народ Сиама: с повествованием о миссии в этой стране в 1855 году. (Том 1) . Соединенное Королевство: непреклонная медиа -корпорация. ISBN 0-543-88704-9 .
- Энглхарт, Нил А. (2001). «Культура и власть в традиционном правительстве сиам» (серия программ Юго -Восточной Азии) (программы Юго -Восточной Азии, 18) . Соединенные Штаты: Университет Корнелльского университета Юго -Восточной Азии Публикации. ISBN 0-87727-135-6 .
- Кесбуончо Мид, Куллада (2004). Рост и снижение тайского абсолютизма . Великобритания: Рутледж Керзон. ISBN 0-415-29725-7 .
- Вич, Роберт Гамильтон (2005). Жизнь генерала лейтенанта почетного сэра Эндрю Кларка . Соединенное Королевство: издательство Кессингера. ISBN 1-4179-5130-3 Полем Полный текст также на 'archive.org': жизнь сэра Эндрю Кларка
Наместники чакри династии |
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