1881 год на всеобщие выборы в Испании
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Все 392 места в Конгрессе депутатов и 180 (из 360) мест в Сенате 197 мест, необходимые для большинства в Конгрессе депутатов | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Зарегистрированный | 846,961 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Оказаться | 604,758 (71.4%) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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состоялись Испанские всеобщие выборы 1881 года в воскресенье, 21 августа и в пятницу, 2 сентября 1881 года, чтобы выбрать 2 -й восстановление Кортеса Королевства Испании . Все 392 места в Конгрессе депутатов были на выборах, а также 180 из 360 мест в Сенате . [ 1 ]
состоялись всеобщие выборы 1881 года Несмотря на то, что в соответствии с недавно разработанной системой Turno Pacifico ; В соответствии с полуформальным расположением обмена электроэнергией, посвященным Антонио Кановасу дель Кастильо , выборы-под влиянием машинных боссов, называемых кациками -заслуженными как резиновая печать для обычной передачи власти, инициированной королем. Выборы 1881 года, как и ожидалось, санкционировали предварительную передачу от консерваторов в недавно созданную либеральную фьюжонскую партию . С 1881 года до конца конституционной монархии План Терн обмена властью
Overview
[edit]Background
[edit]The Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the monarch power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The monarch would also play a key role in the system of el turno pacífico (English: the Peaceful Turn) by appointing and dismissing governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the major political parties of the time, the conservatives and the liberals—characterized as elite parties with loose structures and dominated by internal factions led by powerful individuals—alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing.[2][3]
Electoral system
[edit]The Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.[4][5] Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of censitary suffrage, which comprised national males over twenty-five, being taxpayers with a minimum quota of twenty-five pesetas per territorial contribution or fifty per industrial subsidy, as well as being enrolled in the so-called capacity census (either by criteria of Education or for professional reasons).[6][7]
For the Congress of Deputies, 88 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 26 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 304 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing eight seats, electors could vote for up to six candidates; in those with seven seats, for up to five candidates; in those with six seats, for up to four; in those with four or five seats, for up to three candidates; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Additionally, up to ten deputies could be elected through cumulative voting in several single-member constituencies, provided that they obtained more than 10,000 votes overall. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 8 for Madrid, 5 for Barcelona and Palma, 4 for Seville and 3 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Córdoba, Granada, Jaén, Jerez de la Frontera, La Coruña, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia, Oviedo, Pamplona, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Santander, Tarragona, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.[4][8]
For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Álava, Albacete, Ávila, Biscay, Cuenca, Guadalajara, Guipúzcoa, Huelva, Logroño, Matanzas, Palencia, Pinar del Río, Puerto Príncipe, Santa Clara, Santander, Santiago de Cuba, Segovia, Soria, Teruel, Valladolid and Zamora were allocated two seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 147. The remaining 33 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Cuba, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Havana, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, Cuba–Puerto Rico, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).[9][10][11]
Election date
[edit]The term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.[4][8][9]
Results
[edit]Congress of Deputies
[edit]Overall
[edit]Mainland Spain
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| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | |||
| Liberal Fusionist Party (Fusionistas) | 297 | |||
| Liberal Conservative Party (Conservadores) | 48 | |||
| Progressive–Possibilist Democrats (Demócratas) | 32 | |||
| Independent Monarchist Progressives (Prog.i) | 10 | |||
| Catholic Union (UC) | 3 | |||
| Traditionalists (Tradicionalistas) | 2 | |||
| Fuerist Party of the Basque Union (PFUV) | 1 | |||
| Independents (Independientes) | 9 | |||
| Total | 604,758 | 392 | ||
| Votes cast / turnout | 604,758 | 71.40 | ||
| Abstentions | 242,203 | 28.60 | ||
| Registered voters | 846,961 | |||
| Sources[12][13][14] | ||||
Cuba
| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Votes | % | |||
| Constitutional Union Party (Unión Conservadora) | 18 | |||
| Liberal Party (Liberal) | 4 | |||
| Progressive Liberal Party (Liberal Progresista) | 2 | |||
| Total | 24 | |||
| Votes cast / turnout | ||||
| Abstentions | ||||
| Registered voters | 31,295 | |||
| Sources[15] | ||||
Elected deputies
[edit]The following table lists the elected deputies:[16][17][18][19]
| Province | Constituency | Elected member | Allegiance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
By-elections
| Constituency | Date | Elected member | Allegiance | Cause | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Senate
[edit] | ||
| Parties and alliances | Seats | |
|---|---|---|
| Liberal Fusionist Party (Fusionistas) | 135 | |
| Liberal Conservative Party (Conservadores) | 15 | |
| Progressive–Possibilist Democrats (Demócratas) | 12 | |
| Democratic Party (PD) | 4 | |
| Independents (Independientes) | 8 | |
| Archbishops (Arzobispos) | 10 | |
| Total elective seats | 180 | |
| Sources[20][21][22] | ||
References
[edit]- ^ "Real decreto declarando disueltos el Congreso de los Diputados y la parte electiva del Senado" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish) (177). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 871. 26 June 1881.
- ^ Martorell Linares 1997, pp. 139–143.
- ^ Martínez Relanzón 2017, pp. 147–148.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Constitución de 1876 (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). 30 June 1876. Retrieved 27 December 2016. "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "El Senado en la historia constitucional española". Senate of Spain (in Spanish). Retrieved 26 December 2016.
- ^ García Muñoz 2002, pp. 105–106.
- ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1077.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ley electoral de los Diputados a Cortes (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 28 December 1878. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Ley electoral de Senadores (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 8 February 1877. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ Ley dictando reglas para la elección de Senadores en las islas de Cuba y Puerto Rico (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (Law) (in Spanish). 9 January 1879. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ^ "Real decreto determinando el número de Senadores que habrán de elegirse en cada una de las provincias con motivo de las próximas elecciones" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish) (184). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado: 23. 3 July 1881.
- ^ Martínez Ruiz, Maqueda Abreu & De Diego 1999, p. 109.
- ^ Carreras de Odriozola & Tafunell Sambola 2005, p. 1093.
- ^ For election results:
- "Elecciones a Cortes 21 de agosto de 1881". Historia Electoral.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- "Hechas las clasificaciones de diputados, resultan 48 conservadores, 32 demócratas y 12 de otras fracciones". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 26 August 1881. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- "Crónica Universal. España". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Ilustración Católica. 28 August 1881. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- "Elecciones generales para Diputados a Cortes verificadas en los años de 1881 y 1884" (PDF). National Institute of Statistics (in Spanish). Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ Roldán de Montaud 1999, pp. 254–258.
- ^ "Elecciones Generales por Provincias". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Correspondencia de España. 22 August 1881. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ^ "Elecciones". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Fígaro. 24 August 1881. Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ^ "El futuro Congreso". Biblioteca Virtual de Andalucía (in Spanish). El Defensor de Granada. 26 August 1881. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ^ "Archivo histórico de diputados". Congress of Deputies (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 December 2020.
- ^ "Las elecciones y el Senado". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). El Imparcial. 3 September 1881. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ "Segun cálculos muy verosímiles, las oposiciones traerán al Senado 15 demócratas, 12 conservadores, 10 ultramontanos y 3 independientes". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 3 September 1881. Retrieved 12 December 2020.
- ^ "Más noticias sobre senadores". National Library of Spain (in Spanish). La Época. 4 September 1881. Retrieved 13 December 2020.
Bibliography
[edit]- Martorell Linares, Miguel Ángel (1997). "La crisis parlamentaria de 1913-1917. La quiebra del sistema de relaciones parlamentarias de la Restauración". Revista de Estudios Políticos (in Spanish) (96): 137–161. ISSN 0048-7694. Retrieved 13 September 2020.
- Martínez Ruiz, Enrique; Maqueda Abreu, Consuelo; De Diego, Emilio (1999). Atlas histórico de España (in Spanish). Vol. 2. Bilbao: Ediciones KAL. pp. 108–110. ISBN 9788470903502.
- Roldán de Montaud, Inés (1999). "Política y elecciones en Cuba durante la restauración". Revista de Estudios Políticos (in Spanish) (104): 245–287. Retrieved 19 December 2020.
- Гарсия Муньос, Монтсеррат (2002). «Избирательная документация и исторический файл депутатов » . Общий журнал информации и документации (по -испански). 12 (1): 93–137. ISSN 1132-1873 . Получено 13 сентября 2020 года .
- Odriozola Races, Альберт; Tafunell Sambola, Xavier (2005) [1989]. Историческая статистика из Испании, 19-й веки-XX (PDF) (на испанском языке). Vol. 1 (II ed.). Бильбао: Фонд BBVA. стр. 1072–1097. ISBN 84-96515-00-1 Полем Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 24 сентября 2015 года.
- Александр (2017). 1876 году и "Политическая модернизация находится между Annales Universitaris Mariae Curie-Sklodska, секретарь K 24 (1). : Университет 145–1 doi : 10.17951/k .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Исторический архив депутатов (1810–1977) . Конгресс депутатов (на испанском).
- Выборы в революционном сексуальном году и реставрации . Historia electoral.com (на испанском).
