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Красное крыло

Координаты : 7 ° 59'wans 32'W / 70,983 ° C / 70,983; -8.533
(Перенаправлено от Яна Майя )
Для рыбацкого траулера и Vorpostenboot см. Немецкий траулер V 401 Ян. Мейэн .
Для оффшорного патрульного суда см. В оффшорном патрульном судне Ян Мейен .

Красное крыло
Спутниковое изображение Спутника НАСА Яна Мейена, Бееренберг покрыт снегом
Расположение Яна Мейена в отношении Норвегии
География
Расположение Арктический океан
Координаты 7 ° 59'wans 32'W / 70,983 ° C / 70,983; -8.533
Область 377 км 2 (146 кв. МИ)
Береговая линия 124 100 м (407200 футов)
Высокая высота 2277 м (7470 футов)
Самая высокая точка Beerenberg
Администрация
Некорпоративная область Красное крыло
Крупнейшее поселение Олонбиен (Pop 35)
Демография
Население 0 (до 35 непостоянных жителей)
Дополнительная информация
Часовой пояс
Почтовый индекс 8099
ISO 3166 Код SJ

Красное крыло ( Urban East Norwegian: [jɑn ˈm̀ɪ̀ɪən] ) [ 1 ] является норвежским вулканическим островом в Арктическом океане без постоянного населения. Это 55 км (34 миль) длиной (юго-запад-северо-восток) и 373 км 2 (144 кв. Миль) в области, частично покрытая ледниками (площадь 114,2 км 2 (44,1 кв. Миль) вокруг Бееренберга вулкана ). Он имеет две части: более крупный северо-восточный Норд-Ян и меньший Sør-Jan, связанный шириной шириной 2,5 км (1,6 мили ) . Он находится в 600 км (370 миль) к северо -востоку от Исландии (495 км [305 миль] № Колбейнси ), 500 км (310 миль) к востоку от Центральной Гренландии и 900 км (560 миль) к северо -западу от Вестералена , Норвегия .

Остров гористый, самая высокая вершина - вулкан Бееренберга на севере. Заперок является расположением двух крупнейших озер острова, Сорлагуна (Южная лагуна) и Нордлагуна (Северная лагуна). Третье озеро называется Ullerenglaguna (лагуна Ullereng). Ян Майен был сформирован горячей точкой Яна Мейена и определяется геологами как микроконтинент. [ 2 ]

Несмотря на то, что он вводится отдельно, в стандарте ISO 3166-1 , Ян Мэйен и Свалбард в совокупности обозначены как Швейрбард и Ян Мэйен , с двухбуквенным кодом страны «SJ». Он также получил веб -домен .sj . Тем не менее, домен не используется, и Норвегия не используется на его месте.

Ян Мэйен является домом для Beerenberg , который является самым северным вулканом в мире. [ 3 ] [ 4 ]

Природные ресурсы

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Kármán Vortex Street, созданная вулканом Beerenberg в западных ветрах.

Остров Яна Мэйэн имеет один из природных ресурсов, гравийный , с участка, расположенного в Тронгскарет. Кроме этого, экономическая деятельность ограничена предоставлением услуг для сотрудников станций Норвегии, радиосвязи и метеорологических расположенных на острове. У Джана Майена есть одна грунтовая взлетно -посадочная полоса , Ян Мэйсфилд , длиной около 1585 м (5200 футов). У побережья 124,1 км (77,1 миль) нет портов или гаваней , только оффшорные якорь.

Существуют важные рыболовные ресурсы, и существование Яна Майена устанавливает большую исключительную экономическую зону (ИЭЗ). Норвегия заявила о 200-миле (370-километровом) ИЭЗ вокруг острова с 1980 года, охватывающего более четверти миллиона квадратных километров. Норвежская береговая охрана отвечает за проведение промысла и других морских наблюдений и правоприменения в этих водах. [ 5 ]

Норвегия обнаружила большие месторождения минералов вдоль середины Атлантического хребта между Ян-Майеном и южным швейцарским островом/ Медвежьим островом , [ 6 ] в том числе медь , цинк , кобальт , золото и серебро . Экспедиции также обнаружили высокие концентрации лития с редкоземельными металлами и скандала . В общей сложности подсчитано, что сумма меди может составлять 21,7 млн. Тонн, но другие оценки составляют около 7 миллионов тонн. Лицензия на глубокую море проживает в настоящее время. [ 7 ]

Спор между Норвегией и Данией в отношении зоны исключения рыболовства между Ян -Майеном и Гренландией был урегулирован в 1988 году, предоставив Данию более широкую область суверенитета. Геологи подозревают, что значительные месторождения нефти и природного газа лежат ниже окружающих морских флюдов Яна Майена . [ 8 ]

Статус

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Снежный вулкан Беренберг за прибрежными холмами за прибрежными холмами

Ян Мэйэн остров является неотъемлемой частью Королевства Норвегии . С 1995 года губернатор округа ( Statsforvalter ) северного норвежского графства Северного Норвежского графства округа ( Statsforvalter) , к которому он ближе всего. Тем не менее, некоторые власти над Яном Мейеном были назначены командующему станцией Норвежской оборонной логистической организации, филиала Норвежских вооруженных сил . [ 4 ]

Общество

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Демография

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Olonkinbyen в августе

Единственными жителями на острове являются персонал, работающий на норвежские вооруженные силы и Норвежский метеорологический институт . Восемнадцать человек проводят зиму на острове, но население может примерно вдвое (35) летом, когда выполняется тяжелое техническое обслуживание. Персонал обслуживает либо шесть месяцев, либо один год и обменивается два раза в год в апреле и октябре. Экипаж поддержки, в том числе механики, повара и медсестра, являются одними из военнослужащих. Военнослужащие управляли Loran-C, базой пока она не закрылась в конце 2015 года. [ 9 ] [ 10 ] И передатчик Loran, и метеорологическая станция расположены в нескольких километрах от поселения Olonkinbyen (Olonkin Town), где живут весь персонал.

Transport

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Transport to the island is provided by C-130 Hercules military transport planes operated by the Royal Norwegian Air Force which land at Jan Mayensfield's gravel runway. The planes fly in from Bodø Main Air Station eight times a year. Since the airport does not have any instrument landing capabilities, good visibility is required, and it is not uncommon for the planes to have to return to Bodø, two hours away, without landing. For heavy goods, freight ships visit during the summer, but since there are no harbours, the ships must anchor. Tourists arrive with cruise ships which are allowed to bring passengers onshore if weather permits.[11]

Communication

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The island has no indigenous population but is assigned the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 country code SJ (together with Svalbard). It uses the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) .no (.sj is allocated but not used)[12] and data code JN. Jan Mayen has telephone and internet connection over satellite, using Norwegian telephone numbers (country code 47). Its amateur radio call sign prefix is JX. It has a postal code, NO-8099 JAN MAYEN, but delivery time varies, especially during the winter.

Business

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There are no exploitable resources on Jan Mayen, except fish in the surrounding waters of the Island and gravel. The economic activity is limited to the operation of the station that is staffed by the Norwegian Cyberdefence and the Meteorological Agency of Norway. There has also been established a reference station for EGNOS.[13] There is also a reference station for the satellite navigation system Galileo on Jan Mayen.[14] There was also an earlier Jan Mayen LORAN-C Transmitter, but the transmitter is now decommissioned and demolished.

Jan Mayen Radio

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Jan Mayen Radio was a Norwegian coastal radio station on Jan Mayen. The first radiostation was built in 1921 on a part of the island called "Eldsmetten - Norwegian" on the eastern side of the Island. The radiostation consisted of a 3 kW Telefunken spark-gap transmitter and a 55 m (180 ft) wooden radiomast. The station was destroyed by Norwegian forces in September 1940, and the crew was sent to Iceland.

In 1941 a new radiostation was constructed on the western side of the island, it was moved to a plateau above. In 1962 this station was again moved to "Helenesanden - Norwegian" about 3 km (1.9 mi) north from the Norwegian army's LORAN-station.

In 1984 the station was moved to the Norwegian army's station. In 1989 there was an VHF-receiver installed, and later in October 1994 the local control of the radio station was terminated. Before the local control was terminated a MF-Digital-Selcall-receiver was installed and controlled remotely from Bodø-Radio.[15] The station is still (Jan 2024) controlled remotely via satellite, but can be taken in local control by a disconnection against Eik Satellite Earth Station in Rogaland Norway.[16][17][18]

History

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In the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s), Dutch navigators were the first non-natives to undisputedly explore and map many largely unknown isolated areas of the world, including Jan Mayen and the Svalbard archipelago in the Arctic Ocean.

Unverified "discoveries" of a terra nullius

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See also: Terra nullius
A beach on Jan Mayen

Between the fifth and ninth centuries (400–900 AD), numerous communities of monks originating in Ireland (Papar) navigated throughout the north Atlantic in leather boats, exploring and sometimes settling in distant islands where their monastic communities could be separated from close contact with others. Strong indicators exist of their presence in the Faroe Islands and Iceland before the arrival of the Vikings, and medieval Gaelic chronicles such as the famous Voyage of Saint Brendan the Abbot testify to the extensive interest in exploration at the time.

A modern-day trans-Atlantic journey proved the ability of the early navigators to reach all lands of the north Atlantic even further from Ireland than Jan Mayen – and, given favourable winds, at a speed roughly equal to that of modern yachts.[19] Though quite feasible, there is nevertheless no direct physical trace of medieval landings or settlement on Jan Mayen.

The land named Svalbarð ("cold coast") by the Vikings in the early medieval book Landnámabók may have been Jan Mayen (instead of Spitsbergen, renamed Svalbard by the Norwegians in modern times); the distance from Iceland to Svalbarð mentioned in this book is two days' sailing (with favorable winds), consistent with the approximate 550 km (340 mi) to Jan Mayen and not with the minimum 1,550 km (960 mi) to Spitsbergen.[20] However much Jan Mayen may have been known in Europe at that time, it was subsequently forgotten for some centuries.

In the 17th century, many claims of the island's rediscovery were made, spurred by the rivalry on the Arctic whaling grounds, and the island received many names. According to Thomas Edge, an early 17th-century whaling captain who was often inaccurate, "William [sic] Hudson" discovered the island in 1608 and named it "Hudson's Touches" (or "Tutches"). However, the well-known explorer Henry Hudson could only have come by on his voyage in 1607 (if he had made an illogical detour) and he made no mention of it in his journal.[20]

According to William Scoresby (1820: p. 154), referring to the mistaken belief that the Dutch had discovered the island in 1611, Hull whalers discovered the island "about the same time" and named it "Trinity Island". Muller (1874: pp. 190–191) took this to mean they had come upon Jan Mayen in 1611 or 1612, which was repeated by many subsequent authors. There were, in fact, no Hull whalers in either of these years, the first Hull whaling expedition having been sent to the island only in 1616 (see below). As with the previous claim made by Edge, there is no cartographical or written proof for this supposed discovery.[21]

During the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s)

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See also: Dutch Republic in the Age of Discovery, Dutch mapping of Jan Mayen, and Early modern Netherlandish cartography

First verified discoveries: mapping and naming

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A map of Jan Mayen during the Golden Age of Dutch exploration and discovery (c. 1590s–1720s). This is a typical map created by Dutch cartographers from the Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography.

The first verified discoveries of Jan Mayen, by three separate expeditions, occurred in the summer of 1614, probably within one month of each other. The Dutchman Fopp Gerritsz, whilst in command of a whaling expedition sent out by the Englishman John Clarke, of Dunkirk, claimed (in 1631) to have discovered the island on 28 June and named it "Isabella".[21][22][23] In January the Noordsche Compagnie (Northern Company), modelled on the Dutch East India Company, had been established to support Dutch whaling in the Arctic. Two of its ships, financed by merchants from Amsterdam and Enkhuizen, reached Jan Mayen in July 1614.

The captains of these ships—Jan Jacobszoon May van Schellinkhout (after whom the island was ultimately named) on the Gouden Cath (Golden Cat), and Jacob de Gouwenaer on the Orangienboom (Orange Tree)—named it Mr. Joris Eylant after the Dutch cartographer Joris Carolus who was on board and mapped the island. The captains acknowledged that a third Dutch ship, the Cleyn Swaentgen (Little Swan) captained by Jan Jansz Kerckhoff and financed by Noordsche Compagnie shareholders from Delft, had already been at the island when they arrived. They had assumed the latter, who named the island Maurits Eylandt (or Mauritius) after Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange, would report their discovery to the States General. However, the Delft merchants had decided to keep the discovery secret and returned in 1615 to hunt for their own profit. The ensuing dispute was only settled in 1617, though both companies were allowed to whale at Jan Mayen in the meantime.[21]

In 1615, the English whaler Robert Fotherby went ashore. Apparently thinking he had made a new discovery, he named the island "Sir Thomas Smith's Island" and the volcano "Mount Hakluyt".[20][24] On a map of c. 1634, Jean Vrolicq renamed the island Île de Richelieu.[25]

Jan Mayen first appeared on Willem Jansz Blaeu's 1620 edition map of Europe, originally published by Cornelis Doedz in 1606. Blaeu, who lived in Amsterdam, named it "Jan Mayen" after captain Jan Jacobszoon May van Schellinkhout of the Amsterdam-financed Gouden Cath. Blaeu made the first detailed map of the island in his famous "Zeespiegel" atlas of 1623, establishing its current name.[21]

Dutch whaling base

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Road along the west coast, about 500 metres (1,600 ft) off the station.
"HOLLENDERHAUGEN. HER HVILER TAPRE HOLLANDSKE MENN." Old cross on the grave of seven Dutchmen, reading "The Dutch men's hill. Here rest brave Dutch men".

From 1615 to 1638, Jan Mayen was used as a whaling base by the Dutch Noordsche Compagnie, which had been given a monopoly on whaling in the Arctic regions by the States General in 1614. Only two ships, one from the Noordsche Compagnie, and the other from the Delft merchants, were off Jan Mayen in 1615.

The following year a score of vessels were sent to the island. The Noordsche Compagnie sent eight ships escorted by three warships under Jan Jacobsz. Schrobop; while the Delft merchants sent up five ships under Adriaen Dircksz. Leversteyn, son of one of the above merchants.[26] There were also two ships from Dunkirk sent by John Clarke, as well as a ship each from London and Hull.

Heertje Jansz, master of the Hope, of Enkhuizen, wrote a day-by-day account of the season. The ships took two weeks to reach Jan Mayen, arriving early in June. On 15 June they met the two English ships, which Schrobop allowed to remain, on condition they gave half their catch to the Dutch.[27] The ships from Dunkirk were given the same conditions. By late July the first ship had left with a full cargo of whale oil; the rest left early in August, several filled with oil.[28]

That year 200 men were seasonally living and working on the island at six temporary whaling stations (spread along the northwest coast). During the first decade of whaling, more than ten ships visited Jan Mayen each year, while in the second period (1624 and later) five to ten ships were sent. With the exception of a few ships from Dunkirk, which came to the island in 1617 and were either driven away or forced to give a third of their catch to the Dutch,[27] only the Dutch and merchants from Hull[29] sent up ships to Jan Mayen from 1616 onward. In 1624 ten wooden houses were built in South Bay. About this time the Dutch appear to have abandoned the temporary stations consisting of tents of sail and crude furnaces, replacing them with two semi-permanent stations with wooden storehouses and dwellings and large brick furnaces, one in the above-mentioned South Bay and the other in the North Bay. In 1628 two forts were built to protect the stations.[21] Among the sailors active at Jan Mayen was the later admiral Michiel Adriaensz de Ruyter. In 1633, at the age of 26, he was for the first time listed as an officer aboard de Groene Leeuw (The Green Lion). He again went to Jan Mayen in 1635, aboard the same ship.

In 1632 the Noordsche Compagnie expelled the Danish-employed Basque whalers from Spitsbergen. In revenge, the latter sailed to Jan Mayen, where the Dutch had left for the winter, to plunder the Dutch equipment and burn down the settlements and factories. Captain Outger Jacobsz of Grootebroek was asked to stay the next winter (1633/34) on Jan Mayen with six shipmates to defend the island. While a group with the same task survived the winter on Spitsbergen, all seven on Jan Mayen died of scurvy or trichinosis (from eating raw polar bear meat) combined with the harsh conditions.

During the first phase of whaling the hauls were generally good, some exceptional. For example, Mathijs Jansz. Hoepstock caught 44 whales in Hoepstockbukta in 1619, which produced 2,300 casks of whale oil. During the second phase the hauls were much lower. While 1631 turned out to be a very good season, the following year, due to the weather and ice, only eight whales were caught. In 1633 eleven ships managed to catch just 47 whales; while a meager 42 were caught by the same number in 1635.[21] The bowhead whale was locally hunted to near-extinction around 1640 (approximately 1000 had been killed and processed on the island),[21] at which time Jan Mayen was abandoned and stayed uninhabited for two and a half centuries.

19th and 20th century expeditions

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Map of settlements on Jan Mayen
Traditional signpost with directions to civilization on Jan Mayen station

During the International Polar Year 1882–1883 the Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition stayed one year at Jan Mayen. The expedition performed extensive mapping of the area, their maps being of such quality that they were used until the 1950s. The Austrian polar station on Jan Mayen Island was built and equipped in 1882 fully at Count Wilczek's own expense.

Polar bears appear on Jan Mayen,[30] although in diminished numbers compared with earlier times. Between 1900 and 1920, there were a number of Norwegian trappers spending winters on Jan Mayen, hunting Arctic foxes in addition to some polar bears. But the exploitation soon made the profits decline, and the hunting ended. Polar bears in this region of the Arctic are genetically distinguishable from those living elsewhere.[31]

The League of Nations gave Norway jurisdiction over the island, and in 1921 Norway opened the first meteorological station.[32] The Norwegian Meteorological Institute annexed the middle part of the island for Norway in 1922 and the whole island in 1926 when Hallvard Devold was head of the weather observations base on the island. On 27 February 1930, the island was made de jure a part of the Kingdom of Norway.

Second World War

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During World War II, continental Norway was invaded and occupied by Germany in spring 1940. The four-man team on Jan Mayen stayed at their posts and in an act of defiance began sending their weather reports to the United Kingdom instead of Norway. The British codenamed Jan Mayen 'Island X' and attempted to reinforce it with troops to counteract any German attack.

On 8 November 1940 the Norwegian patrol boat HNoMS Fridtjof Nansen ran aground on Nansenflua, one of the islands' many uncharted lava reefs, and the 68-man crew abandoned ship and joined the Norwegian team on shore. The British expedition commander, prompted by the loss of the gunboat, decided to abandon Jan Mayen until the following spring and radioed for a rescue ship. Within a few days a ship arrived and evacuated the four Norwegians and their would-be reinforcements, after demolishing the weather station to prevent it from falling into German hands.

The Germans attempted to land a weather team on the island on 16 November 1940; the German naval trawler carrying the team crashed on the rocks just off Jan Mayen after a patrolling British destroyer had picked them up on radar. The detection was not by chance, as the German plan had been compromised from the beginning with British wireless interceptors of the Radio Security Service following the communications of the Abwehr (the German Intelligence service) concerning the operation, and the destroyer had been waiting. Most of the crew struggled ashore and were taken prisoner by a landing party from the destroyer.[32][33]

The Allies returned to the island on 10 March 1941, when the Norwegian ship Veslekari, escorted by the patrol boat Honningsvaag, dropped 12 Norwegian weathermen on the island. The team's radio transmissions soon betrayed its presence to the Axis, and German planes from Norway began to bomb and strafe Jan Mayen whenever weather permitted, but did little damage. Soon supplies and reinforcements arrived, and even some anti-aircraft guns, giving the island a garrison of a few dozen weathermen and soldiers. By 1941, Germany had given up hope of evicting the Allies from the island and the constant air raids stopped.

On 7 August 1942, a German Focke-Wulf Fw 200 "Condor", probably on a mission to bomb the station, crashed into the nearby mountainside of Danielssenkrateret in fog, killing its crew of nine,[34] and at an unknown date another German plane with four crew members crashed on the southwest side of the island, this crash only becoming public knowledge when the crash site was discovered in 1950.[35] In 1943, the Americans established a radio locating station named Atlantic City in the north to try to locate German radio bases in Greenland.

Cold War

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After the war, the meteorological station was located at Atlantic City, but moved in 1949 to a new location. Radio Jan Mayen also served as an important radio station for ship traffic in the Arctic Ocean. In 1959 NATO started building the LORAN-C network in sites on the Atlantic Ocean; one of the transmitters was to be on Jan Mayen. By 1961 the new military installations, including a new airfield, were operational.

For some time scientists doubted that the Beerenberg volcano would become active, but in 1970 it erupted for about three weeks, adding another 3 km2 (1.2 sq mi) of land mass to the island. It also erupted in 1973 and 1985. During an eruption, the sea temperature around the island may increase from just above freezing to about 30 °C (86 °F).

Historic stations and huts on the island are Hoyberg, Vera, Olsbu, Puppebu (cabin), Gamlemetten or Gamlestasjonen (the old weather station), Jan Mayen Radio, Helenehytta, Margarethhytta, and Ulla (a cabin at the foot of the Beerenberg).

Environment

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Nature reserve

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A regulation dating from 2010 renders the island a nature reserve under Norwegian jurisdiction.[36] The aim of this regulation is to ensure the preservation of a pristine Arctic island and the marine life nearby, including the ocean floor. Landings at Jan Mayen can be done by boat. However, this is permitted only at a small part of the island, named Båtvika (Boat Bay).

As there is no commercial airline operating at the island, one cannot get there by plane except by chartering one. Permission for landings by a charter plane has to be obtained in advance. Permission to stay on the island has to be obtained in advance, and is generally limited to a few days (or even hours). Putting up a tent or setting up camp is prohibited. There is a separate regulation for the stay of foreigners.[37]

Panoramic photo of the northwest coast of Jan Mayen

Geography and geology

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See also: Geology of Jan Mayen
Soviet topographic map

Jan Mayen consists of two geographically distinct parts. Nord-Jan has a round shape and is dominated by the 2,277 m (7,470 ft) high Beerenberg volcano with its large ice cap (114.2 km2 or 44 sq mi), which can be divided into twenty individual outlet glaciers. The largest of those is Sørbreen, with an area of 15 km2 (5.8 sq mi) and a length of 8.7 km (5.41 mi). South-Jan is narrow, comparatively flat and unglaciated. Its highest elevation is Rudolftoppen at 769 m (2,523 ft). The station and living quarters are located on South-Jan. The island lies at the northern end of the Jan Mayen Microcontinent. The microcontinent was originally part of the Greenland Plate, but now forms part of the Eurasian Plate.

Important Bird Area

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The island was identified as an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it is a breeding site for large numbers of seabirds, supporting populations of northern fulmars (78,000–160,000 pairs), little auks (10,000–100,000 pairs), thick-billed guillemot (74,000–147,000 pairs) and black guillemots (100–1,000 pairs).[38]

Climate

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Jan Mayen has an oceanic polar climate with a Köppen classification of ET, sometimes reckoned as EM (maritime polar). Jan Mayen is situated in between the cold East Greenland Current to the west and the warm Gulf Stream to the east of the island, and is the only landmass in the northern hemisphere where warm and cold ocean currents meet.[39] The surrounding seas makes seasonal temperature variations very small considering the latitude of the island, with ranges from around 6 °C (43 °F) in August to −4 °C (25 °F) in March, but also makes the island extremely cloudy with little sunshine even during the continuous polar day. The deep snow cover prevents any permafrost from developing. As a result of warming, the 1991-2020 temperature normal shows a mean annual temperature 1.9 °C (3.4 °F) warmer than during 1961-1990, pushing the annual temperature above freezing.

Climate data for Jan Mayen 1991–2020 (10 m, extremes 1921–2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1) 		10
(50) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		14.4
(57.9) 		18.1
(64.6) 		18
(64) 		17
(63) 		14.2
(57.6) 		15
(59) 		10
(50) 		12.3
(54.1) 		18.1
(64.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −0.7
(30.7) 		−1.2
(29.8) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		−0.2
(31.6) 		2.1
(35.8) 		5.1
(41.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		7.9
(46.2) 		6
(43) 		3
(37) 		0.9
(33.6) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		2.4
(36.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) −2.9
(26.8) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		0.4
(32.7) 		3.1
(37.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		6.3
(43.3) 		4.5
(40.1) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−1
(30) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.5
(32.8)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −5.2
(22.6) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−1
(30) 		1.6
(34.9) 		4.3
(39.7) 		5.1
(41.2) 		3.2
(37.8) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−2.9
(26.8) 		−4.6
(23.7) 		−1.2
(29.7)
Record low °C (°F) −26.9
(−16.4) 		−28.4
(−19.1) 		−26.8
(−16.2) 		−21.4
(−6.5) 		−12
(10) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−18
(0) 		−19.5
(−3.1) 		−24.2
(−11.6) 		−28.4
(−19.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 61
(2.4) 		52
(2.0) 		53
(2.1) 		39
(1.5) 		35
(1.4) 		23
(0.9) 		36
(1.4) 		57
(2.2) 		78
(3.1) 		72
(2.8) 		69
(2.7) 		68
(2.7) 		643
(25.2)
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[40]
Source 2: Meteostat[41]
Climate data for Jan Mayen (1961–1990, extremes 1921–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.5
(49.1) 		10.0
(50.0) 		8.0
(46.4) 		10.3
(50.5) 		11.3
(52.3) 		18.1
(64.6) 		15.0
(59.0) 		15.7
(60.3) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.0
(59.0) 		10.0
(50.0) 		12.3
(54.1) 		18.1
(64.6)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −3.0
(26.6) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−3.5
(25.7) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		1.2
(34.2) 		4.1
(39.4) 		6.4
(43.5) 		6.9
(44.4) 		4.5
(40.1) 		1.9
(35.4) 		−1.0
(30.2) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		0.8
(33.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) −5.7
(21.7) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−6.1
(21.0) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		2.0
(35.6) 		4.2
(39.6) 		4.9
(40.8) 		2.8
(37.0) 		0.1
(32.2) 		−3.3
(26.1) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−1.4
(29.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.4
(16.9) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−6.0
(21.2) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		0.5
(32.9) 		2.7
(36.9) 		3.5
(38.3) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−1.7
(28.9) 		−5.4
(22.3) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		−3.4
(25.9)
Record low °C (°F) −26.9
(−16.4) 		−28.4
(−19.1) 		−26.8
(−16.2) 		−21.4
(−6.5) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−5.1
(22.8) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−18.0
(−0.4) 		−19.5
(−3.1) 		−24.2
(−11.6) 		−28.4
(−19.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 56
(2.2) 		53
(2.1) 		55
(2.2) 		40
(1.6) 		40
(1.6) 		37
(1.5) 		47
(1.9) 		61
(2.4) 		82
(3.2) 		82
(3.2) 		65
(2.6) 		65
(2.6) 		683
(27.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 12.6 11.1 12.1 9.1 7.6 7.6 9.2 11.1 13.3 14.6 12.9 13.0 134.2
Average relative humidity (%) 83 83 84 83 85 87 89 87 83 83 81 82 84
Mean monthly sunshine hours 0 28 62 120 149 150 124 93 60 31 0 0 817
Source 1: Norwegian Meteorological Institute[42]
Source 2: The Weather Network (humidity),[43] World Climate data (sunshine hours)[44]
[edit]

Jan Mayen is featured as an easter egg in several grand strategy video games published by Paradox Interactive, such as Europa Universalis IV. In Europa Universalis IV, typing "bearhaslanded" into the command console will spawn Jan Mayen as a country in a random location. Players can also specify where Jan Mayen will spawn by including a province ID in the command.[45] In Hearts of Iron IV, also published by Paradox Interactive, players can play as Jan Mayen during the Second World War.[46] In Victoria 2, set in the nineteenth century, certain decisions will see polar bears take charge of Jan Mayen's military.[47]

The island is mentioned by the captain of K-19: The Widowmaker just before the ship's nuclear reactor malfunctions. The captain is concerned that the reactor will explode and cause a nuclear explosion in the vicinity of the NATO base on the island triggering a nuclear war.

The 2022 film Tales of Jan Mayen, directed by Hugo Pettit, documents the recreation of the 1921 British expedition to the summit of Mount Beerenberg.[48][49]

See also

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969). Norsk Uttaleordbok (in Norwegian). Oslo: H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard). p. 157.
  2. ^ "Jan Mayen er et bitte lite kontinent". September 2022. Archived from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
  3. ^ Quinn, Joyce A. (2015). Earth's Landscape: An Encyclopedia of the World's Geographic Features. ABC-CLIO. Page 362. ISBN 9781610694469.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Central Intelligence Agency (2016). The World Factbook 2009. U.S. Executive Office of the President. Page 323. ISBN 9781597974141.
  5. ^ "KYSTVAKTEN – NORWEGIAN COAST GUARD". Research Gate. January 2019. Retrieved 19 August 2023.
  6. ^ "Analysis reveals extensive seabed minerals". Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  7. ^ "Norway eyes sea change in deep dive for metals instead of oil". Reuters. 12 January 2021. Archived from the original on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
  8. ^ "Oil majors eye oil, gas off Arctic Jan Mayen island". reuters. 21 August 2013. Archived from the original on 24 August 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2013.
  9. ^ "Loran Station Jan Mayer". Archived from the original on 14 October 2015. Retrieved 11 November 2015.
  10. ^ "Loran C er historie" (in Norwegian). Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  11. ^ "17 Days Extensive Arctic Ocean - North Spitsbergen Explorer". Archived from the original on 18 December 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.
  12. ^ "The .bv and .sj top level domains". Archived from the original on 7 February 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2012.
  13. ^ "Tildelingsbrev 2022 Samfunnet Jan Mayen - Cyberforsvaret" (PDF). Regjeringen.no. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  14. ^ "Regjeringen sier ja til Galileo på Jan Mayen". www.aftenposten.no (in Norwegian Bokmål). 13 January 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  15. ^ "JAN MAYEN HOMESITE, EDITED BY THE JAN MAYEN CREW". 24 October 2005. Archived from the original on 24 October 2005. Retrieved 30 January 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  16. ^ "Jan Mayen radio", Wikipedia (in Norwegian Bokmål), 5 May 2022, archived from the original on 9 December 2023, retrieved 13 March 2023
  17. ^ "Telenor Kystradio". www.kystradio.no. Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  18. ^ Nyheter, Jan Mayen. "Nordlys og navigasjonssystem på Jan Mayen « Jan Mayen" (in Norwegian Bokmål). Archived from the original on 13 March 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  19. ^ Severin, Tim (2000) [1978], The Brendan Voyage, Random House
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c J. M. Wordie (1922), "Jan Mayen Island", The Geographical Journal Vol 59 (3), pp. 180–194
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Louwrens Hacquebord, "The Jan Mayen Whaling Industry" in Jan Mayen Island in Scientific Focus, Stig Skreslet, editor, Springer Verlag 2004
  22. ^ Holland, Clive (1994). Arctic Exploration and Development, c. 500 B.C. to 1915: an encyclopedia. New York: Garland.
  23. ^ Hart, S. De eerste Nederlandse tochten ter walvisvaart (1957), p. 50. Hart says it occurred in 1613.
  24. ^ Alexander King, J. N. Jennings: The Imperial College Expedition to Jan Mayen Island. The Geographical Journal, Vol. 94, No. 2 (Aug 1939), pp. 115-131
  25. ^ Among others: Henrat, P. 1984. French Naval Operations in Spitsbergen During Louis XIV's Reign. Arctic 37: 544-551, p.544. Conway, William Martin (1906). No Man's Land: A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country. Cambridge, At the University Press, p. 79. He called it "Pico" according to Dalgård, Sune (1962). Dansk-Norsk Hvalfangst 1615-1660: En Studie over Danmark-Norges Stilling i Europæisk Merkantil Expansion. G.E.C Gads Forlag, p.160
  26. ^ Сэмюэль Мюллер. 1874. ИСТОРИЯ НОРДШЕ КОМПАГНИ. Gebr van der post.
  27. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Sune Dalgård. 1962. Датские норвежские китобойные китобойные китоги 1615-1660 гг . GEC GADS FORLAG.
  28. ^ «Журнал шкипера Heertgen Jansz D Anno 1616» (на голландском языке). Архивировано с оригинала 3 апреля 2012 года . Получено 11 июля 2012 года .
  29. ^ Эпплби, Джон С. "Конфликт, сотрудничество и конкуренция: рост и падение китобойной торговли корпуса в течение семнадцатого века". Северный моряк , XVIII № 2, (апрель 2008 г.), 23-59.
  30. ^ Майкл Джонс и Кеннет Олвиг. 2008. Северные ландшафты: регион и принадлежность на северном краю Европы , Университет Миннесоты Пресс, ISBN   0-8166-3914-0 , ISBN   978-0-8166-3914-4
  31. ^ Хоган, С. Майкл (2008). Stromberg, N (ed.). «Белый медведь: ursus maritimus» . Globaltwitcher.com. Архивировано из оригинала 24 декабря 2008 года . Получено 11 июля 2012 года .
  32. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Ригге, Саймон (1980), война в аванпостах , с. 24–25. Александрия, Вирджиния: Книги временной жизни.
  33. ^ Эрик Нидерст. «Погодная война Второй мировой войны» . Сеть истории войны . Архивировано из оригинала 23 сентября 2020 года . Получено 12 августа 2020 года .
  34. ^ «Место крушения в Danielssenkrateret» . Архивировано с оригинала 4 октября 2012 года . Получено 11 июля 2012 года .
  35. ^ «История Яна Майена» . Архивировано с оригинала 6 марта 2015 года . Получено 29 мая 2014 года .
  36. ^ «На 2010-11-19 № 1456: Правила по сохранению природного заповедника Яна Мейена» (на норвежском языке). Лавдата . Архивировано из оригинала 15 апреля 2021 года . Получено 29 января 2021 года .
  37. ^ «Для 1962-06-01 № 01: Правила по доступу иностранцев к Яну Майну» (на норвежском языке). Лавдата . Архивировано из оригинала 20 января 2021 года . Получено 29 января 2021 года .
  38. ^ «Ян Мэйэн остров» . Важный фартат птиц . BirdLife International. 2013. Архивировано с оригинала 3 марта 2024 года . Получено 22 августа 2013 года .
  39. ^ «Эволюция Яна Майена через лед, огонь и воду» . 8 февраля 2016 года. Архивировано с оригинала 26 февраля 2023 года . Получено 26 февраля 2023 года .
  40. ^ "Эклима" . Архивировано из оригинала 28 января 2021 года . Получено 13 февраля 2021 года .
  41. ^ «Метеостат» . Архивировано из оригинала 6 февраля 2022 года . Получено 6 февраля 2022 года .
  42. ^ «Норвегия - Ян Мейэн» . Получено 7 мая 2014 года . [ мертвая ссылка ] ( Требуется регистрация )
  43. ^ «Статистика: Ян Мейэн, Норвегия» . Сеть погоды . Получено 11 июля 2012 года . [ Постоянная мертвая ссылка ]
  44. ^ "Ян Мэйен Климат -гид" . Архивировано с оригинала 16 марта 2016 года . Получено 29 мая 2014 года .
  45. ^ Боначчи, Стефано (20 октября 2016 г.). «Пасхальное яйцо Яна Майена: как и почему вы можете сделать страну белых медведей в Европе Universalis IV » . www.gameskinny.com . Архивировано из оригинала 8 ноября 2022 года . Получено 8 ноября 2022 года .
  46. ^ «Ян Майен - Сердца Железного 4 Вики» . hoi4.paradoxwikis.com . Получено 23 июня 2024 года .
  47. ^ "Ян Мэй - Вики Вики" Вики " Vic2 ​23 2024июня
  48. ^ «Спустя 100 лет после первого восхождения на самый северный в мире активный вулкан, эта команда снова поднялась на него. Вот почему» . Приключение . 28 апреля 2022 года . Получено 23 июня 2024 года .
  49. ^ «Сказки Яна Майена - отзывы и где посмотреть - Good.film» . Good.film . Получено 23 июня 2024 года .

Общие и цитируемые ссылки

[ редактировать ]
  • Ledgard, JM (2011). Погружение . Кофейная домика пресса.
  • Umbreit, Andreas (2005). Spitsbergen: Svalbard - Franz Josef Land - Jan Mayen , 3 -е изд. Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN   1-84162-092-0 .
[ редактировать ]
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