Черепаха Бленинга

Черепаха Бленинга
Статус сохранения
	; Находясь под угрозой исчезновения ( МСОП 3.1 )
	СИТУСИТ ПРИЛОЖЕНИЕ II ( CITES )
Научная классификация
Домен:	Эукариота
Королевство:	Животное
Филум:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Testudines
Suborder:	Cryptodira
Superfamily:	Testudinoidea
Family:	Emydidae
Subfamily:	Emydinae
Genus:	Emydoidea; JE Gray, 1870
Species:	E. blandingii
Binomial name
	Emydoidea blandingii; (Holbrook, 1838)
	The range of Blanding's turtle
Synonyms
	Testudo flava ; Lacépède, 1788 ; (nomen suppressum); Testudo flava ; — Bonaterre, 1789 ; (nomen suppressum); Testudo meleagris ; Shaw, 1793 ; (nomen suppressum); Cistuda blandingii ; Holbrook, 1838 ; (nomen conservandum); Emys blandingii ; — Strauch, 1862; Emydoidea blandingii ; — Gray, 1870; Emys twentei ; Taylor, 1943;

( Черепаха Бленинга emydoidea blandingii ) ^{[ 1 ]}^{[ 5 ]} полуаковатическая черепаха семьи . emydidae это Этот вид является родным для центральных и восточных частей Канады и Соединенных Штатов . ^{[ 2 ]} Это считается исчезающим видом на протяжении большей части его диапазона. ^{[ 8 ]} Черепаха Бленинга представляет интерес к исследованиям долголетия, так как она показывает мало или нет общих признаков старения и физически активна и способна воспроизводить в восемь или девять десятилетия жизни. ^{[ 9 ]}^{[ 10 ]}

Таксономия

Существуют различия в отношении рода для этого вида; И Emys , и Emydoidea встречаются в опубликованных источниках в 2009, 2010 и 2011 годах. ^{[ 1 ]}^{[ 4 ]}

Этимология

И конкретное имя , Blandii , и общее имя, черепаха Блэндинг, в честь американского натуралиста доктора Уильяма Блэндия (1773–1857). ^{[ 11 ]}

Description

The Blanding's turtle is a medium-sized turtle with an average straight carapace length of approximately 18 to 23 cm (7.1 to 9.1 in) with a maximum of 25.5 cm (10.0 in). A distinguishing feature of this turtle is the bright yellow chin and throat. The carapace, or upper shell, is domed, but slightly flattened along the midline, and is oblong when viewed from above. The carapace is speckled with numerous yellow or light-colored flecks or streaks on a dark background. The plastron, or lower shell, is yellow with dark blotches symmetrically arranged. The head and legs are dark, and usually speckled or mottled with yellow. The Blanding's turtle is also called the "semi-box" turtle, for although the plastron is hinged, the plastral lobes do not shut as tight as the box turtles'.

Reproduction

Blanding's turtles take 14–20 years to reach sexual maturity. Mating probably occurs in April and early May with nesting beginning in early June and lasting throughout the month.^[12] The clutch size varies from region to region. In New York, the clutch size ranges from five to twelve eggs, with an average of eight.

Behavior and life span

Blanding's turtles overwinter under or near water, in mud, or under vegetation or debris. This is known as brumation. During the nesting season, a female Blanding's turtle may be found more than a kilometer from where it hibernated. It is omnivorous, eating crustaceans (including crayfish), insects (such as dragonfly nymphs and aquatic beetles), snails and other invertebrates, fish, fish eggs, frogs, carrion, berries, seeds, and vegetable debris.^[13] They will eat coontail, duckweed, sedge, and bulrush.^[13] It is capable of catching live fish. Based on the extreme lack of aging symptoms and lack of age related decline, these turtles are considered a negligibly senescent species.^[9]

The Blanding's turtle is a timid turtle and may plunge into water and remain on the bottom for hours when alarmed. If away from water, the turtle will withdraw into its shell. It is very gentle and rarely attempts to bite. It is very agile and a good swimmer.

Distribution and habitat

The geographic range of E. blandingii centres on the Great Lakes, and extends from central Nebraska and Minnesota (where it twice failed to become the state reptile)^[14] eastward through southern Ontario and the south shore of Lake Erie as far east as northern New York. In Nebraska, this turtle is uncommon in the eastern portion of the state, but common to abundant in the Sand Hills region lakes, ponds, and streams. There are also isolated populations in southeastern New York (Dutchess County), New England, and Nova Scotia.^[15]

Its general habitat is wetlands with clean shallow water. It is known to bask on logs, and will wander far from water, particularly when nesting. It generally nests in sunny areas, with well drained soil. Younger turtles may bask on sedge and alder hummocks. Young will often travel far in search of mating sites, new habitat, or new food sources, as do elder turtles.

Conservation status

The primary threat to the Blanding's turtle is habitat fragmentation and destruction as well as nest predation by unnaturally large populations of predators.^[2] It is listed as an endangered species on the IUCN Red List^[2] as endangered in some U.S. states, and as either threatened or endangered throughout Canada, though in the U.S. it has no federal status. International trade in the Blanding's turtle is restricted, as the species is listed in Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) meaning that international trade is regulated by the CITES permit system.^[3]

This species can also be adversely affected by prescribed burns. During fall and late spring hatchlings move overland and it is recommended that prescribed burns should be avoided during these times.^[16]

The U.S. states in which it is considered endangered are Indiana,^[17] Illinois, Missouri,^[18] Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and South Dakota.^[19] It is considered threatened in New York and Iowa.^[20]^[21] In Michigan, Blanding's turtle is also fully protected as a special concern species;^[22] making it unlawful to kill, take, trap, possess, buy, or sell.^[23] In Lake County, Illinois, a long-term species recovery program has been underway since 2009.^[24]

In Canada, the Great Lakes–St. Lawrence River population in Ontario and Quebec is federally threatened^[25] and the Nova Scotia population is endangered.^[26] Conservation and recovery efforts in Nova Scotia have been in place for two decades and rely on habitat and life history monitoring based on the work of researchers and volunteers. Habitat protection has proven crucial. The population in Kejimkujik has been placed under the highest level of protection; the McGowan Lake population was initially protected by Bowater but has since been taken over by the Province. In Pleasant River, Nova Scotia Nature Trust protects four separate segments of critical habitat.^[27]

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Rhodin 2011, p. 000.185
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d van Dijk, P.P.; Rhodin, A.G.J. (2019) [errata version of 2011 assessment]. "Emydoidea blandingii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T7709A155088836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T7709A155088836.en. Retrieved 9 March 2022.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Rhodin 2010, pp. 000.138–000.139
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Rhodin 2010, pp. 000.105–000.106
^ Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 149–368. (Emydoidea blandingii, pp. 180–181).
^ Emys blandingii. The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
^ "Blanding's Turtle". Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2006-05-25.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b "Emydoidea blandingii ". The Moirai – Aging Research. 2016-10-30. Archived from the original on 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2016-12-13.
^ Brooks, Michael (2008). Chapter 9: "Death". 13 Things That Don't Make Sense. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 9781861978172.
^ Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5.
^ MacCulloch RD, Weller WF (1988). "Reproduction in a Lake Erie population of Blanding's Turtle, Emydoidea blandingii ". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 66 (10): 2317–2319. doi:10.1139/z88-345.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Grey, Evan. "Emydoidea blandingii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
^ "Minnesota State Symbols—Unofficial, Proposed, or Facetious". Minnesota State Legislature. Retrieved 2011-02-25.
^ Ernst CH, Barbour RW, Lovich JE (1994). Turtles of the United States and Canada. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. p. 242.
^ Refsnider JM, Linck MH (2012). "Habitat use and movement patterns of Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) in Minnesota, USA: a landscape approach to species conservation" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 7 (2): 185–195. Retrieved 24 February 2024.
^ Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011). "312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians". Indiana Administrative Code. Retrieved 28 Apr 2012.
^ "Endangered Species in the Field Guide". Discover Nature Field Guide. MO Dept. of Conservation. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
^ "A Field Guide to South Dakota Turtles" (PDF). South Dakota State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.
^ "Study tracks reclusive, threatened turtle species to better understand habitat needs". Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
^ "Blanding's Turtle Fact Sheet". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 22 May 2015.
^ Blanding's Turtle (Emys blandingii). Michigan Natural Features Inventory.
^ "Michigan's Rare Animals". Retrieved 2020-04-12.
^ "Lake County celebrates World Turtle Day with release of 100 endangered Blanding's turtles". Chicago Tribune. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-08-01.
^ Blanding's Turtle Great Lakes / St. Lawrence population Archived 2013-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Species At Risk Public Registry
^ Blanding's Turtle Nova Scotia Population Archived 2013-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Species At Risk Public Registry.
^ Government of Canada (2017). Recovery Strategy for the Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii), Nova Scotia Population, in Canada. Species at Risk Public Registry.

Bibliography

Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk, Peter Paul; Iverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley (2010-12-14). "Turtles of the World 2010 Update: Annotated Checklist of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution and Conservation Status" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-12-15.
Rhodin, Anders G.J.; van Dijk; Peter Paul; Iverson, John B.; Shaffer, H. Bradley; Roger, Bour (2011-12-31). "Turtles of the world, 2011 update: Annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution and conservation status" (PDF). Chelonian Research Monographs. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-31.

Дальнейшее чтение

Behler JL , King FW (1979). Полевое руководство Общества Одубона по североамериканским рептилиям и амфибиям . Нью -Йорк: Knopf. 743 стр. ISBN 0-394-50824-6 . ( Emydoidea Blanding [sic], стр. 458 + табличка 291).
Конант Р. (1975). Полевое руководство по рептилиям и амфибиям Восточной и Центральной Северной Америки, второе издание . Бостон: Хоутон Миффлин. XVIII + 429 стр. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (твердый переплет), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (мягкая обложка). ( Emydoidea blandingi [sic], стр. 71 + пластины 5,7 + карта 26).
Goin CJ , Goin OB , Zug GR (1978). Введение в герпетологию, третье издание . Сан -Франциско: WH Freeman. XI + 378 стр. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4 . (Род Emydoidea , стр. 259).
Холбрук JE (1838). Североамериканская герпетология; или описание рептилий, населяющих Соединенные Штаты. Тол. Iii. Филадельфия: Дж. Добсон. 122 стр. + Пластины I-XXX. ( Cistuda Blandingii , стр. 35–38 + табличка V).
Смит Х.М. , Броди Эд -младший (1982). Рептилии Северной Америки: руководство по идентификации поля . Нью -Йорк: Золотая пресса. 240 стр. ISBN 0-307-13666-3 . ( Emydoidea Blanding [sic], с. 44–45).
Stejneger L , Barbour T (1917). Чек -список североамериканских амфибий и рептилий . Кембридж, Массачусетс: издательство Гарвардского университета. 125 стр. ( Emys Blandingii , стр. 115).

Внешние ссылки

Черепаха Блэндинг , Герпетологические ресурсы и управление (HRM) Мичигана
Черепаха Бленинга Архивировано 2018-09-03 в The Wayback Machine , Иллинойсская исследование естественной истории
Черепаха , рептилии и амфибии Айовы, Айова

[Rhodin11-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Rhodin 2011, p. 000.185

[iucn-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d van Dijk, P.P.; Rhodin, A.G.J. (2019) [errata version of 2011 assessment]. "Emydoidea blandingii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2011: e.T7709A155088836. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T7709A155088836.en. Retrieved 9 March 2022.

[CITES-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.

[Rhodin138-9-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b Rhodin 2010, pp. 000.138–000.139

[Rhodin105-6-5] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Rhodin 2010, pp. 000.105–000.106

[6] Fritz, Uwe; Havaš, Peter (2007). "Checklist of Chelonians of the World". Vertebrate Zoology 57 (2): 149–368. (Emydoidea blandingii, pp. 180–181).

[7] Emys blandingii. The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.

[8] "Blanding's Turtle". Environmental Laboratory, Engineer Research and Development Center, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Archived from the original on 2009-01-14. Retrieved 2006-05-25.

[Morai2016-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b "Emydoidea blandingii ". The Moirai – Aging Research. 2016-10-30. Archived from the original on 2018-09-03. Retrieved 2016-12-13.

[10] Brooks, Michael (2008). Chapter 9: "Death". 13 Things That Don't Make Sense. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 9781861978172.

[11] Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5.

[12] MacCulloch RD, Weller WF (1988). "Reproduction in a Lake Erie population of Blanding's Turtle, Emydoidea blandingii ". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 66 (10): 2317–2319. doi:10.1139/z88-345.

[ADW-13] Jump up to: ^a ^b Grey, Evan. "Emydoidea blandingii". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 18 August 2024.

[Minnesota_proposed-14] "Minnesota State Symbols—Unofficial, Proposed, or Facetious". Minnesota State Legislature. Retrieved 2011-02-25.

[15] Ernst CH, Barbour RW, Lovich JE (1994). Turtles of the United States and Canada. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. p. 242.

[16] Refsnider JM, Linck MH (2012). "Habitat use and movement patterns of Blanding's Turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) in Minnesota, USA: a landscape approach to species conservation" (PDF). Herpetological Conservation and Biology. 7 (2): 185–195. Retrieved 24 February 2024.

[312iac-17] Indiana Legislative Services Agency (2011). "312 IAC 9-5-4: Endangered species of reptiles and amphibians". Indiana Administrative Code. Retrieved 28 Apr 2012.

[18] "Endangered Species in the Field Guide". Discover Nature Field Guide. MO Dept. of Conservation. Retrieved 4 September 2015.

[19] "A Field Guide to South Dakota Turtles" (PDF). South Dakota State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-21.

[20] "Study tracks reclusive, threatened turtle species to better understand habitat needs". Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2023-06-09.

[21] "Blanding's Turtle Fact Sheet". New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Retrieved 22 May 2015.

[22] Blanding's Turtle (Emys blandingii). Michigan Natural Features Inventory.

[23] "Michigan's Rare Animals". Retrieved 2020-04-12.

[24] "Lake County celebrates World Turtle Day with release of 100 endangered Blanding's turtles". Chicago Tribune. 23 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2021-08-01.

[25] Blanding's Turtle Great Lakes / St. Lawrence population Archived 2013-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Species At Risk Public Registry

[26] Blanding's Turtle Nova Scotia Population Archived 2013-06-10 at the Wayback Machine, Species At Risk Public Registry.

[27] Government of Canada (2017). Recovery Strategy for the Blanding's Turtle (Emydoidea blandingii), Nova Scotia Population, in Canada. Species at Risk Public Registry.

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