Прогрессивная партия (Соединенные Штаты, 1924–1934)

Прогрессивная партия
Прогрессивная партия
Стул	Роберт М. Ла Фоллетт
Основан	1924
Растворяется	1927
Расколоть от	Республиканская партия ; Демократическая партия
Преуспевает	Висконсин Прогрессивная партия
Штаб -квартира	Вашингтон, округ Колумбия
Идеология	Аграррианство ; Популизм ; Прогрессивизм
	Политика Соединенных Штатов ; Политические партии ; Выборы ;

была Прогрессивная партия политической партией, созданной в качестве средства для Роберта М. Ла Фоллетта -старшего, чтобы баллотироваться на пост президента на выборах 1924 года . Он не управлял кандидатами для других офисов, и он исчез после выборов. Партия выступала за прогрессивные должности, такие как государственная владение железными дорогами и электрическими коммунальными услугами, дешевый кредит для фермеров, запрещение детского труда , более сильные законы, чтобы помочь профсоюзам , большую защиту гражданских свобод, прекращение американского империализма в Латинской Америке и Референдум перед каким -либо президентом может привести нацию в войну.

После победы в выборах в Сенат Соединенных Штатов в 1905 году Ла Фоллетт стал лидером прогрессистов. Он обратился за кандидатом в президенты от республиканцев на выборах 1912 года , но многие из его покровителей перешли на Теодор Рузвельт после того, как бывший президент вступил в гонку. Рузвельта Ла Фоллетт отказался присоединиться к прогрессивной партии , и эта партия рухнула после 1916 года. Однако прогрессисты оставались сильной силой в обеих основных партиях. В 1924 году Ла Фоллетт и его последователи создали свою собственную прогрессивную партию, которая бросила вызов кандидатам на консервативную основную партию, Кэлвин Кулидж из Республиканской партии и Джон В. Дэвис из Демократической партии .

The Progressive Party was composed of La Follette supporters, who were distinguished from the earlier Roosevelt supporters by being generally more agrarian, populist, and midwestern in perspective, as opposed to urban, elite, and eastern. The party held a national convention in July 1924 that nominated a ticket consisting of La Follette for president, and La Follete later selected Democratic Senator Burton K. Wheeler of Montana as his running mate. The ticket enjoyed support among many farmers and laborers and was endorsed by the Socialist Party of America and the American Federation of Labor.

In the 1924 election, the party carried only La Follette's home state of Wisconsin. The ticket won 16.6% of the national popular vote and carried many counties in the Midwest and West with large German American elements or strong labor union movements.^[1] The party's share of the vote represents one of the best performances by a third party in presidential election history. After the election, La Follette continued to serve as a Republican Senator until he died in 1925.

The Progressive Party's National Committee would hold its last meeting in 1927.^[2] In 1934, nine years after his death, Follette's sons would create the Wisconsin Progressive Party and briefly dominate Wisconsin politics.

Wisconsin Progressives

**1924 Presidential election results by county.**
  Calvin Coolidge

  John W. Davis

  Robert M. La Follette
— light = plurality, green = over 50%

Years before, La Follette had created the "Progressive" faction inside the Republican Party of Wisconsin in 1900. In 1912 he attempted to create a Progressive Party but lost control to Theodore Roosevelt, who became his bitter enemy.^[3]

In 1924 his new party (using the old 1912 name) called for public ownership of railroads, which catered to the Railroad brotherhoods. La Follette ran with Senator Burton K. Wheeler, Democratic Senator from Montana. The party represented a farmer/labor coalition and was endorsed by the Socialist Party of America, the American Federation of Labor and many railroad brotherhoods. The party did not run candidates for other offices, and only carried one state, Wisconsin. La Follette continued to serve in the Senate as a Republican until his death the following year, and was succeeded in a special election in 1925 by his son, Robert M. La Follette, Jr.^[4]

The La Follette family continued his political legacy in Wisconsin, publishing The Progressive magazine and pushing for liberal reforms. In 1934, La Follette's two sons began the Wisconsin Progressive Party, which briefly held power in the state and was for some time one of the state's major parties, often ahead of the Democrats.^[5]

California Progressives

Hiram W. Johnson, backed by women's suffrage activist and early feminist Katherine Philips Edson,^[6] was a candidate for California governor in 1910, the Progressive Party vice presidential nominee in 1912, and was reelected as Governor of California on the Progressive ticket in 1914. In 1916, he was elected as a Progressive to the U.S. Senate and continued his affiliation with the state party throughout his decades in the Senate, while simultaneously winning the Republican nomination. While Johnson was personally close to Theodore Roosevelt, he was much closer ideologically to Robert La Follette. Johnson sat out the general election in 1924 after unsuccessfully challenging President Calvin Coolidge for the Republican nomination. Johnson personally disliked La Follette but grudgingly admired his quixotic third-party bid and generally agreed with his 1924 platform.^[7]

In 1934, when the La Follettes founded the Wisconsin Progressive Party, the California Progressive Party obtained a ballot line in California and ran seven candidates (all unsuccessful, although Raymond L. Haight got 13% of the vote for Governor of California, running as a moderate against socialist and Democratic nominee Upton Sinclair). In 1936 they elected Franck R. Havenner as Congressman for California's 4th congressional district, and garnered a significant portion of the votes in some other races.

Havenner became a Democrat before the 1938 race; Haight defeated eventual winner Culbert Olson in the Progressive primary election, but received only 2.43% of the vote in the general election as a Progressive; and by the time of the 1942 gubernatorial election, the Progressives were no longer on the California ballot. By 1944, Haight was again a Republican, a delegate to the Republican National Convention.^[8]

Presidential candidate performance

Year	Presidential nominee	Vice-Presidential nominee	Popular votes	Percentage	Electoral votes
1924	Robert M. La Follette	Burton K. Wheeler	4,831,706 #3	16.6%	13

Footnotes

^ See: K.C. MacKay, The Progressive Movement of 1924. New York: Columbia University Press, 1947.
^ Shideler, James (Spring 1951). "The Disintegration of the Progressive Party Movement of 1924". The Historian. 13 (2). Taylor & Francis: 189–201.
^ Nancy Unger, Fighting Bob La Follette: The Righteous Reformer. Second edition. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2008; pp. 221-238.
^ Unger, Fighting Bob La Follette, pp. 281-303.
^ Herbert F. Margulies; The Decline of the Progressive Movement in Wisconsin, 1890-1920. (State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1968.)
^ Braitman, Jacqueline R. (June 1986). "A California Stateswoman: The Public Career of Katherine Philips Edson". California History. 65 (2): 82–95. doi:10.2307/25158366. JSTOR 25158366.
^ See: George E. Mowry, The California Progressives. (1963).
^ Kevin Starr, Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996; pg. 152-154.

Внешние ссылки

Платформа Progressive Party 1924 от UC Santa Barbara's The American Presidence Project

[1] See: K.C. MacKay, The Progressive Movement of 1924. New York: Columbia University Press, 1947.

[2] Shideler, James (Spring 1951). "The Disintegration of the Progressive Party Movement of 1924". The Historian. 13 (2). Taylor & Francis: 189–201.

[3] Nancy Unger, Fighting Bob La Follette: The Righteous Reformer. Second edition. Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2008; pp. 221-238.

[4] Unger, Fighting Bob La Follette, pp. 281-303.

[5] Herbert F. Margulies; The Decline of the Progressive Movement in Wisconsin, 1890-1920. (State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1968.)

[6] Braitman, Jacqueline R. (June 1986). "A California Stateswoman: The Public Career of Katherine Philips Edson". California History. 65 (2): 82–95. doi:10.2307/25158366. JSTOR 25158366.

[7] See: George E. Mowry, The California Progressives. (1963).

[8] Kevin Starr, Endangered Dreams: The Great Depression in California. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996; pg. 152-154.

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