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Жокелин Глазго

(Перенаправлен из жокелина (епископ) )

Жокелин
Епископ Глазго
Церковь Костел
Видеть Глазго
В офисе 1174/5 – 1199
Предшественник Enterrand
Преемник Хью де Роксбург
Предыдущий пост (ы) Аббат Мелроуза
Приказ
Освящение 1 июня 1175
Эскил из Лунда
Личные данные
Рожденный 1130 -е годы
Шотландские границы или Нортумберленд
Умер ( 1199-03-17 ) 17 марта 1199
Мелроуз

Джоцелин (или Джоселин двенадцатого века ) (умер в 1199 году) был цистерцианским монахом и священнослужителем , который стал четвертым аббатом Мелроуза, прежде чем стать епископом Глазго , Шотландия . Вероятно, он родился в 1130 -х годах, а в подростковом возрасте стал монахом Аббатства Мелроуз . Он поднялся на службу Абботу Вальтеоф , и ко времени короткой аббатности преемника Аббата Уолтеофа Аббата Уильяма Жоселин стал ранее . Затем в 1170 году сам жокелин стал аббатом, должность, которую он занимал в течение четырех лет. Джоцелин отвечал за содействие культу появляющегося святого святого Уолтеофа , и в этом был поддержка Enguerrand , епископа Глазго .

Его связывания Глазго и политический профиль были уже достаточно устоявшимися, что в 1174 году Джоцелин преуспел в Enguerrand как епископ Глазго. Как епископ Глазго, он был королевским чиновником. В этом качестве он несколько раз путешествовал за границу и проводил церемонию брака между королем Уильямом Львом и Эрменгардом де Бомонтом , позже крещенным их сыном, будущим королем Александра II . прочего, его приписывали современные историки как «основатель Бурга Глазго и Среди инициатор ярмарки Глазго », [ 1 ] Помимо того, что они являются одним из величайших литературных покровителей в средневековой Шотландии , вводя в эксплуатацию жизни Святого Вальтеофа , жизни Святого Кентигерна и Хроники Мелроуза .

Ранний период жизни

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Джоцелин и его семья, вероятно, приехали с юго-востока Шотландии . Имена ни его отца, ни его матери известны, но у него были два известных брата, с именами Хелия и Генри, а также двоюродного брата, также называемых Хелией. Имена предполагают, что его семья была французским или, по крайней мере, англо-норманским происхождением, а не шотландцем или местным англосаксоном . [ 2 ] Есть некоторые признаки того, что его семья занимала землю в Южном Ланаркшире , а именно потому, что они, кажется, обладают правами в церкви Дансир . [ 3 ] Маловероятно, что он бы подумал о себе как о «шотландском». Для современного и коллеги -уроженца Жоселина и члена Границах, Адам Драйбург , эта часть Британии все еще была прочно считалась Terra Anglorum («земля английского языка»), хотя она была расположена в регнуме Scottorum («Королевство шотландцев». ) [ 4 ] Однако это не было бы препятствием для жокелина. Его англо-французское культурное происхождение было на самом деле, вероятно, необходимо для покровительства короля шотландцев. Как писал Уолтер из Ковентри о эпохе короля Уильяма, «современные цари Шотландии считаются французами, в расе, манерах, языке и культуре; они держат только французы в своей семье и последовали, и уменьшили шотландцев к произведению рабства». [ 5 ]

Современные руины аббатства Мелроуз . Мелроуз был старшим цистерцианским домом в Шотландии и самым богатым «шотландским» монастырем в этот период.

Как и почти каждого персонажа этого периода, год рождения жокелина неизвестен современным историкам. Известно, что он вступил в качестве начинающего монаха в аббатстве Мелроуз во время аббатности Вальтеофа (AB. 1148–1159), и из документальных доказательств кажется вероятным, что жокелин вошел в Мелроуз примерно за 50 лет до его смерти в 1199 году. Цистерцианский приказ предотвратил вход в качестве новичка до 15 лет, вполне вероятно, что он родился около 1134 года. [ 6 ] Мало что известно о ранней жизни Джоцелина или его ранней карьере в качестве монаха Мелроуза. Он, очевидно, успешно завершил свой годичный новичок, год, когда был представлен потенциальный монаш и судим, и не подходит для допуска. Мы знаем, что аббат Вальтеоф (Уолдеф) высоко оправдал его и дал ему много обязанностей. [ 2 ] После смерти Аббата Вальтеофа его преемник, аббат Уильям, отказался поощрять слухи, которые быстро распространялись о святости Вальтеофа . Аббат Уильям попытался заставить замолчать такие слухи и прикрывать своих монахов от навязчивости потенциальных паломников . Тем не менее, Уильям не смог получить лучшее от появляющегося культа Вальтеофа, и его действия оттолкнули его от братьев. В результате Уильям подал в отставку в Аббате в апреле 1170 года. [ 7 ] На этом этапе жокелин был предыдущим Мелроузом, то есть вторым в команде в монастыре, и, таким образом, наиболее вероятной замены Уильяма.

Abbot of Melrose

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19th-century sketch of Waltheof's 12th-century tomb

So it was that Prior Jocelin became abbot on 22 April 1170.[8] Jocelin embraced the cult without hesitation. Under the year of his accession, it was reported in the Chronicle of Melrose that:

The tomb of our pious father, sir Waltheof, the second abbot of Melrose, was opened by Enguerrand, of good memory, the bishop of Glasgow, and by four abbots called in for this purpose; and his body was found entire, and his vestments intact, in the twelfth year from his death, on the eleventh day before the Kalends of June [22 May]. And after the holy celebration of mass, the same bishop, and the abbots whose number we have mentioned above, placed over the remains of his most holy body a new stone of polished marble. And there was great gladness; those who were present exclaiming together, and saying that truly this was a man of God ...[9]

Promoting saints was something Jocelin would repeat at Glasgow, where he "transferred his enthusiasm to St Kentigern"[10] and commissioned a hagiography of that saint, the saint most venerated by the Celts of the diocese of Glasgow. It is no coincidence that Jocelin of Furness, the man who wrote the Life of St. Waltheof, was the same man later commissioned to write the Life of St. Kentigern.

This kind of literary patronage started while Jocelin was abbot of Melrose. Archie Duncan has shown that it was probably Jocelin who first commissioned the writing of the Chronicle of Melrose. Duncan argued that Jocelin commissioned the entries dealing with the period between 731 and 1170, putting the writing in the hands of a monk named Reinald (who later became Bishop of Ross).[11] This chronicle is one of the few extant chronicles from "Scotland" in this period. G. W. S. Barrow, writing before Duncan advanced these arguments, noted that down to the end of King William's reign "the chronicle of Melrose Abbey ... represents a strongly 'Anglo-Norman' as opposed to a native Scottish point of view".[12] It is thus possible that this anti-Scottish world-view reflected that of Jocelin's, at least before he left the abbey.

After his election to the prestigious bishopric of Glasgow in 1174, Jocelin would continue exerting influence on his home monastery. Jocelin brought one of his monks from the abbey, a man called Michael, who acted as Jocelin's chaplain while Bishop of Glasgow.[13] He did not resign his position as abbot until after his consecration in 1175. Jocelin consecrated his successors as abbot, and continued to spend a great deal of time there. Moreover, he used his position as bishop to offer the monastery patronage and protection.[14]

Bishop of Glasgow

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The seal or signet of Jocelin, Bishop of Glasgow

After the death of his friend Bishop Enguerrand, Jocelin was elevated to the bishopric of Glasgow. He was elected on 23 May 1174. The election, like many other Scottish episcopal elections of the period, was done in the presence of the king, William the Lion, at Perth, near Scone, the chief residence of Scotland's kings.[15] The election was probably done by compromissarii, meaning that the general chapter of the bishopric of Glasgow had selected a small group to which they delegated the power of election.[16] Pope Alexander III was later told that Jocelin was elected by the dean and chapter of the see.[17] The Chronicle of Melrose states that he was elected "by demand of the clergy, and of the people; and with the consent of the king himself",[18] perhaps indicating that the decision had already been made by the Glasgow clergy before the formal election at Perth. The election was certainly an achievement. Cistercian bishops were rare in Great Britain, and Jocelin was only the second Cistercian to ascend a Scottish bishopric.[17] Jocelin was required to go to France to obtain permission from the General Chapter of the Cistercian order at Cîteaux to resign the abbacy. Pope Alexander III had already sanctioned his consecration, and gave permission for the consecration to occur without forcing Jocelin to travel to Rome. Conveniently, it was at Cistercian house of Clairvaux that, sometime before 15 March 1175, Jocelin was consecrated by the Papal legate Eskil, Archbishop of Lund and Primate of Denmark.[19] Jocelin had returned to the Kingdom of Scotland by 10 April, and it is known that on 23 May he had consecrated a monk named Laurence as his successor at Melrose.[20]

A 19th-century artist's depiction of Jocelin's confrontation with the Archbishop of York in the presence of King Henry II at Northampton

He was soon faced with a political challenge to the independence of his church. The challenge came from the English church, and was not new, but had lain dormant for some decades. The reason it was awakened was that in the summer of 1174 King William had invaded northern England, and on 13 July, having been caught underprotected during a siege at Alnwick, was captured and taken into English custody.[21] The capture was disastrous for the king, leading to a revolt by Gilla Brigte, Lord of Galloway, and to many of William's discontented subjects "ruthlessly" slaying "their English and French neighbours" and perpetrating a "most wretched and widespread persecution of the English both in Scotland and Galloway", that is, of the English and French-speaking settlers William and his predecessors had planted around the castles and towns of his Gaelic-speaking territories in order to increase royal authority.[22] Worse still, and more significantly for Jocelin, in the following year King Henry II of England forced William to sign the Treaty of Falaise, a treaty which made William Henry's vassal specifically for Scotland and sanctioned the subordination of the kingdom's bishoprics to the English church.[23]

Jocelin did not, in the end, submit either to the Archbishop of York or even the Archbishop of Canterbury and managed to obtain a Papal Bull which declared the see of Glasgow to be a "special daughter" of the Roman Patriarchate.[24] Jocelin, moreover, does not seem to have been interested in the independence of the other "Scottish" sees, but merely to maintain his own episcopal independence, i.e. that of the bishopric of Glasgow. On 10 August 1175, along with many other Scottish-based magnates and prelates, Jocelin was at Henry's court giving his obedience to the king as stipulated in the treaty. Jocelin again appeared at King Henry's court in January 1176. This time church matters were on the agenda. When the Archbishop of York confronted Jocelin over the subordination of the bishopric of Glasgow to the archbishopric of York, Jocelin refused to acknowledge this part of the treaty, and presented him with the Papal Bull declaring Glasgow to be a "special daughter".[25]

This Bull was confirmed by Pope Alexander's successor Pope Lucius III.[26] Jocelin had obtained this confirmation while at Rome in late 1181 and early 1182. He had been sent there by King William, along with abbots of Melrose, Dunfermline and Kelso and the prior of Inchcolm, in order to appeal to the Pope regarding his stance in a struggle over the Bishopric of St Andrews and the sentence of excommunication and interdict the Pope had placed over the king and kingdom. The dispute concerned the election to the bishopric of John the Scot, which had been opposed by the king, who organised the election of his own candidate, Hugh. The mission was successful. The Pope lifted the interdict, absolved the king and appointed two legates to investigate the issue of the St Andrews succession. The Pope even sent the king a Golden Rose, an item usually given to the Prefect of Rome.[27] The issue of the succession, however, did not go away. In 1186, Jocelin, along with the abbots of Melrose, Dunfermline and Newbattle, excommunicated Hugh on the instructions of Pope Lucius.[28] Hugh travelled to Rome in 1188, and obtained absolution, but he died of the pestilence in that city a few days later, thus allowing the issue to be resolved.[29]

Glasgow Cathedral today. Although most of the building is much later, the modern cathedral shares the same site as Jocelin's late 12th-century structure.

It is certainly obvious that Jocelin was one of the most respected figures in the kingdom. In this era, the Pope appointed Jocelin Judge-delegate (of the Papacy) more times than any other cleric in the kingdom.[30] As a bishop and an ex-abbot, various bishoprics and monasteries called him in to mediate disputes, as evidenced by his frequent appearance as a witness in dispute settlements, such as the dispute between Arbroath Abbey and the Bishopric of St Andrews, and a dispute between Jedburgh Abbey and Dryburgh Abbey.[31] Jocelin had the respect of the secular elite too. He witnessed 24 royal charters[28] and 40 non-royal charters, including charters issued by David, Earl of Huntingdon (the brother of King William), Donnchadh, Earl of Carrick, and Alan Fitzwalter, High Steward of Scotland.[30] Jocelin had been with King William when he visited the English court in 1186, and again accompanied the king to England when the king travelled to Woodstock near Oxford to marry Ermengarde de Beaumont on 5 September 1186. The marriage was blessed by Bishop Jocelin in their chamber, and it was to Jocelin's escort that King William entrusted her for the journey to Scotland. When a son was born to William and Ermengarde, the future King Alexander II, it was Jocelin who performed the baptism.[32] In April 1194, Jocelin again travelled to England in King William's company when William was visiting King Richard I.[33] Jocelin's intimacy with the king would be the key to earning his patronage, thus making possible the legacy that Jocelin would leave to Glasgow.

Legacy and death

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This is a 19th-century depiction of some columns in the crypt of Glasgow Cathedral; it is one of the few structures said to have survived from Jocelin's era.

His years at Glasgow left a mark on history that can be compared favourably with any previous or future bishop. Jocelin commissioned his namesake Jocelin of Furness, the same man who had written the Life of St. Waltheof, to write a Life of St. Kentigern, a task all the more necessary because, after 1159, the Papacy claimed the right to canonise saints.[34] Kentigern, or Mungo as he is popularly known,[35] was the saint traditionally associated with the see of Glasgow, and his status therefore reflected on Glasgow as a church and cult-centre. There had already been a cathedral at Glasgow before Jocelin's episcopate. The idea that the ecclesiastical establishment before Jocelin was simply a small church with a larger Gaelic or British monastic establishment has been discredited by scholars.[36] Jocelin did, though, expand the cathedral significantly. As the Chronicle of Melrose reports for 1181, Jocelin "gloriously enlarged the church of St Kentigern".[37] However, more work was created for the builders when, sometime between the years 1189 and 1195, there was a fire at the cathedral. Jocelin thus had to commission another rebuilding effort.[38] The new cathedral was dedicated, according to the Chronicle of Melrose, on 6 July 1197.[39] It was built in the Romanesque manner, and although little survives of it today, it is thought to have been influenced by the cathedral of Lund, the archbishop of which had consecrated Jocelin as bishop.[40]

However, he left a still greater legacy to the city of Glasgow. At some point between the years 1175 and 1178, Jocelin obtained from King William a grant of burghal status for the settlement of Glasgow, with a market every Thursday. The grant of a market was the first ever official grant of a weekly market to a burgh. Moreover, between 1189 and 1195, King William granted the burgh an annual fair, a fair still in existence today, increasing Glasgow's status as an important settlement. As well as new revenues for the bishop, the rights entailed by Glasgow's new burghal status and market privileges brought new people to the settlement, one of the first of whom was one Ranulf de Haddington, a former burghess of Haddington. The new settlement was laid out (probably under the influence of the burgh of Haddington) around Glasgow Cross, down the hill from the cathedral and old fort of Glasgow, but above the flood level of the River Clyde.[41]

When Jocelin died, he was back at Melrose Abbey, where his career had begun. He may have retired to Melrose knowing his death was near.[42] Jocelin certainly did die at Melrose, passing away on St Patrick's Day (17 March) 1199. He was buried in the monks' choir of Melrose Abbey Church.[43] Hugh de Roxburgh, Chancellor of Scotland, was elected as Jocelin's replacement. The Chronicle of Melrose has only a short obituary.[44]

Notes

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  1. ^ For this view and quote, see Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin, abbot of Melrose), and bishop of Glasgow)", in The Innes Review, vol. 54, no. 1 (Spring, 2003), p. 1.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 2.
  3. ^ A. A. M. Duncan, "Jocelin (d. 1199)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 29 Nov 2006.
  4. ^ The full Latin description is "in terra Anglorum et in regno Scottorum", Adam of Dryburgh, De tripartito tabernaculo, II. 210, tr. Keith J. Stringer, "Reform Monasticism and Celtic Scotland", in Edward J. Cowan & R. Andrew McDonald (eds.), Alba: Celtic Scotland in the Middle Ages, (East Lothian, 2000), p. 133.
  5. ^ W. Stubbs (ed.), Memoriale Fratris Walteri de Coventria, (Rolls Series, no. 58), ii. 206; trans. G. W. S. Barrow, "The Reign of William the Lion", in G.W.S. Barrow (ed.), Scotland and its Neighbours in the Middle Ages, (Edinburgh, 1972), p. 72.
  6. ^ For this argument, and the references to the relevant primary material, see Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", pp. 1–2.
  7. ^ For the account of Abbot William and the cult of Waltheof, see Richard Fawcett, & Richard Oram, Melrose Abbey, (Stroud, 2004), pp. 23–24.
  8. ^ For date of accession, see John Dowden, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912), p. 298.
  9. ^ Chronicle of Melrose, s.a. 1171, trans. A.O. Anderson, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922), vol. ii, pp. 274–275; translation slightly modernised in Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, p. 23; this entry was written after the year for which it was written, sometime after the death on 22 February 1174 of Enguerrand, Bishop of Glasgow.
  10. ^ A. A. M. Duncan, "Sources and Uses of the Chronicle of Melrose,", in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297, (Dublin, 2000), p. 150.
  11. ^ Ibid., pp. 149–150.
  12. ^ G. W. S. Barrow, The Acts of William I, Regesta Regum Scottorum, vol. ii, (Edinburgh, 1971), p. 7.
  13. ^ Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 16.
  14. ^ Fawcett & Oram, Melrose Abbey, pp. 23–24.
  15. ^ John Dowden, Bishops of Scotland, p. 298.
  16. ^ A.A.M. Duncan, Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, (Edinburgh, 1975), p. 277, n. 38.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 4.
  18. ^ Chronicle of Melrose, s.a. 1174, trans. Alan Orr Anderson, Early Sources of Scottish History, vol. ii, p. 289.
  19. ^ Chronicle of Melrose, s.a. 1175, for which see A.O.Anderson, Early Sources of Scottish History, vol. ii, p. 296; see also John Dowden, Bishops of Scotland, p. 298, & Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", pp. 5–6.
  20. ^ Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 6.
  21. ^ W. W. Scott, "William I [William the Lion] (c.1142–1214)", in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 1 Dec 2006.
  22. ^ This is reported in a 13th-century Scottish chronicle called the Gesta Annalia I; for text, see William F. Skene, Johnnis de Fordun Chronica Gentis Scotorum, (Edinburgh, 1871), pp. 263–4; for translation, see Felix J. H. Skene, John of Fordun's Chronicle of the Scottish Nation, (Edinburgh, 1872), p. 259; for 13th-century date of text, see Dauvit Broun, "A New Look at Gesta Annalia attributed to John of Fordun", in Barbara Crawford (ed.), Church, Chronicle and Learning in Medieval and Early Renaissance Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1999), pp. 9–30. These events are also reported in some detail by William of Newburgh, Historia Rerum Anglicarum, in R. Howlett (ed.) Chronicles of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, (Rolls Series, no. 82), vol. i, pp 186–187; for this account, and other English accounts, see also Alan Orr, Anderson, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500–1286, (London, 1908), republished, Marjorie Anderson (ed.) (Stamford, 1991), pp. 255–258; the Galwegian revolt is subjected to some analysis by Richard Oram, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000), pp. 95–96.
  23. ^ All of the details in this paragraph so far can G. W. S. Barrow, The Acts of William I, Regesta Regum Scottorum, vol. ii, (Edinburgh, 1971), pp. 7–8.
  24. ^ Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", pp. 6–7.
  25. ^ A. A. M. Duncan, Jocelin (d. 1199)".
  26. ^ Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", pp. 8–9.
  27. ^ loc. cit.; A.A.M. Duncan, Making of the Kingdom, pp. 272–273.
  28. ^ Jump up to: a b Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 9.
  29. ^ John Dowden, Bishops of Scotland, p. 10.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 19.
  31. ^ Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 20.
  32. ^ Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 10; D.D.R. Owen, The Reign of William the Lion: Kingship and Culture,, (East Linton, 1997), pp. 71–72.
  33. ^ Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 10.
  34. ^ Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", pp. 12–13.
  35. ^ This is a modern anglicisation of his Gaelic nickname.
  36. ^ See, for instance, G.W.S. Barrow, "David I and Glasgow", in G.W.S. Barrow (ed.), The Kingdom of the Scots, 2nd Edition, (Edinburgh, 2003), p. 210.
  37. ^ Chronicle of Melrose, s.a. 1181, for which see Alan Orr Anderson, Early Sources of Scottish History, vol. ii, p. 304.
  38. ^ This fire is mentioned in a royal charter, which can only be dated to the period between 1189 and 1195, hence the dating of the fire; Regesta Regum Scottorum, ii, no. 316; see also Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 13.
  39. ^ Chronicle of Melrose, s.a. 1197, for which see Alan Orr Anderson, Early Sources of Scottish History, vol. ii, p.
  40. ^ Norman F. Shead, "Jocelin", p. 14.
  41. ^ For the information in this paragraph, see Ibid., pp. 11–12.
  42. ^ Richard Fawcett & Richard Oram, Melrose Abbey, p. 25.
  43. ^ John Dowden, Bishops of Scotland, p. 299.
  44. ^ See A. O. Anderson, Early Sources, vol. ii, p. 351.

References

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  • Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286, 2 Vols, (Edinburgh, 1922), vol. ii
  • Anderson, Alan Orr, Scottish Annals from English Chroniclers: AD 500–1286, (London, 1908), republished, Marjorie Anderson (ed.) (Stamford, 1991)
  • Barrow, G. W. S. (ed.), The Acts of William I, Regesta Regum Scottorum, vol. ii, (Edinburgh, 1971)
  • Barrow, G. W. S., "David I and Glasgow", in G.W.S. Barrow (ed.), The Kingdom of the Scots, 2nd Edition, (Edinburgh, 2003), pp. 203–213
  • Barrow, G.W.S., "The Reign of William the Lion", in G.W.S. Barrow (ed.), Scotland and its Neighbours in the Middle Ages, (Edinburgh, 1972), pp. 67–89
  • Broun, Dauvit, "A New Look at Gesta Annalia attributed to John of Fordun", in Barbara Crawford (ed.), Church, Chronicle and Learning in Medieval and Early Renaissance Scotland, (Edinburgh, 1999), pp. 9–30
  • Dowden, John, The Bishops of Scotland, ed. J. Maitland Thomson, (Glasgow, 1912)
  • Duncan, A. A. M., "Jocelin (d. 1199)", in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 29 Nov 2006
  • Duncan, A. A. M., Scotland: The Making of the Kingdom, (Edinburgh, 1975)
  • Duncan, A. A. M., "Sources and Uses of the Chronicle of Melrose,", in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, Clerics and Chronicles in Scotland, 500–1297, (Dublin, 2000)
  • Fawcett, Richard, & Oram, Richard, Melrose Abbey, (Stroud, 2004)
  • Howlett R. (ed.), Chronicles of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, (Rolls Series, no. 82)
  • Oram, Richard, The Lordship of Galloway, (Edinburgh, 2000)
  • Owen, D. D. R., The Reign of William the Lion: Kingship and Culture,, (East Linton, 1997)
  • Scott, W. W., "William I [William the Lion] (c.1142–1214)", in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 , accessed 1 Dec 2006
  • Shead, Norman F., "Glasgow: An Ecclesiastical Burgh", in M. Lynch, M. Spearman & G. Stell (eds.), The Scottish Medieval Town, (Edinburgh, 1988), pp. 116–132
  • Шид, Норман Ф., «Жеоселин, аббат Мелроуза) и епископ Глазго)», в Innes Review , Vol. 54, нет. 1 (весна, 2003), с. 1–22
  • Скен, Феликс Дж.Х., Хроника Шотландской Нации Фордуна , Джон (Эдинбург, 1872)
  • Скен, Уильям Ф. , Джон из Фордуна: Хроника шотландской нации (Эдинбург, 1871)
  • Стрингер, Кит Дж., «Реформа монашеска и кельтская Шотландия», в Эдварде Дж. Коуэн и Р. Эндрю Макдональд (ред.), Альба: кельтская Шотландия в средневековьях , (East Lothian, 2000), с. 127–165

Дальнейшее чтение

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  • ДРИСКОЛЛ, Стивен Т., Раскопки в соборе Глазго , Общество средневековой археологической монографии 18, (Leeds, 2002)
  • Дрисколл, Стивен Т., «Раскопки в Глазго -собор: предварительный отчет об археологических открытиях, сделанных в 1992–3 годах», в Глазго Археологическом журнале , 17, (1992), с. 63–76
  • Дункан, Аам, «Святой Кентигерн в соборе Глазго в двенадцатом веке», в Ричарде Фосетте (ред.), Средневековое искусство и архитектура в епархии Глазго (Leeds, 1998)
  • Forbes, Ap (ed.), Lives of Ninian и St Kentigern , (Edinburgh, 1874)
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Wikimedia Commons имеет средства массовой информации, связанные с жокелином (епископ Глазго) .

Смотрите также

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Религиозные названия
Предшествует
Уильям
Аббат Мелроуза
1170–1174 		Преуспевает
Лоуренс
Предшествует Епископ Глазго
1174/5 – 1199 		Преуспевает

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