Совет долготы

Закон об открытии долготы на море 1713 г.
показывать Закон об открытии долготы на море 1713 г.
Act of Parliament
	Parliament of Great Britain
Citation	13 Ann. c. 14 (Ruffhead c. 15)

Совет долготы
Комиссары по открытию долготы в море
Формирование	1714
Основатель	Закон о долготе 1714 г.
Растворенный	1828
Тип	Государственный орган
Цель	управление системой премий, призванной побудить новаторов решить проблему определения долготы в море
Членство (1714)	24

Комиссар по открытию долготы в море , или, более популярный Совет по долготе , был британским правительственным органом, созданным в 1714 году для управления схемой премий, призванной побудить новаторов решить проблему определения долготы в море.

Происхождение

Штурманы и ученые работали над проблемой незнания долготы корабля. Создание Совета по долготе было мотивировано этой проблемой, а также посадкой на мель в 1707 году четырех кораблей вице-адмирала сэра Клодесли Шовелла флота у островов Силли , что привело к тяжелым человеческим жертвам. учрежденном королевой Анной, В Законе о долготе 1714 года, были названы 24 комиссара по долготе, ключевые фигуры в политике, военно-морском флоте, астрономии и математике. ^[1] Однако Совет собирался только в 1737 году. ^[2] когда возрос интерес к Джона Харрисона морскому хронометристу .

Совет назначил призы тем, кто смог продемонстрировать работающее устройство или метод. Главными долготными призами стали:

10 000 фунтов стерлингов за метод, позволяющий определять долготу в пределах 60 морских миль (110 км; 69 миль) (1 800 000 фунтов стерлингов по состоянию на 2023 год).
15 000 фунтов стерлингов за метод, позволяющий определять долготу в пределах 40 морских миль (74 км; 46 миль) (2 700 000 фунтов стерлингов по состоянию на 2023 год).
20 000 фунтов стерлингов за метод, позволяющий определять долготу в пределах 30 морских миль (56 км; 35 миль) (3 700 000 фунтов стерлингов по состоянию на 2023 год).

Кроме того, Совет имел право по своему усмотрению присуждать награды лицам, внесшим значительный вклад в эти усилия, или оказывать финансовую поддержку тем, кто работал над решением проблемы. Совет также мог бы выделить аванс в размере до 2000 фунтов стерлингов на экспериментальную работу, которую сочтет многообещающей. ^[3] Под этим заголовком Совет присудил множество меньших наград, в том числе несколько наград на общую сумму 5000 фунтов стерлингов, присужденных Джону Харрисону до того, как он получил свой главный приз, награду в размере 3000 фунтов стерлингов вдове Тобиаса Майера , чьи лунные таблицы легли в основу лунных расчетов. данные первых десятилетий «Морского альманаха» , 300 фунтов стерлингов Леонарду Эйлеру за его (предполагаемый) вклад в работу Майера, 50 фунтов стерлингов Ричарду Данторну и Исраэлю Лайонсу за вклад в методы сокращения расчетов, связанных с лунными расстояниями, и награды внесенные конструкторами усовершенствования в хронометры.

Несмотря на то, что многие пытались выиграть главный приз, на протяжении десятилетий никто не смог найти практического решения проблемы. Совет признал, что любая серьезная попытка будет основана на признании того, что Земля вращается на 15° долготы каждый час. Сравнение местного времени между эталонным местом (например, Гринвич ) и местным временем рассматриваемого места позволит определить долготу этого места. Поскольку местное видимое время можно было определить с некоторой легкостью, проблема заключалась в поиске средств определения (или, в случае хронометров, сохранения) времени эталонного места, когда человек находится далеко от него.

Подробности о попытках определения долготы см. в разделе « История долготы» .

Конец мандата правления

На протяжении многих десятилетий достаточно точный хронометр стоил непомерно дорого. Метод лунного расстояния использовался моряками либо вместе с морским хронометром, либо вместо него. Однако, ожидая, что точные часы со временем станут обычным явлением, Джон Харрисон показал, что за его методом будущее. Однако правление так и не присудило премию ни Харрисону, ни кому-либо еще.

Поскольку значительные проблемы считались решенными, Совет по долготе был упразднен парламентским актом в 1828 году и заменен Постоянным комитетом по научным консультациям Адмиралтейства, состоящим из трех научных консультантов: Томаса Янга , Майкла Фарадея и Эдварда Сабина . ^[4]

См. также

Долгота (книга)

Ссылки

^ «Акты парламента и награды» . Кембриджская цифровая библиотека . Проверено 22 июля 2013 г.
^ «Комиссары долготы» . Кембриджская цифровая библиотека . Проверено 22 июля 2013 г.
^ Тейлор, EGR, Искусство поиска убежища: история навигации от Одиссея до капитана Кука , Холлис и Картер, Лондон, 1971, ISBN 0-370-01347-6
^ Бейкер, Алекси (июль 2013 г.). «Действия долготы» . Очерки о долготе . Кембриджский университет . Проверено 15 апреля 2015 г.

Внешние ссылки

Национальный морской музей, Великобритания.
Кембриджская цифровая библиотека представляет оцифрованные произведения из архива Королевской Гринвичской обсерватории , хранящегося в библиотеке Кембриджского университета .

[1] «Акты парламента и награды» . Кембриджская цифровая библиотека . Проверено 22 июля 2013 г.

[2] «Комиссары долготы» . Кембриджская цифровая библиотека . Проверено 22 июля 2013 г.

[egrtaylor-3] Тейлор, EGR, Искусство поиска убежища: история навигации от Одиссея до капитана Кука , Холлис и Картер, Лондон, 1971, ISBN 0-370-01347-6

[Baker-4] Бейкер, Алекси (июль 2013 г.). «Действия долготы» . Очерки о долготе . Кембриджский университет . Проверено 15 апреля 2015 г.

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