Финская пограничная гвардия
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Финская пограничная гвардия Пограничная гвардия ( финская ) Пограничная гвардия ( шведский ) | |
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![]() Эмблема финской пограничной гвардии | |
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Abbreviation | FBG |
Agency overview | |
Formed | 21 March 1919 |
Employees | 3,800 career personnel, mobilised strength 12,600 |
Jurisdictional structure | |
Operations jurisdiction | Finland |
Specialist jurisdictions |
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Operational structure | |
Elected officer responsible | |
Agency executives |
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Child agencies |
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Website | |
raja |
Финская пограничная гвардия ( FBG , [ 1 ] Финский : пограничный гвардия, RVL ; [ 2 ] Шведский : пограничный охранник, GBV ) [ 3 ] Является ли агентство ответственным за обеспечение безопасности границ Финляндии . Это военная организация, подчиненная министерству внутренних дел по административным вопросам и президенту Финляндии в вопросах, касающихся его полномочий в качестве главнокомандующего (например, офицерские акции). Агентство имеет полицейские и следственные полномочия по иммиграционным вопросам и может независимо расследовать иммиграционные нарушения. Финская береговая охрана выполняет обязанности поиска и спасения (SAR), как морских, так и внутренних. Миссии по стране часто выполняются в сотрудничестве с местными пожарными и спасательными отделениями или другими властями.
Финская пограничная гвардия состоит из 3800 сотрудников активной службы. После мобилизации он будет полностью или частично включен в финские силы обороны , и его сила увеличилась у резервистов, которые отказались от их призывника в филиале. Мобилизованная сила финской пограничной гвардии составляет 12 600 военнослужащих. Граница Финляндии -Россия активно контролируется. Границы Западного моря и западные и северные земельные границы в Швецию и Норвегию могут свободно пересекать согласно союзу скандинавских паспортов , пограничный охранник, однако, поддерживает персонал в этих регионах из -за своих обязанностей SAR.
There is a separate Finnish Customs agency, and immigration is also handled by the Finnish National Police and the Finnish Directorate of Immigration. PTR (police, customs and border guard) co-operation is well-developed and allows the authorities to conduct each other's duties if necessary.
Duties and jurisdiction
[edit]Main duties of the Finnish Border Guard:
- Protecting the land borders and territorial waters of Finland from unauthorised encroachment.
- Passport control at border crossing points, airports and ports.
- First line of defence against territorial invasions.
- Rescue operations (mainly at sea and in the remote areas of Lapland).
- Provide aid to other authorities such as the fire department in case of unusual events like wild fires.
- Investigation of crimes pertaining to border security.
- Aiding police forces in civil duties such as crowd control and riot control.
- Military operations pertaining to internal security.
- Customs control in the minor border crossing points without customs authorities.
- Training of conscripts for wartime duty. These include rajajääkäri (border jaegers) and erikoisrajajääkäri (special border jaegers).
- (During wartime) Long range patrols and guerrilla tactics behind enemy lines.
For the discharge of its duties, the Border Guard has limited police powers in the areas where it operates. It can, for example, seize and arrest persons and conduct searches in apartments and cars pursuant to same legislation as the police, when investigating a crime. However, the power to arrest a person has been delegated only to the commanding officers of border control detachments and commanders and vice-commanders of larger units.
The Border Guard is not supposed to be used for the keeping of public order under normal circumstances, but it has two readiness platoons that can be used to support the Police in exceptional situations in matters of crowd control and internal security (including incidents involving dangerous armed criminals).[4] The readiness platoons have been used to supplement riot police during high-profile international events where there is a perceived danger of violent demonstrations, e.g. during the "Smash ASEM" demonstration in 2006.[5] However, the main duty of the readiness platoons is to handle the most demanding border security incidents.[4] Border Guard helicopters have also been used to assist police and rescue authorities in various missions.
The Border Guard also has the power to keep public order in its own facilities and in their immediate vicinity. For the execution of its military exercises, any officer with the minimum rank of Captain can close an area temporarily.
The Border Guard is responsible for enforcing the 3–5 km (1.9–3.1 mi) border zone towards Russia and issues the permits to visit the zone.
Organisation
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Administrative units are responsible for the functions of the Border Guard. These administrative units are the Border Guard Headquarters, Southeast Finland, North Karelia, Kainuu and Lapland border guard districts, the Gulf of Finland and West Finland coast guard districts, Air Patrol Squadron and Border and Coast Guard Academy.
The Border Guards have two readiness units; the 1st Special Intervention Unit, which operates in South-Eastern Finland, and the 5th Special Intervention Unit, who operates in the Gulf of Finland area.[6]
Training
[edit]The basic training of border guard personnel is based in Imatra, while the sea training for coast guards is based in Turku.[7]
Equipment
[edit]Watercraft
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The Border Guard operates:
- Three patrol vessels - Turva, Tursas, and Uisko
- 6 Griffon 2000TD hovercraft[8]
- 26 Watercat 1300 patrol boats[9]
- 15 RV90 coast guard boats,[10] plus other smaller boats.[11]
Vehicles
[edit]The Finnish Border Guard operates by several types of vehicles on soil.
The list of operative vehicles:
- Patrol cars - consisting of different types and models [1]
- All-terrain vehicles
- Snowmobiles
Operative personnel's equipment
[edit]Officers carry on a daily basis:
- TETRA
- Glock17, Glock19, Glock26
- Pepper spray
- Taser - model X2 by Axon Enterprise
- Baton (law enforcement)
- Handcuffs
- Light and heavy ballistic armor
- Military working dogs - The Finnish Border Guard has K9 units on every district. The most popular working dog breeds are German Shepherd and Belgian Malinois.
Small arms
[edit]Light weapons:
- Rk 95 TP
- Rk 62 - several versions
- Heckler & Koch G36
- Glock pistols
- TRG-42
- CZ Scorpion Evo 3
- Heckler & Koch HK416
Heavy arms
[edit]Heavy weapons:
- NSV machine gun
- PK machine gun
- Automatic grenade launcher
- APILAS
- Rocket-propelled grenade
- Grenade
- Explosive weapon - explosives and mines
Aircraft
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The Border Guard operates 14 aircraft, including 12 helicopters. The AB 412s are to be replaced by new twin-engined helicopters, while the Super Pumas and Dornier 228s are being modernized.
Aircraft | Type | Versions | In service[12] | Notes |
---|---|---|---|---|
AgustaWestland AW119 | utility helicopter | AW119Ke | 4 | Built by Agusta |
Bell 412 | transport helicopter | AB 412 AB 412EP |
4 1 |
Built by Agusta |
Eurocopter Super Puma | transport helicopter | AS 332L1 H215 |
1 4 |
All helicopters modernized to the H215 standard as of 2022. |
Dornier 228 | maritime patrol aircraft | Dornier 228-212 | 2 | To be replaced. 2x Challenger 650 modified by Sierra Nevada Corporation (Rapcon-X) |
MVX Programme
[edit]The Border Guard has announced that due to increasing problems with Dornier 228's, they are to be replaced by new aircraft. With a budget of 60 million euro, a letter has been sent to around 20 suppliers. Candidates include the Airbus C295 MSA, ATR 42 and ATR 72, and the Bombardier Challenger 650.[13][14] In April 2022, the budget of the Dornier 228 MVX replacement program was increased to 163 million euros, along with other defence spending boosts in wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[15]
The Challenger 650 Rapcon-X will feature a synthetic aperture radar, electro-optic and infrared camera systems, and other sensors.[16]
The MVX programme has received a total of 14 different offers. During the selection process the types were reduced, and consists currently of three jet-powered aircraft:[17]
Lighter aircraft
[edit]Diamond DA62 MPPPZL M28 SkytruckLet L-410NGPiaggio P180 Avanti EVOBeechcraft King Air 300Beechcraft King Air 350Beechcraft King Air 360ER
Larger, propeller-driven turbine powered aircraft, either new or used
[edit]Used:
New:
Jet-engined aircraft
[edit]The final candidates for the complete package are:[19]
- Field Aerospace
- L3Harris Technologies
- Sierra Nevada Corporation
- St Airborne Systems
History
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After the Finnish Civil War in 1919, the control of the Finnish borders was given to the former Finnish Russian frontier troops under the command of the Ministry of Interior. Until 1945, only the Russian border was supervised by the Frontier Guard, the Swedish and Norwegian borders having only customs control. In 1929, a separate Sea Guard was founded to prevent the rampant alcohol smuggling caused by the Finnish prohibition of alcohol (1919–1932).
At the start of the Winter War there were nine Border Companies (Rajakomppania) on the Karelian Isthmus. North of Lake Ladoga the Frontier Guards were combined into six Detached Battalions (Erillinen pataljoona). Further north in Petsamo the defence was left to the 10th Detached Company (10. Erillinen komppania). After the war marshal Mannerheim awarded all frontier guards the title "Border jäger" (Rajajääkäri). During the Continuation War, the Frontier Guard companies were combined into 12 Border Jäger battalions (Rajajääkäripataljoona) and later during the Lapland War into a Border Jäger Brigade (Rajajääkäriprikaati).
Ranks
[edit]Commissioned officer ranks
[edit]The rank insignia of commissioned officers.
NATO code | OF-10 | OF-9 | OF-8 | OF-7 | OF-6 | OF-5 | OF-4 | OF-3 | OF-2 | OF-1 | ||||||||||||||
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Kenraali/ Amiraali |
Kenraaliluutnantti/ Vara-amiraali |
Kenraalimajuri/ Kontra-amiraali |
Prikaatikenraali/ Lippueamiraali |
Eversti/ Kommodori |
Everstiluutnantti/ Komentaja |
Majuri/ Komentajakapteeni |
Kapteeni/ Kapteeniluutnantti |
Yliluutnantti/ Yliluutnantti |
Luutnantti/ Luutnantti |
Vänrikki/ Aliluutnantti | ||||||||||||||
General/ Amiral |
Generallöjtnant/ Viceamiral |
Generalmajor/ Konteramiral |
Brigadgeneral/ Flottiljamiral |
Överste/ Kommodor |
Överstelöjtnant/ Kommendör |
Major/ Kommendörkapten |
Kapten/ Kaptenlöjtnant |
Premiärlöjtnant | Löjtnant | Fänrik/ Underlöjtnant |
Other ranks
[edit]The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.
NATO code | OR-9 | OR-8 | OR-7 | OR-6 | OR-5 | OR-4 | OR-3 | OR-2 | OR-1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Sotilasmestari | Ylivääpeli/ Ylipursimies |
Vääpeli/ Pursimies |
Ylikersantti | Kersantti | Alikersantti | Korpraali/ Ylimatruusi |
Sotamies | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Militärmästare | Överfältväbel/ Överbåtsman |
Fältväbel/ Båtsman |
Översergeant | Sergeant | Undersergeant | Korpral/ Övermatros |
Soldat |
Current activities
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After the Second World War, the Border Guards were placed on all Finnish borders. In the 1950s, the Sea Guard was attached to the Border Guard. Since then, the Border Guard has received a fine public image. It is famed for the wilderness skills of its guards foot-patrolling the forest-covered Russian border, its good efficiency in catching the few illegal border crossers and for the fact that it is the only state authority in large parts of Lapland. In these matters it resembles the popular image of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The Border Guard of Finland is one of the links of the chain of protectors of the external borders of the European Union and Schengen agreement.
Nearly every Border Guard District trains small number of conscripts for long range reconnaissance (Finnish: Sissi). Conscripts in Border Guard companies are mostly volunteers and preferably selected from the occupants of border areas, and while trained by Border Guard, they do not perform regular border control duties. Rivalry between Sissi from Border Guards and Defence Forces is traditionally high.
Employment in Border Guard is much sought for, especially in North and Eastern Finland, which suffer from chronic unemployment problems. Typically a vacancy in the Border Guard receives at least 50 applications.
See also
[edit]- Crime in Finland
- Finnish Security Intelligence Service
- Frontex (The European Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders of the Member States of the European Union)
- Law enforcement in Finland
- National Bureau of Investigation (Finland)
- Police of Finland
References
[edit]- ^ "Border Guard: Rise in Syrians entering Finland illegally through Russia". Yle Uutiset. 23 June 2015. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ^ Пуллиайнен, Микко (14 октября 2022 г.). «Проект MVX, который ищет новую управляющую машину для пограничной гвардии, продвигается: теперь выбираются поставщики машин, приглашенные на тендерную конкуренцию » . Технология и экономика (на финском) . Получено 14 октября 2023 года .
- ^ Lehtihaara, Maarit (10 июня 2018 г.). "Достаточно ли, чтобы опираться на мужчину?" Полем Hufvudstadsbladet (на шведском языке) . Получено 14 октября 2023 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Valmiusjoukkueet Archived 2017-10-29 в The Wayback Machine . Финская пограничная гвардия. Получено 2015-07-07. (на финском) .
- ^ Smash Station: демонстрация, которая никогда не начиналась . Иле живой архив. 10.1.2012. Получено 2015-07-07. (на финском)
- ^ "Flashbang - 5 -й блок и 1 -й блок" .
- ^ Линдберг, Камилла, изд. (2020). Комната для всех - работа Folktinget для шведского в Финляндии в течение 100 лет (на шведском языке). Хельсинки: Шведская ассамблея Финляндии . ISBN 978-952-9700-61-5 .
- ^ "Griffon 2000td" . www.griffonhoverwork.com .
- ^ «Водяной 1300 патруль» . www.marinealutech.com .
- ^ "RV90" . tyovene.com .
- ^ «Суда и самолеты пограничной гвардии» . www.raja.fi.
- ^ «Инвентаризация Всемирного военного самолета», «Аэрокосмическая книга» 2007, Авиационная неделя и космическая технология , 15 января 2007 года.
- ^ «Быстрее, выше, сильнее: пограничная гвардия хочет два новых, больших самолетов наблюдения » . Илта-Саномат (на финском). 15 апреля 2021 года . Получено 14 мая 2021 года .
- ^ «Наблюдательный самолет пограничной гвардии находится в пределах их жизненного цикла - следует найти последователя для машин, которые отбывали 25 лет » . Turun Sanomat (на финском). 14 августа 2020 года . Получено 14 мая 2021 года .
- ^ «В общей сложности два миллиарда евро для обороны, увеличение на 20-30 евро для субсидий на рынке труда - руководство правительства сообщило о финансовых решениях » . Yle News (на финском). 5 апреля 2022 года . Получено 5 апреля 2022 года .
- ^ https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/finnish-corder-guard-wards-contract-to-snc
- ^ «В проекте MVX 14 различных типов машин - пограничный охранник Дорнирс должен быть быстро заменен | lonempost.fi» . 15 апреля 2021 года.
- ^ "Пограничная гвардия рассмотрит Embraer Preator 600 Jet на проекте MVX в Турку 26 июля 2022 года.
- ^ «Приобретение многофункционального самолета пограничной гвардии прогрессирует» . 20 апреля 2023 года.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Президент президента Республики по военному командованию, военным ценностям и услугам, военному и служебным снимкам, заслуга президента президента президента президента президента президента президента и охранник пограничного охранника военных и слуг, президент Республики президента президента, Эмблема, Крест заслуг и медаль за заслуги] (Указ президента Республики 761). 12 июня 2015 года. Архивировано с оригинала 30 ноября 2020 года.
Внешние ссылки
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