1950 -е годы в правах ЛГБТ
(Перенаправлен с 1952 года в области ЛГБТ )
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Wikimedia Commons имеет средства массовой информации, связанные с историей ЛГБТ в 1950 -х годах .
Это список заметных событий в истории прав ЛГБТ, которые состоялись по всему миру в 1950 -х годах.
1950
[ редактировать ]- Дональд Вебстер Кори публикует гомосексуал в Америке: субъективный подход . Книга провозглашается как одна из самых важных работ в истории движения за права геев. [ 1 ]
- Февраль - за пределами государственного секретаря Джон Пейурифой рассказывает о комитете сената Соединенных Штатов о «гомосексуальном подполье» в Государственном департаменте . [ 2 ] Его замечания вместе с гей-приманками комментариев от сенатора Джозефа Маккарти помогают зажечь так называемое « страх лаванды ».
- 11 ноября - после двух лет планирования пять друзей в Лос -Анджелесе нашли Общество Маттачина , первую крупную гей -организацию в Соединенных Штатах . [ 3 ]
1951
[ редактировать ]- August 28 — The Supreme Court of California rules in Stoumen v. Reilly that the mere congregation of homosexuals at a bar was not sufficient grounds for suspending the bar's liquor license.[4] The ruling came in the case of the Black Cat Bar, a San Francisco gay bar that was the target of a 15-year campaign by state and local authorities to shut it down.[5]
1952
[edit]- June 23 — Following his arrest on charges of "lewd behavior", Mattachine Society co-founder Dale Jennings exercises his right to a jury trial in an era when men almost uniformly pleaded guilty to such charges. At trial he acknowledges his homosexuality but denies the specific charge. The jury deadlocks 11-1 for acquittal and the charges are dropped. Mattachine declares a legal victory and membership in the Society swells.[6]
- March 31 — Alan Turing lost his trial versus the UK's government and was banned from the US. He was later chemically castrated. (The UK Prime minister apologised for this after a survey in 2009[1])
- November 15 — Articles of incorporation for One, Inc., an early homophile group, are signed.
1953
[edit]- Alfred Kinsey and the Institute for Sex Research publish Sexual Behavior in the Human Female, the second of two Kinsey Reports.[7]
- April 27 — President Dwight D. Eisenhower signs Executive Order 10450. Among other effects, the order establishes "sexual perversion" as grounds for the investigation and dismissal of federal employees.[8]
1954
[edit]- March 16 — The Army–McCarthy hearings convene to investigate conflicting charges made by the United States Army and Senator Joseph McCarthy about allegations of preferential treatment that McCarthy and his aide Roy Cohn had secured for Cohn's friend David Schine. The hearings include inquiries into the supposed security risks posed by homosexuals employed by the federal government and include instances of gay-baiting by Special Counsel for the Army Joseph Welch. Notably, Welch defines a pixie as being "a close relative of a fairy". "Fairy" is a slang term for "homosexual" and Welch's remark is interpreted as a jibe at Cohn, a closeted homosexual.[9]
- August — Following a series of high-profile arrests and trials, the Wolfenden Commission is formed in England to examine the possibility of reforming the laws relating to male homosexual conduct.[10]
1955
[edit]- The New York chapter of the Mattachine Society is founded.
- April 14 — in the wake of a moral panic brought on by the sexual assault and murder of a boy in 1954, Iowa enacts a "sexual psychopath" law,[11] allowing for the involuntary commitment of anyone charged with a public offense who possessed "criminal propensities toward the commission of sex offenses".[12] Twenty gay men from the Sioux City area, none of them suspected of having any connection with the crime that inspired the law, were committed in 1955.[13] Another 13 men were arrested in a sweep in 1958, but were not committed as sexual psychopaths.[14]
- October 19 — The Daughters of Bilitis, the first American organization specifically for lesbians, is founded in San Francisco.[15]
- October 31 — Three men are arrested in Boise, Idaho, on charges of lewd conduct and sodomy, inciting a moral panic in Boise that resulted in 16 arrests, 15 convictions and almost 1,500 people being questioned.[16]
- December 22 — The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit denies an appeal from Raymond W. Longernecker, whom the Veterans Administration (VA) had denied benefits under the G.I. Bill. Longernecker held a blue discharge, which meant he had been separated from military service under conditions neither honorable nor dishonorable. The Court found that two laws specifically denied the courts jurisdiction over such decisions by the VA Administrator. Nevertheless, the Court noted that the denial of benefits should only have occurred if Longernecker had been dishonorably discharged and that the VA Administrator was acting without authority in treating a blue discharge as if it were dishonorable.[17]
1956
[edit]- February 22 — The Hazel's Inn raid near San Francisco, California results in nearly 100 arrests of homosexuals.
- May — Confidential magazine publishes an expose on Sumner Welles' 1940 sex scandal, the Pullman porter affair.
1957
[edit]- The Homosexual Law Reform Society forms in England for the sole purpose of decriminalizing homosexual acts.[18]
- September 4 — The Wolfenden report is published in England. The committee recommends "that homosexual behavior between consenting adults in private should no longer be a criminal offense". The committee also recommended that the age of consent for sexual acts between men be set at 21, in contrast to 16 for heterosexual and lesbian sex.[19]
- December 20 — Frank Kameny is fired from his job as an astronomer in the United States Army's Map Service in Washington, D.C., because of his homosexuality. A few days later he is blacklisted from seeking federal employment. These events spur Kameny into being a gay rights activist.[20]
1958
[edit]- January 13 — The United States Supreme Court rules in One, Inc. v. Olesen that ONE: The Homosexual Magazine was not an obscene publication.[21] It is the first U.S. Supreme Court ruling related to homosexuality.
1959
[edit]- May — LGBT people clash with police at Cooper's Donuts, a hang-out for drag queens and street hustlers who were frequently harassed by the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). Police arrest three people, including John Rechy, but other patrons begin pelting the police with donuts and coffee cups. The LAPD calls for back-up and arrests a number of rioters. Rechy and the other two original detainees are able to escape.[22]
- December 23 — In Vallerga v. Department of Alcoholic Beverage Control, the Supreme Court of California rules that a 1955 statute allowing ABC to revoke the liquor license of any establishment that was a "resort ... for sexual perverts" violated the state constitution.[23] The court indicates that had the revocation been based on accusations of homosexual conduct rather than the mere gathering of homosexuals, it might have upheld the statute. It established the right of LGBT people to congregate in California as long as they did not express their sexuality physically.[24]
See also
[edit]
- Timeline of LGBT history — timeline of events from 12,000 BCE to present
- LGBT rights by country or territory — current legal status around the world
- LGBT social movements
Notes
[edit]- ^ Bullough, p. 342
- ^ Jennings, p. 152
- ^ Hogan and Hudson, pp. 382—3
- ^ Stoumen v. Reilly, 37 Cal.2d 713 (Supreme Court of California August 28, 1951).
- ^ D'Emilio p. 187
- ^ D'Emilio, pp. 69—70
- ^ Miller (1995), p. 252
- ^ Executive Order 10450
- ^ Giblin, pp. 225—26
- ^ Miller (1995), p. 283
- ^ Miller (2002), p. 84
- ^ Miller (2002), p. 76
- ^ Miller (2002), pp. 127—8
- ^ Miller (2002), pp. 217—8
- ^ Олдрич и Уотерспун, с. 253
- ^ Герасси, с. 126
- ^ Longernecker v. Higley , 229 F.2d 27 (Апелляционный суд США по округу Колумбия 22 декабря 1955 г.).
- ^ Миллер (1995), с. 285
- ^ Миллер (1995), с. 283—84
- ^ Мердок и Прайс, с. 52—3
- ^ One, Inc. v. Oleson , 355 US 371 (Верховный суд США 13 января 1958 года).
- ^ Faderman and Timmons, с. 1–2
- ^ Vallerga v. Dept. alloadil Bev. Контроль , 53 Cal.2d 313 (Верховный суд Калифорнии 23 декабря 1959 г.).
- ^ Эскридж, с. 94—5
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Олдрич, Роберт и Гарри Уотерспун (2001). Кто есть кто в современной истории геев и лесбиянок . Routledge. ISBN 0-415-22974-X .
- Bullough, Vern L. (2002). До Стоунволла: активисты прав геев и лесбиянок в историческом контексте . Нью -Йорк: Haworth Press. ISBN 1-56023-193-9 .
- Д'Милио, Джон (1983). Сексуальная политика, сексуальные общины: создание гомосексуального меньшинства в Соединенных Штатах, 1940-1970 . Чикаго: Университет Чикагской Прессы. ISBN 0-226-14265-5 .
- Эскридж, Уильям Н. (2002). Гейло: бросая вызов апартеиду шкафа . Кембридж, штат Массачусетс: издательство Гарвардского университета. ISBN 0-674-00804-9 .
- Фадерман, Лилиан и Стюарт Тиммонс (2006). Gay LA: История сексуальных преступников, политики власти и лесбиянок для помады . Основные книги. ISBN 0-465-02288-X .
- Герасси, Джон, с введением Питера Боага (1966, перепечатано 2001). Мальчики Бойсе: Фурор, Вице и Фолли в американском городе . Университет Вашингтона Пресс. ISBN 0-295-98167-9 .
- Гиблин, Джеймс Кросс (2009). Восстание и падение сенатора Джо Маккарти . Хоутон Миффлин Харкорт. ISBN 0-618-61058-8 .
- Дженнингс, Кевин (1994). Становится видимым: читатель в истории геев и лесбиянок для студентов средней школы и колледжей . Лос -Анджелес: Alyson Publications. ISBN 1-55583-254-7 .
- Миллер, Нил (1995). Из прошлого: история геев и лесбиянок с 1869 года по настоящее время . Нью -Йорк: винтажные книги. ISBN 0-09-957691-0 .
- Миллер, Нил (2002). Паника по сексуальной преступности: путешествие в параноидальное сердце 1950-х годов . Лос -Анджелес: Алисон Книги. ISBN 1-55583-659-3 .
- Мердок, Джойс и Деб Прайс (2001). Уход от юстиции: геи и лесбиянки против Верховного суда . Нью -Йорк: Основные книги, член группы Perseus Books. ISBN 0-465-01513-1 .
