Аренная схема замены

Arene Схемы замены являются частью органической химии номенклатуры IUPAC и определяют положение заместителей, кроме водорода по отношению друг к другу на ароматическом углеводорожном .

Орто , мета и пара замена

Основные модели замены Арен

См. Также: Электрофильная ароматическая замещение

• В Ortho -Substituration два заместителя занимают позиции рядом друг с другом, которые могут быть пронумерованы 1 и 2. На диаграмме эти позиции отмечены R и Ortho .
• В мета -подстановке заместители занимают позиции 1 и 3 (соответствующие R и Meta на диаграмме).
• В пункте -подстановке заместители занимают противоположные концы (позиции 1 и 4, соответствующие r и par на диаграмме).

Толуидины . служат примером для этих трех типов замещения

Синтез

Группы пожертвований электронов, например, амино , гидроксил , алкил и фенильные группы, как правило, являются орто / пара -директорами, а группы снятия электронов, такие как нитро , нитрил и кетоновые группы, имеют тенденцию быть мета -директорами.

Properties

Although the specifics vary depending on the compound, in simple disubstituted arenes, the three isomers tend to have rather similar boiling points. However, the para isomer usually has the highest melting point, and the lowest solubility in a given solvent, of the three isomers.

Separation of ortho and para isomers

Because electron donating groups are both ortho and para directors, separation of these isomers is a common problem in synthetic chemistry. Several methods exist in order to separate these isomers:

• Column chromatography will often separate these isomers, as the ortho is more polar than the para in general.
• Fractional crystallisation can be used to obtain pure para product, relying on the principle that it is less soluble than the ortho and thus will crystallise first. Care must be taken to avoid cocrystallisation of the ortho isomer.
• Many nitro compounds' ortho and para isomers have quite different boiling points. These isomers can often be separated by distillation. These separated isomers can be converted to diazonium salts and used to prepare other pure ortho or para compounds.

Ipso, meso, and peri substitution

• 
  ipso- substitution.
• 
  meso- substitution.
• 
  peri- substitution.

• Ipso-substitution describes two substituents sharing the same ring position in an intermediate compound in an electrophilic aromatic substitution. Trimethylsilyl, tert-butyl, and isopropyl groups can form stable carbocations, hence are ipso directing groups.
• Meso-substitution refers to the substituents occupying a benzylic position. It is observed in compounds such as calixarenes and acridines.
• Peri-substitution occurs in naphthalenes for substituents at the 1 and 8 positions.

Cine and tele substitution

• In cine-substitution, the entering group takes up a position adjacent to that occupied by the leaving group. For example, cine-substitution is observed in aryne chemistry.
• Tele-substitution occurs when the new position is more than one atom away on the ring.

Origins

The prefixes ortho, meta, and para are all derived from Greek, meaning correct, following, and beside, respectively. The relationship to the current meaning is perhaps not obvious. The ortho description was historically used to designate the original compound, and an isomer was often called the meta compound. For instance, the trivial names orthophosphoric acid and trimetaphosphoric acid have nothing to do with aromatics at all. Likewise, the description para was reserved for just closely related compounds. Thus Jöns Jakob Berzelius originally called the racemic form of tartaric acid "paratartaric acid" (another obsolete term: racemic acid) in 1830. The use of the prefixes ortho, meta and para to distinguish isomers of disubstituted aromatic rings starts with Wilhelm Körner in 1867, although he applied the ortho prefix to a 1,4-isomer and the meta prefix to a 1,2-isomer. It was the German chemist Karl Gräbe who, in 1869, first used the prefixes ortho-, meta-, para- to denote specific relative locations of the substituents on a disubstituted aromatic ring (namely naphthalene). In 1870, the German chemist Viktor Meyer first applied Gräbe's nomenclature to benzene. The current nomenclature was introduced by the Chemical Society in 1879.

Examples

Examples of the use of this nomenclature are given for isomers of cresol, C₆H₄(OH)(CH₃):

• 
  o-cresol
• 
  m-cresol
• 
  p-cresol

There are three arene substitution isomers of dihydroxybenzene (C₆H₄(OH)₂) – the ortho isomer catechol, the meta isomer resorcinol, and the para isomer hydroquinone:

• 
  catechol
• 
  resorcinol
• 
  hydroquinone

There are three arene substitution isomers of benzenedicarboxylic acid (C₆H₄(COOH)₂) – the ortho isomer phthalic acid, the meta isomer isophthalic acid, and the para isomer terephthalic acid:

• 
  phthalic acid
• 
  isophthalic acid
• 
  terephthalic acid

These terms can also be used in six-membered heterocyclic aromatic systems such as pyridine, where the nitrogen atom is considered one of the substituents. For example, nicotinamide and niacin, shown meta substitutions on a pyridine ring, while the cation of pralidoxime is an ortho isomer.

• 
  niacin
• 
  nicotinamide
• 
  pralidoxime

See also

• Descriptor (chemistry)
• Isomer
• Structural isomerism