Палата депутатов (Османская империя)

Палата депутатов

Совет работодателей
Парламент-я Мебусан
Палата депутатов ; Совет работодателей ; Парламент-я Мебусан
Тип
Тип	Нижняя палата Османского парламента
История
Основан	23 декабря 1876 года ; 23 July 1908
Disbanded	14 February 1878; 11 April 1920
Preceded by	Divan-ı Hümayun
Succeeded by	Grand National Assembly
Seats	275
Elections
Voting system	Electoral college
First election	1877
Last election	1919
Meeting place
	Dolmabahçe Palace (1876-1878); Darülfünûn building (1876-1878, 1908); Çırağan Palace (1909); Cemile Sultan Palace (1910-1920)

March of the Deputies
Turkish: Mebusan Marşı

The anthem of the Chamber of Deputies, performed at its reopening in 1909.

The lyrics reference the contemporary 1908 Young Turk Revolution leaders Ahmed Niyazi Bey and Enver Pasha, as well as democrats of the previous generation, Namık Kemal and Midhat Pasha.

Problems playing this file? See media help.

Палата депутатов ( Османская турецкая : меклис -я меб'оссан ; ^{[ 2 ]} Турецкий : Меклис-и Мебусн или Мебуслар Меклиси ; Французский : Chambre des déututés ) из Османской империи была нижней палатой Генеральной Ассамблеи , османского парламента. ^{[ 3 ]} В отличие от Верхней палаты, Сенат , члены Палаты депутатов были избраны генеральным османским населением, хотя избирательное право ограничивалось мужчинами определенного финансового положения, среди других ограничений, которые варьировались в течение жизни камеры. ^{[ 4 ]}

Первая конституционная эра (1876–1878)

В первую конституционную эру , которая длилась всего два года с 1876 по 1878 год, первоначальный выбор депутатов был сделан непосредственно избранными административными советами в провинциях, которые выступали в качестве избирательного колледжа для депутатов, а также в качестве местных органов власти. Первая палата встретилась 19 марта 1877 года. ^{[ 3 ]} Его основной властью в течение этого периода было право голосовать по годовым бюджетам, представленным Советом министров . ^[4] All members of the parliament, including those in the Chamber, had a right to free expression and were immune from arrest and criminal prosecution during their term, unless their chamber voted to waive this right for a member.^[4]

After the establishment of the whole parliament, General Assembly (Turkish: Meclis-i Umumî), in the provinces, the members selected the deputies from within the General Assembly to form the Chamber of Deputies (Turkish: Meclis-i Mebusan) in the capital, Constantinople. The Chamber of Deputies had 130 members and reflected the distribution of the millets in the empire.^[3] After the first elections, a sort of trial to populate the Chamber for the first time, there were 71 Muslim millet representatives, 44 Christians millet representatives, and 4 Jewish millet representatives.^[5] After the second elections, there were 69 Muslim representatives and 46 representatives of other millets (Jews, Greeks, Armenians, etc.).

The actions of the Chamber were subject to a veto by the upper house, the Senate (whose members were selected by the Sultan), thus limiting the Chamber's power during this period.^[6] No true system of checks and balances between the houses of parliament or the Sultan's office existed during this period.^[4] The second session of the Chamber lasted from 13 December 1877 to 14 February 1878, when Sultan Abdul Hamid II dismissed General Assembly and the 1876 constitution, restoring his despotism.^[3] The sultan, known to be paranoid of limitations on his personal power,^[7] had become increasingly alarmed of the open criticisms leveled by the members of the parliament at the military policies and inefficiencies of his reign.^[4]

Second Constitutional Era (1908–1920)

The Second Constitutional Era of the Ottoman Empire began shortly after Abdul Hamid II was forced to restore the constitutional monarchy after the 1908 Young Turk Revolution. The longer lasting period also saw the establishment of many political groups and parties. Ahmet Rıza became the first President of the Chamber in 1908. Following the 31 March Incident in 1909 an amendment to the original 1876 constitution resulted in the Chamber gaining more true political power at the expense of the non-democratically elected Senate and the Sultan.^[6] A series of elections during this period resulted in the gradual ascendance of the Committee of Union and Progress's (CUP) domination in politics. The second largest party was the Liberty Party (1908 - 1910) and the Freedom and Accord Party (1911 - 1920) (Turkish: Hürriyet ve İtilâf) both parties led by Mehmed Sabahaddin.

The second constitutional era came to a de facto end after the 1912 elections (known as the Sopalı Seçimler, "Election of Clubs"), which the CUP was widely understood to have rigged in its favor.^[4] After the 1913 Ottoman coup d'état the following year and the seizure of power by the CUP triumvirate known as the Three Pashas, the Chamber of Deputies, along with the Sultan and the Senate, ceased to exercise any meaningful political power over the government.^[4]

The era formally ended after World War I during the Occupation of Constantinople. The last meeting on 18 March 1920 produced a letter of protest to the Allies, and a black cloth covered the pulpit of the parliament as reminder of its absent members.

March of the Chamber of Deputies

The leaders of the revolution, Ahmed Niyazi Bey and Enver Pasha, were mentioned in the March of the Deputies (Turkish: Meclis-i Mebusan Marşı), the anthem of the restored Chamber of Deputies (see audio at top right at 01:20); the fourth line was sung "Long live Niyazi, long live Enver!" (Turkish: "Yaşasın Niyazi, yaşasın Enver!").

Parliaments sessions

First Constitutional Era

1st Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire (First half of 1877)
2nd Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire (Second half of 1877)

Second Constitutional Era

3rd Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire (1908–1912)
4th Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire (1912–1914)
5th Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire (1914–1919)
6th Chamber of Deputies of the Ottoman Empire (1919–1920)

External links

Minutes of the Chamber of Deputies and Senate

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Meclis-i Mebusan (Mebuslar Meclisi)". Tarihi Olaylar.
^ Röder, Tilmann J. (2012-01-11). "The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives". In Grote, Rainer; Tilmann J. Röder (eds.). Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries. Oxford University Press USA. pp. 321-372. ISBN 9780199759880. - Cited page: [1]
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Myron Weiner; Ergun Özbudun (1987). Competitive Elections in Developing Countries. Duke University Press. p. 333. ISBN 0-8223-0766-9.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rainer Grote; Tilmann Röder (16 February 2012). Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity. Oxford University Press. pp. 328–330. ISBN 978-0-19-975988-0.
^ Alan Palmer (19 May 2011). The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. Faber & Faber. p. 1859. ISBN 978-0-571-27908-1.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Selcuk Aksin Somel (13 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-8108-6606-5.
^ Cleveland, William; Burton, Martin (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0-8133-4833-9.

[tarihiolaylar-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d "Meclis-i Mebusan (Mebuslar Meclisi)". Tarihi Olaylar.

[2] Röder, Tilmann J. (2012-01-11). "The Separation of Powers: Historical and Comparative Perspectives". In Grote, Rainer; Tilmann J. Röder (eds.). Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries. Oxford University Press USA. pp. 321-372. ISBN 9780199759880. - Cited page: [1]

[WeinerÖzbudun1987-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d Myron Weiner; Ergun Özbudun (1987). Competitive Elections in Developing Countries. Duke University Press. p. 333. ISBN 0-8223-0766-9.

[GroteRöder2012-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Rainer Grote; Tilmann Röder (16 February 2012). Constitutionalism in Islamic Countries: Between Upheaval and Continuity. Oxford University Press. pp. 328–330. ISBN 978-0-19-975988-0.

[Palmer2011-5] Alan Palmer (19 May 2011). The Decline and Fall of the Ottoman Empire. Faber & Faber. p. 1859. ISBN 978-0-571-27908-1.

[Somel2003-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b Selcuk Aksin Somel (13 February 2003). Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire. Scarecrow Press. p. 225. ISBN 978-0-8108-6606-5.

[Cleveland-7] Cleveland, William; Burton, Martin (2013). A History of the Modern Middle East. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0-8133-4833-9.

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v Т и Правление Абдула Хамида II
Major events	Ottoman constitution of 1876 (Senate of the Ottoman Empire Chamber of Deputies) First Constitutional Era Hamidian massacres Yıldız assassination attempt Second Constitutional Era 31 March Incident	Abdul Hamid II
Associated buildings	Yıldız Palace Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
Wars	Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Greco-Turkish War (1897)
Family	Tirimüjgan Kadın (mother) Perestu Kadın (adoptive mother) Abdulmejid I (father) Abdülaziz (uncle)
Wives	Nazikeda Bedrifelek Nurefsun Bidar Dilpesend Mezidimestan Emsalinur Müşfika Sazkar Peyveste Fatma Pesend Behice Saliha Naciye
Category:Abdul Hamid II

Базы данных управления авторитетом
International	VIAF
National	United States Israel
Other	İslâm Ansiklopedisi