Китайская Красная Армия
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| Красная армия китайских рабочих и крестьян | |
|---|---|
| Китайские рабочие и красная армия крестьян | |
 Флаг китайских рабочих и крестьян | |
| Активный | 1928–1937 |
| Расформирован | 1937 |
| Страна |  Китай |
| Верность |  Китайская коммунистическая партия |
| Ветвь | Центральная военная комиссия |
| Тип | Армия |
| Роль | Земельная война |
| Штаб -квартира | Горы Цингганг (1928-1929) Ruijin , Jiangxi Soviet (1929-1934) Yan'an, Yan'an Soviet (1935-1937) |
| Занятия | Китайская гражданская война |
| Командиры | |
| Примечательный командиры | Мао Цзэдун , Пенг Дехуай , Чжу де |
| Красная армия китайских рабочих и крестьян |
|---|
| Часть серии на |
| Китайский коммунист Революция |
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| Схема гражданской войны Китая |
 Портал коммунизма |
Китайская Красная Армия , официально китайская работница и крестьянская красная армия [ А ] Или только Красная Армия была военным крылом Коммунистической партии Китая с 1928 по 1937 год. Она была сформирована, когда коммунистические элементы Национальной революционной армии раскололись и вызваны восстанием Нанчанга . Красная армия была переведена в Национальную революционную армию в рамках второго объединенного фронта с Куминтаном , чтобы бороться с японцами во время Второй китайско-японской войны 1937–1945 годов. На более поздних этапах гражданской войны Китая они снова раскололись и переименовали в Народную освободительную армию .
История
[ редактировать ]Формирование (конец 1920 -х годов)
[ редактировать ]
Летом 1926 года КПК захватила два подразделения сил Китайской националистической партии и возглавлял военный мятеж. Генерал националистических сил. Он давно повелел 20 -м корпусу присоединиться к ним. У них было 20 000 солдат, и они планировали занять Гуанчжоу . Тем не менее, они потерпели поражение до того, как достигли Гуанчжоу, и всего несколько тысяч человек пережили битву. Чжу де привел колонку выживших в Хунань , чтобы сражаться в восстании осеннего урожая, где они снова потерпели поражение. [ 1 ] После восстания Мао Цзэдун организовал повстанцев в партизанскую армию, создав революционную базовую территорию в горах Цзинганг . [ 2 ] : 40 Две армии объединили свои усилия в следующем году. Зимой 1927 года КПК планировала покорить Гуанчжоу; Однако восстание провалилось, и тысячи повстанцев были убиты националистическими силами генерала Ли Джишена . [ 3 ]
Между 1928 и 1929 годами КПК запустила множественные восстания. Мао Цзэдун и Чжу Де возглавляли организацию и обучение коммунистических военных, [ 4 ] : 283 в том числе четвертая армия, которая составила около 6000 человек летом 1928 года и сражалась в Цзянси . Также летом 1928 года Пенг Дехуай , командир националистических сил полка, возглавлял военный мятеж. Выживший на Нанчанг восстания , он Лонг, также создал армию в своем родном городе с бывшими правительственными солдатами в качестве основной боевой силы.
В конце 1920-х годов коммунистическим войскам не хватало ресурсов, и полагались на партизанскую тактику, такую как операции по удару, для компенсации их материальных ограничений. [ 4 ] : 283
Ранний успех (начало 1930 -х годов)
[ редактировать ]In early 1930, more red armies were created and the number of red soldiers grew rapidly. By the summer of 1930, the Chinese Red Army had grown to more than 100,000 soldiers and had several base areas, such as in southern and northern Jiangxi, western Hubei, and eastern Hunan, among others. Peng Dehuai's Fifth Army attacked and occupied Changsha, the capital of Hunan. After the attack, Jiangxi became the largest base area of the Chinese Red Army. In the autumn of 1930, Deng Xiaoping's Seventh Army left its base area in Guangxi.
In 1931, the Chinese Red Army defeated the Nationalist forces three times with a large-scale attack, causing the Nationalist forces to lose nearly 100,000 soldiers. Several smaller red armies came together and formed a group army. In the summer of 1931, General Zhang Guotao arrived at the Fourth Red Army's base area and took over the army. Most of the Fourth Red Army's senior officers were killed by him, including Xu Jishen, Zhou Weijiong, and Xiaofang. Similar movements also occurred in western Hubei; in the spring of 1931, Xia Xi took over He Long's army and killed most of his senior officers including Duan Dechang.
In the fall of 1932, the Nationalist forces gathered 300,000 soldiers to attack the Fourth Red Army. Most of the Nationalist forces' future generals participated in this battle such as Huang Wei, Du Yuming, Sun Li-jen, and others. Having lost more than half of its soldiers, the Fourth Red Army was defeated and had to retreat from its base area. He Long's Third Army also sustained significant loses, with more than 10,000 soldiers losing their lives after leaving western Hubei. During this time, there were also several battles between the Nationalist forces and Jiangxi's First Red Army.
In the spring of 1933, the First Red Army defeated the Nationalist forces' fourth large-scale attack and eliminated two and a half of its elite divisions. Several of the Nationalist forces' generals were also captured. In 1933, the Fourth Red Army arrived at Sichuan and recruited more than 80,000 soldiers. This caused Sichuan's warlord Liu Xiang to gather 200,000 troops to attack the Fourth Red Army in autumn.
Defeats (mid 1930s)
[edit]In 1934, the Nationalist forces purchased new German weapons and launched a fifth large-scale attack on the Red Army's base area in Jiangxi. The First Red Army lost more than 50,000 soldiers in this battle and had to leave Jiangxi to establish a new base. This was the beginning of the Long March. About 30,000 soldiers were left to defend the base areas in southern China. During the same time, the Fourth Red Army defeated Liu Xiang's attacks, who lost more than 80,000 soldiers in battle. Before the First Red Army began the Long March, Xiao Ke's Sixth Legion arrived at eastern Guizhou and joined forces with He Long's Third Army. After this, the Third Army changed its designation to Second Legion.
In the autumn of 1935, the First Red Army arrived in northern Shaanxi with only 6,000 soldiers after losing more than 80,000 along the way. During this same time, the Fourth Red Army moved to northern Sichuan and planned to attack Chengdu. By the end of 1935, they had lost more than 40,000 soldiers and were defeated. Therefore, they were forced to move to southern Gansu and wait for He Long's Second Legion and Sixth Legion to arrive.
Formation of a new Army (late 1930s)
[edit]In the summer of 1936, the Second Legion, the Sixth Legion and the Thirty-Second Army formed a new group army. It was named the Second Red Army and He Long was tasked with being its commander. The Second Red Army and Fourth Red Army arrived in north Shaanxi in the autumn of 1936. Around the same time, roughly 21,000 soldiers from the Fourth Red Army attacked Gansu, wanting to find a way to the Soviet Union. By the end of 1936, they were defeated by the Nationalist forces' General Ma Bufang, with more than 6,000 soldiers being captured. Only Xu Xiangqian and other senior officers survived. Because of this great failure, the Fourth Red Army's Commander in Chief Zhang Guotao was stripped of his military power.
When the anti-Japanese war broke out on 7 July 1937, the communist military forces were nominally integrated into the National Revolutionary Army of the Republic of China, forming the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army units. The First Red Army was integrated into the 115th Division of the Nationalist forces. The Second Red Army was integrated into the 120th Division of the Nationalist forces. The Fourth Red Army was integrated into the 129th Division of the Nationalist forces. These three divisions had 45,000 soldiers in all. 10,000 soldiers were left to defend the base areas in northern Shaanxi. In southern China, the New Fourth Army's 10,000 soldiers acted as a guerrilla force. At the time of the Second Sino-Japanese War, these two armies contained one million armed men. The Red Army grew rapidly during the war, including through mass mobilization campaigns operating behind enemy lines.[4]: 283 At the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Red Army had 2 million militia members and 900,000 regular troops.[4]: 283
Re-organization into People's Liberation Army
[edit]In 1947, the Red Army was reorganized into the People's Liberation Army.[4]: 283 It continued to operate as a guerilla army reliant on the support of the peasantry.[4]: 283 By the time the People's Republic of China was established on 1 October 1949, the PLA had 5.5 million personnel, primarily light infantry.[4]: 283
After the Communist Party assumed power in 1949, veterans of the Red Army were venerated in mainland Chinese culture and are distinguished from those who joined to fight with the Communist Party after the integration with the Nationalists, or during the second civil war.
In 1954, the relationship between the Party and the military was further institutionalized by the establishment of the Central Military Commission.[4]: 283
Major events
[edit]- 1 August 1927: Nanchang Uprising
- 1927: Autumn Harvest Uprising
- 1927: Guangzhou Uprising
- 1930 to 1931: First Encirclement Campaign[5]
- 1931: Second Encirclement Campaign[5]
- July 1931: Third Encirclement Campaign[5]
- 1932 to 1933: Fourth Encirclement Campaign[5]
- 1933 to 1934: Fifth Encirclement Campaign[5]
- 1934 to 1936: Long March[5][6]
Political and ideological roles
[edit]In the view of the Communist Party, participation of the masses in the Red Army was significant beyond the direct concerns of manpower and material support.[7]: 88 It was also viewed as a political process through which the masses would evolve into "masters of the state."[7]: 88 According to Mao, "[T]he Red Army is not an entity for fighting only. Its major task (or function) is to mobilize the masses. Fighting is only a means."[7]: 88 This process involved the Red Army's significant responsibility for educating, organizing, and mobilizing the masses, functioning like the mobile embodiment of the Communist Party in addition to its military roles.[7]: 365 Academic Cai Xiang writes that the Red Army's ability to function in this way helps explain why despite the weak industrial base in revolutionary China, a proletarian party nonetheless successfully developed.[7]: 355
These ideas developed at the 1929 Gutian Congress[4]: 280 The June 1930 Program for the Red Fourth Army at All Levels and the winter 1930 Provisional Regulations on the Political Work of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Army (Draft), which formally established Party leadership of the military.[8]: 307
In the article The Democratic Movement within the Army, written during the Second Sino-Japanese War, Mao Zedong discussed the Red Army's political work and stated, "Through the democratic movement under centralized leadership, we were able to achieve a high degree of political unity, improve lives, and improve military technology and tactics, which are our three main purposes."[8]: 322 This view of democracy in the military emphasized democratic centralism and avoiding what the Party deemed "extreme democracy[,] or anarchism."[8]: 322
Main leadership
[edit]Main leadership of the Red Army headquarters
[edit]In May 1933, the Chinese Red Army began to build a military regularization system. They established the Red Army headquarters on the front line to command operations.
| Military Posts | First Term | Second Term | Third Term |
|---|
Commanders of group armies
[edit]The Chinese Red Army often claimed they had three group armies, although, by 1931, the Second Red Army was much smaller than the other two.
| Army | Military Posts | First Term | Second Term | Third Term |
|---|
Main leadership of base areas
[edit]In 1930, the Chinese Red Army had established several base areas. Though the designations of the Red Army changed frequently, the main leadership of base areas did not change significantly.
| Base Area | Duration | Main Leadership | Remarks |
|---|
Personnel
[edit]Military rebellion
[edit]In the early phases of its establishment, most of the Chinese Red Army's military officers were made up of former officers of the Nationalist forces, with most of them joining the Red Army secretly between 1925 and 1928. Many of these officers were killed in the first years of the war. The largest rebellion was the Ningdu Uprising which occurred in the winter of 1931. General Dong Zhentang, head of the 26th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army and his 17,000 soldiers were the first to join the First Red Army. After the uprising, the Nationalist Party strengthened its control over the army, making launching a military rebellion more difficult. Despite this, General Zhang Guotao, who regarded the former officers of the Nationalist forces with disdain, lead an attack in the summer of 1931 which killed more than 2,500 of the Fourth Red Army's middle and senior officers who originated from the Nationalist forces.
Ranks and titles
[edit]The Chinese Red Army had no ranks. Officers and soldiers were considered equal. Early on, the officers were elected by the soldiers; however, during the later parts of the war this system was eliminated. From regiment to army, the command system at each level had four commanders: commander, political commissar, chief of staff, and director of political department, with the political commissar holding the most power.
Recruitment
[edit]Red Army recruitment efforts often involved mass meetings and competitions between different villages, counties, or mass organizations on the basis of which could supply the most recruits.[10]: 158 Women's Organizations were mobilized to provided support to the dependents of Red Army soldiers and to prevent women from "pulling on [their menfolk's] tails" to forestall their enlistment.[10]: 157–158
Coerced recruiting was explicitly forbidden.[10]: 158
Military education
[edit]As the number of former officers of the Nationalist forces that made up the Red Army decreased throughout the war, the Red Army began to develop military education for the new officers who were formerly farmers. Each base area established its own military academies, usually using captured enemy officers as teachers. The enterprise was very successful, and by 1936 most of the Red Army's military officers were former farmers.
Purges
[edit]In 1931, commanders determined that there were a number of spies in the Red Army. This issue became particularly prevalent when the First Red Army's Chief of Staff Zhu Yunqing was assassinated by a spy in a hospital. After this, each Red Army began to judge and execute the officers and soldiers who were suspected. In 1931, the First Red Army executed about 4,000 men. The Fourth Red Army and Third Red Army also executed thousands of officers, especially senior officers.
Militia
[edit]Typically a Red Army's base area was surrounded by enemy forces. To protect the base area from enemy attack, the Red Army recruited red guards. The red guards were commanded by officers of the local soviet. When large-scale war broke out, the red guards were responsible for the logistical support of the Red Army and supplied new soldiers for the Red Army. For example, in the winter of 1932, Xiao Ke's Eighth Army had 2,200 red soldiers and 10,000 red guards. The red guards' officers were not always loyal. In the spring of 1933, one of the red guards' officers killed 29th Army's commander Chen Qianlun and surrendered to the Nationalist forces.
Organization
[edit]Usually each Chinese Red Army's army or legion had three or two infantry divisions. Each division has three infantry regiments and one mortar company. In different time the number of one division's soldiers is different. In the beginning every division had about 1000 or 2000 men. From 1933 to 1936, one division usually had about 5000 or 6000 men.
1928
[edit]After several uprisings, the Chinese Red Army had several armies in the summer of 1928.
| Province | Order of battle | Commander | Troop strength |
|---|
1930
[edit]The Chinese Red Army became stronger than before and during the summer of 1930.
| Province | Order of battle | Commander | Troop strength |
|---|
1932
[edit]In the summer of 1932, the Chinese Red Army had formed three main forces before the Fourth Encirclement Campaign.
| Province | Order of battle | Commander | Troop strength |
|---|
1934
[edit]The Chinese Red Army had nearly 200,000 men in the winter of 1934.
| Province | Army | Order of battle | Commander | Troop strength |
|---|
1936
[edit]Most of Chinese Red Army had arrived in northern Shaanxi by autumn 1936. Only a minority of them stayed in southern China.
| Province | Army | Order of battle | Commander | Troop strength |
|---|
Equipment
[edit]Rifles
[edit]The Chinese Red Army's weapons were all captured from the enemy army, with the most important and useful weapon being the rifle.[11] In the winter of 1934, the First Red Army's twelve divisions had 72,300 soldiers and 25,300 rifles. Compared to the First Red Army, the Fourth Red Army had more rifles which allowed it to recruit many new soldiers in Sichuan. However, the local forces lacked rifles.[12] In the summer of 1934, Xun Huaizhou's Seventh Legion had 6,000 soldiers but only 1,200 rifles, which lead to the Seventh Legion's quick defeat when they attempted to attack Fuzhou.[13]
Machine guns
[edit]Every Red Army regiment typically had one machine gun company, with every company having six or more machine guns. The machine gun equipment rate of the Red Army was no less than that of the Nationalist forces' elite troops. This was one of the important reasons why the Red Army was able to defeat the Nationalist forces on many occasions. The most common machine guns were the MG08,[14] ZB vz. 26, M1918 Browning Automatic Rifle, and Hotchkiss M1914 machine gun.
Cold weapons
[edit]Due to the lack of rifles, the Chinese Red Army was forced to use cold weapons such as broadswords, spears, sabres, and other melee implements.[15] In particular, most of the soldiers from the Red Army's militia troops were armed with cold weapons at all times. In the autumn of 1930, Zeng Zhongsheng commanded 30,000 red guards who were armed with cold weapons. Despite the overwhelming numbers of red soldiers, 1,000 opposing troops armed with rifles were able to defeat Zeng Zhongsheng's forces.[citation needed]
Submachine guns
[edit]The Chinese Red Army used various types of submachine guns from Thompsons to MP 18s.[16][17] They were captured from the Nationalist forces.[citation needed]
Artillery
[edit]The Chinese Red Army made use of artillery seized from the enemy forces.[18] Most of the time the Red Armies only had mortars, with typically every army having three to five mortars. During the summer of 1930, Peng Dehuai's Fifth Army captured four 75mm mountain guns in Yuezhou, but they lacked the required ammunition.[19]
Aircraft
[edit]In the spring of 1931, the Fourth Red Army captured a Nationalist forces' reconnaissance aircraft in eastern Hubei. The pilot, Long Wenguang, joined the Red Army and assisted them in attacking the enemy army. Before the Fourth Red Army retreated from its base area, the aircraft was concealed by local farmers and was found again in 1951. The First Red Army also captured two reconnaissance aircraft in 1932.[citation needed]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Alternatively, the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Revolutionary Army
References
[edit]- ^ "PLA History". Archived from the original on 7 April 2023.
- ^ Li, David Daokui (2024). China's World View: Demystifying China to Prevent Global Conflict. New York, NY: W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0393292398 .
- ^ Роудс, Эдвард Дж. М; Фридман, Эдвард; Джофф, Эллис; Пауэлл, Ральф Л. (1964). Китайская Красная Армия, 1927–1963 гг.: Аннотированная библиография . Тол. 16 (1 изд.). Центр Азии Гарвардского университета. doi : 10.2307/j.ctt1tg5nnd . ISBN 978-0-674-12500-1 Полем JSTOR J.CTT1TG5NND .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дуан, Лей (2024). «На пути к более совместной стратегии: оценка китайских военных реформ и реконструкции милиции». В клыке, Цянь; Ли, Сяобинг (ред.). Китай при Си Цзиньпин: новая оценка . Leiden University Press . ISBN 9789087284411 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон Ли Тао (1 ноября 2012 г.). «Кровь и слезы Сянцзян: документальный фильм о центральной красной армии прорвался через четыре линии блокады в долгое марш» ) (в китайском языке 9787802047488 .
- ^ «История куминтана»: «Красные бандиты утверждали, что на этот раз сбежали в течение долгого марша. Этот долгий марш начался 23 октября, и к 24 января главные силы Красной Армии прибыли в Зуни, Гуйчжоу. "
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Cai, Xiang; 蔡翔 (2016). Революция и ее повествования: социалистические и культурные воображения Китая (1949-1966) . Ребекка Э. Карл, xueping Zhong, 钟雪萍. Дарем: издательство Duke University Press . ISBN 978-0-8223-7461-9 Полем OCLC 932368688 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Хуанг, Ибинг (2020). Идеологическая история Коммунистической партии Китая . Тол. 1. Цянь Чжэн, Гуою Ву, Сюмей Дин, Ли Сан, Шелли Брайант. Монреаль, Квебек: Королевский Коллинз. ISBN 978-1-4878-0425-1 Полем OCLC 1165409653 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Хан, Сяоронг (2014). Красный Бог: Вэй Бакун и его крестьянская революция в южном Китае . Олбани, Нью -Йорк: Государственный университет Нью -Йорк Пресс. С. 147–149. ISBN 978-1-4384-5385-9 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Оппер, Марк (2020). Народные войны в Китае, Малайи и Вьетнаме . Энн Арбор: Университет Мичиганской прессы . doi : 10.3998/mpub.11413902 . ISBN 978-0-472-90125-8 Полем JSTOR 10.3998/MPUB.11413902 .
- ^ Пэн, Дехуай (1984). «Поиск Коммунистической партии Китая (1926-апрель 1928 г.)». В Граймс, Сара (ред.). Мемуары китайского маршала: автобиографические ноты Пенга Дехуаи (1898-1974) . Перевод Чжэн, Лонгпу. Иностранные языки пресса Пекин. п. 136. ISBN 0-8351-1052-4 Полем
Я предположил, что [винтовки] были вывезены во многих партиях, как это можно было бы решить в обсуждении с окружным комитетом, добавив, что они должны быть переданы очень надежным лицам. Я сказал, что оружие не имело класса самих себя, и они могли использоваться всеми, кто их обладал. Я подчеркнул необходимость обеспечить секретность.
- ^ Джоветт, Филипп С. (2013). Китайские войны. Воспитывая дракона 1894–1949 гг . Атглен, Пенсильвания : Шиффер. п. 167. ISBN 978-1-782-00407-3 .
- ^ Биография Генерального издательства Народной армии Народной Армии, 1991 г.
- ^ Шэньси, китайская красная армейская солдаты с пулеметами . Харрисон Форман . Висконсинский университет - Милуоки
- ^ От крестьянских партизан до высокотехнологичных войск: 80 лет Pla Chang Ai'ling. Китайские особенности. Посольство Китайской Народной Республики в эллинской республике. Архивировано 5 июля 2022 года на машине Wayback
- ^ Шэньси, китайские красные армейские солдаты, держащие субмахин -оружие . Харрисон Форман . Университет Висконсина - библиотеки Милуоки
- ^ Печать 1723 C1: 1935/1937. Долгий марш. Китайские солдаты Красной Армии с немецким субмахиновым оружием Бергманна. Печать 1723 C2: китайские красные (обратите внимание на серп и красная звезда в флаге) с немецкопроизводственными пушками-субмахинами. Юн Ян, Шенси (Шэньси) . Харрисон Форман . Университет Висконсина - библиотеки Милуоки
- ^ Шэньси, китайские солдаты Красной Армии на поле с пушкой . Харрисон Форман . Университет Висконсина - библиотеки Милуоки
- ^ Пэн, Дехуай (1984). «Штурмовик города Чанша (июнь -сентябрь 1930 г.)». В Граймс, Сара (ред.). Мемуары китайского маршала: автобиографические ноты Пенга Дехуаи (1898-1974) . Перевод Чжэн, Лонгпу. Иностранные языки пресса Пекин. п. 291. ISBN 0-8351-1052-4 Полем
Было четыре 75 мм. Полевые артиллерийские пьесы и несколько гаубиц, и у Красной Армии стали артиллерийское подразделение. После того, как мы взяли военные корабли Ючжоу, британцев, США и японских военных кораблей против нас, как они это сделали в порту Хуаншиганг. Они бессмысленно засыпали городские стены. Мы установили наши артиллерийские произведения под обложкой. (Только У Тин, корейский товарищ, и я знал, как выстрелить в артиллерийские раковины.) Когда военные корабли плыли близко, мы швырнули в них десятки снарядов. Дюжина снарядов попала домой, и они не осмелились подойти к берегам. В порту Хуаншиганг мы не смогли их оборудовать, потому что у нас не было артиллерийских произведений.
