RIA

В RIA ( / r iː ː / ; ^{[ 1 ]} Галициан : Ría , женское существительное, полученное из Рио , реки), представляет собой прибрежный вход , образованный частичным погружением в неглазированную долину реки . Это утопленная речная долина, которая остается открытой для моря.

Определения

Как правило, у RIA есть дендритный , TreeLike Dupline, хотя они могут быть прямыми и без значительных ветвей. Эта схема унаследована от дрендритной дренажа схемы затопленной долины реки. Утопление речных долин вдоль участка побережья и образования RIAS приводит к чрезвычайно нерегулярной и отступаемой береговой линии. Часто есть природные острова, которые представляют собой вершины частично погруженных, ранее существовавших пиков холмов. (Острова также могут быть искусственными, например, построены для мост-туннель в Чесапикском заливе .)

- Побережье RIA это береговая линия, имеющая несколько параллельных RIA, разделенных выдающимися хребтами, проходящими на расстоянии внутри страны. ^{[ 2 ]}^{[ 3 ]}^{[ 4 ]} The sea level change that caused the submergence of a river valley may be either eustatic (where global sea levels rise), or isostatic (where the local land sinks). The result is often a very large estuary at the mouth of a relatively insignificant river (or else sediments would quickly fill the ria). The Kingsbridge Estuary in Devon, England, is an extreme example of a ria forming an estuary disproportionate to the size of its river; no significant river flows into it at all, only a number of small streams.^[4]

The word ria comes from Galician ría which comes from río (river). Rias are present all along the Galician coast in Spain. As originally defined, the term was restricted to drowned river valleys cut parallel to the structure of the country rock that was at right angles to the coastline. However the definition of ria was later expanded to other flooded river valleys regardless of the structure of the country rock.^{[citation needed]}

For a time European geomorphologists^[5] considered rias to include any broad estuarine river mouth, including fjords. These are long narrow inlets with steep sides or cliffs, created in a valley carved by glacial activity. In the 21st century, however, the preferred usage of ria by geologists and geomorphologists is to refer solely to drowned unglaciated river valleys. It therefore excludes fjords by definition, since fjords are products of glaciation.^[2]^[3]^[4]

Locations

Europe

Portugal: has no rias as such: the Ria de Aveiro in Aveiro, and Ria Formosa in Eastern Algarve^[6] are actually lagoons.
Atlantic coast of Spain
- Galicia:
  - The Rías Baixas, including the Ria of Vigo, Ria de Pontevedra, Ría de Arousa, Ría de Muros e Noia, Ria of Corcubion, Cee and Ría de Aldán.
  - The Rías Altas, including the Ria of Coruña, Ria of Camariñas, Ria of Corme, Ria of Lires, Ria of Ares and Betanzos, Ria of Cedeira, Ria of O Barqueiro, Ria of Ferrol, Ria of Ortigueira, Ria of Viveiro, Ria of Foz and Ria of Ribadeo.
- Asturias: Ria of Avilés, Ria of Ribadeo, Ria of Navia, Ria of Villaviciosa, Ria of Ribadesella, Ria of Llanes, Ria of Tina Mayor.
- Cantabria: Ria of Tina Mayor, Ria of Tina Menor, Ría de San Vicente de la Barquera, Ría of la Rabia, Ría of San Martín de la Arena, Ría of Mogro, Ría of Solía, Ría of Carmen, Ría of Boo, Ría of Tijero, Ría of Cubas, Ría de Ajo, Ría of Cabo Quejo, Ría of Treto, Ría of Oriñón.
- Basque Country: Ria of Bilbao, mouth of the rivers Nervión, Ibaizabal, and Cadagua.
- Andalusia: Ria of Carreras, Ria of Huelva at the mouth of the rivers Odiel and Tinto.
Brittany: The rias in northern Brittany are called Abers: Aber Wrac'h (48°35′59″N 4°32′58″W / 48.599807°N 4.549376°W / 48.599807; -4.549376 (Aber Wrac'h)), Aber Benoît (48°33′46″N 4°34′48″W / 48.562747°N 4.579905°W / 48.562747; -4.579905 (Aber Benoît)), Aber Ildut (48°28′22″N 4°44′59″W / 48.472649°N 4.749602°W / 48.472649; -4.749602 (Aber Ildut)) etc. The Roadstead of Brest also includes several rias.
Ireland: Bantry Bay, on the southwest coast of Ireland, is an example of an Irish ria.
Wales: Milford Haven Waterway in Pembrokeshire is a ria.
England: The south coast of England is a submergent coastline which contains many rias, including Southampton Water, Poole Harbour, the estuary of the River Medina on the Isle of Wight, the estuaries of the Exe, Teign and Dart, then Kingsbridge Estuary, Plymouth Sound in Devon, and the estuaries of the River Fowey, River Fal and Helford River in Cornwall. On the north coast is the River Camel and the River Taw. In Essex are the River Blackwater and River Crouch.
Italy: The Fiordo di Furore on the Amalfi Coast in Campania is a ria, despite its name.
Malta: Grand Harbour and Marsamxett Harbour
Croatia: Porto Quieto, Lim, Raša, Novsko Ždrilo, Karinsko Ždrilo, Zrmanja, Krka, Morinje, Ploče, Ston, Slano, Zaton.
Montenegro: The Bay of Kotor
Turkey: Bosporus, Golden Horn.

Africa

Kenya: Kilindini Harbour, which is a deep channel between Mombasa island and South Coast mainland, is a ria.

Asia

Sanriku Coast: North Japan, east coast of Honshū Island (main island). Sendai city, Miyagi Prefecture and Iwate Prefecture are included.
Ago Coast in Shima (Mie Prefecture) is a Ria coast, well known for its pearls.
Seto Inland Sea, separating Honshu, Kyushu, and Shikoku.
Coasts on western, southern sides of the Korean Peninsula: Rias formed by sea level rising after Ice Age.
The Chinese east coast, from the Guangdong province (Hong Kong coastlines included) to Shanghai.
The Musandam Peninsula in Oman, comprising the southern shore of the Strait of Hormuz.

Oceania

Papua New Guinea: Rias formed by eroded volcanic lava flow are found all around the town of Tufi at Cape Nelson, in Papua New Guinea's Oro Province.
Australia: The east coast of Australia features several rias around Sydney, including Georges River, Port Hacking, Broken Bay, and Port Jackson, which includes Sydney Harbour. There are many examples in Western Australia, including the Swan River around Perth and several rivers in the west Kimberley region.
New Zealand: Rias of various scales abound on the eastern shores of the upper North Island. On the west coast, in contrast, they are fewer but larger. Kaipara Harbour is the country's largest, and the Hokianga Harbour, further north, is of historical significance to the native Māori people. The Marlborough Sounds at the northern tip of the South Island form a large network of rias.
Hawaiʻi: Pearl Harbor on Oʻahu is a ria, with the branches of West Loch, Middle Loch, East Loch, and Southeast Loch formed by the submerged drainages of Waikele, Waiau, Waimalu, and Hālawa streams respectively.

North America

United States: Narragansett Bay, New York Harbor, Delaware Bay, Indian River Bay, the Chesapeake Bay, and Charleston Harbor are rias on the East Coast. Willapa Bay and Grays Harbor in Washington and San Francisco Bay in California on the West Coast are also rias.
Canada: Charlottetown Harbour, Prince Edward Island

South America

Argentina: Patagonia has the Deseado ria, on the coast of Santa Cruz Province, on the Atlantic Ocean. Also, the "bay" that is Bahía Blanca is a ría.

Consequences

The funnel-like shape of rias can amplify the effects of tsunamis, as demonstrated in the seismicity of the Sanriku coast, most recently in the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.

References

^ "ria". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Cotton, C.A. (1956). "Rias Sensu Stricto and Sensu Lato". The Geographical Journal. 122 (3): 360–364. doi:10.2307/1791018. JSTOR 1791018.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Goudie, A. (2004) Encyclopedia of Geomorphology. Routledge. London, England.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Bird, E.C.F. (2008) Coastal Geomorphology: An Introduction, 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. West Sussex, England.
^ Gulliver, F.P. (1899). "Shoreline Topography". Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. 34 (8): 151–258. doi:10.2307/20020880. JSTOR 20020880.
^ Michael J. Kennish; Hans W. Paerl (15 June 2010). Coastal Lagoons: Critical Habitats of Environmental Change. CRC Press. pp. 361–. ISBN 978-1-4200-8831-1.

v t e Coastal geography
Landforms	Anchialine pool Archipelago Atoll Avulsion Ayre Barrier island Bay Bight Bodden Brackish marsh Cape Channel Cliff Coast Coastal plain Coastal waterfall Continental margin Continental shelf Coral reef Cove Dune cliff-top Estuary Firth Fjard Fjord Freshwater marsh Fundus Gat Geo Gulf Gut Hapua Headland Inlet Intertidal wetland Island Islet Isthmus Lagoon Machair Mudflat Natural arch Peninsula Reef Ria Salt marsh Shoal Skerry Sound Spit Stack Strait Strand plain Submarine canyon Tidal island Tidal marsh Tide pool Tied island Tombolo Waituna Windwatt
Beaches	Beach cusps Beach evolution Beach ridge Beach wrack Beaches in estuaries and bays Beachrock Coastal morphodynamics Pocket beach Raised beach Recession Shell beach Shingle beach Storm beach Wash margin
River mouths	Debouch Mouth bar River delta mega regressive
Процессы	Задумка Скалеванное побережье Прибрежная биогеоморфология Прибрежная эрозия Согласованная береговая линия Текущий Крус -Форелэнд Дискорсная береговая линия Появление береговой линии Feeder Bluff Плоский побережье Оцененная береговая линия Входное побережье Крупномасштабное прибрежное поведение Лонгшор Дрейф Морская регрессия Морская проступка Повышенная береговая линия RIP Cury Рокки Шор Морская пещера Морская пена Мелководье Пересип Крутой побережье Погружение береговой линии Перерыв в серфинге Зона серфинга Канал скачки Помахивать Поднятый Вулканическая дуга Платформа с вырезанием волн Волновая точка Ветром Ветряная волна
Управление	Аккреция Прибрежное управление Интегрированное управление прибрежной зоной Погружение
Связанный	Линия переборки Прибрежная инженерия Размер зерна валун глина булыжник гранула гравий галька песок галька ил Смешанная зона Прибрежная зона Физическая океанография Область влияния пресной воды Речный шлейф
Категория

RIA