Kodiac, Аляска
Kodiac
| |
|---|---|
| Город Кодиак | |
Вид на Кодиак с Горы Пиллара Центр города в 2021 году Kodiak Harbor in 2014 | |
 Seal  Logo | |
| Motto: "Alaska's Emerald Isle" | |
 Location in Alaska | |
| Coordinates: 57°47′35″N 152°23′39″W / 57.79306°N 152.39417°W[1] | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Alaska |
| Borough | Kodiak Island |
| Incorporated | September 11, 1940[2] |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Patricia B. "Pat" Branson[3] |
| • State senator | Gary Stevens (R) |
| • State rep. | Louise Stutes (R) |
| Area | |
| • Total | 5.50 sq mi (14.23 km2) |
| • Land | 3.92 sq mi (10.16 km2) |
| • Water | 1.57 sq mi (4.07 km2) |
| Elevation | 49 ft (15 m) |
| Population (2020) | |
| • Total | 5,581 |
| • Density | 1,422.27/sq mi (549.11/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC-9 (AKST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-8 (AKDT) |
| ZIP code | 99615, 99619, 99697 |
| Area code | 907 |
| FIPS code | 02-40950 |
| GNIS feature ID | 1404875 |
| Website | www |
Город Кодик ( Alutiiq : Sun'aq ) является главным городом и одним из семи общин на острове Кодьяк на острове Кодьяк , Аляска . Весь коммерческий транспорт между общинами острова и внешним миром проходит через этот город через паромную лодку или авиакомпанию. По состоянию на переписи 2020 года население города составляет 5581, по сравнению с 6 130 в 2010 году. [ 5 ] Это десятый по величине город на Аляске .
Засеченный местными жителями Alutiiq в течение более 7000 лет, Кодиак был урегулирован в 1792 году предметами российской короны . Первоначально названная гавань Пола , это была столица русской Аляски . района Российский сбор урожая морской выдры привел к почти исчезновению животного в следующем столетии и привело к войнам с и порабощением туземцев более 150 лет. В 20 -м веке город пережил две стихийные бедствия: вулканический пепел от извержения Новарупты в 1912 году и цунами от землетрясения в Аляске 1964 года .
After the Alaska Purchase by the United States in 1867, Kodiak became a commercial fishing center which continues to be the mainstay of its economy. A lesser economic influence includes tourism, mainly by those seeking outdoor adventure trips. Salmon, halibut, the unique Kodiak bear, elk, Sitka deer (black tail), and mountain goats attract hunting tourists as well as fishermen to the Kodiak Archipelago. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game maintains an office in the city and a website to help hunters and fishermen obtain the proper permits and learn about the laws specific to the Kodiak area.
The city has four public elementary schools, a middle and high school, as well as a branch of the University of Alaska. An antenna farm at the summit of Pillar Mountain above the city historically provided communication with the outside world before fiber optic cable was run. Transportation to and from the island is provided by ferry service on the Alaska Marine Highway as well as local commercial airlines.
History
[edit]Indigenous peoples
[edit]Archaeological evidence suggests that the Kodiak Archipelago has been home to the Alutiiq for at least 7,000 years.[6][7][8] In their language, qikertaq means "island".
Russian control: 1700s–1867
[edit]
The first Europeans to sight Kodiak Island were the explorers Vitus Bering and Aleksei Chirikov, during the 1741 Second Kamchatka Expedition.[9][10] In the early 1750s the Russian fur trading merchant and explorer Stepan Glotov met a Kodiak Islander in the Aleutian Islands, who told him about the island. On his next voyage Glotov sailed to Kodiak Island, arriving in 1763.[11] The Russians called the island Kad’yak (Кадьяк), after the Alutiiq word qikertaq.[12] Several other Russians made fur hunting voyages to Kodiak Island in the 1770s.[13] In 1778 the British captain James Cook explored the area and wrote of "Kodiak" in his journals.[14] In 1779 the Spanish explorers Arteaga y Bazán and Bodega y Quadra reached Afognak in the Kodiak Archipelago.[15]
In 1792, the Russian Shelikhov-Golikov Company chief manager Alexander Baranov moved the post at Three Saints Bay (established in 1784) to a new site in Paul's Harbor (Свято-Павловской гавани, Svyato-Pavlovskoy Gavani). This developed as the nucleus of modern Kodiak.[16]: 7 Baranov considered Three Saints Bay a poor location because it was too indefensible. The relocated settlement was first named Pavlovskaya Gavan (Павловская гавань – Paul's Harbor).[17][18]
A warehouse was built in what became one of the key posts of the Shelikhov-Golikov Company, a precursor of the Russian-American Company and a center for harvesting the area's vast population of sea otters for their prized pelts. The warehouse still stands as the Baranov Museum. Because the First Native cultures revered this animal and would never harm it, the Russians had wars with and enslaved the Aleuts during this era.
Eastern Orthodox missionaries settled on the island by the end of the 18th century, continuing European settlement of the island. They held the liturgy in native Tlingit from 1800.
The capital of Russian America was moved to Novoarkhangelsk (modern-day Sitka) in 1804. The Russian-American Company was established in 1799 as a joint-stock company by decree of Emperor Paul to continue the harvest of sea otter and other fur-bearing animals and establish permanent settlements. By the mid-19th century, the sea otter was almost extinct and 85% of the First Native population had disappeared from exposure to European diseases and violence.
American control: 1867–present
[edit]When Russia sold Alaska to the United States in 1867, Kodiak developed as a center for commercial fishing, and canneries dotted the island in the early 20th century until global farm-raised salmon eliminated these businesses. New processing centers emerged and the industry continues to evolve. During the presidency of Theodore Roosevelt, animals such as the mountain goat, Sitka deer (black tail), rabbits, muskrats, beavers, squirrels, and others were introduced to the island and the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge was created.
Kodiak was severely impacted by the 1912 eruption of Novarupta.[19] Though situated 160 miles (260 km) southeast of the eruption center, the town was covered with 1 foot (30 cm) of ash over a short period of time.[19] Townspeople sheltered in the U.S. Revenue Cutter Manning which was docked nearby.[19][20]
As Kodiak was incorporated in 1941, the U.S. feared attack from Japanese during World War II, and turned the town into a fortress. Roads, the airport, Fort Abercrombie, and gun fortifications improved the island's infrastructure. When Alaska became a state in 1959, government assistance in housing, transportation, and education added additional benefits.[21]
In March 1964, a tectonic tsunami struck the city during the 1964 Alaska earthquake with 30-foot (9.1 m) waves that killed 15 people and caused $11 million in damage. Some areas near Kodiak were permanently raised by 30 feet (9.1 m). It wiped out the neighboring Native villages of Old Harbor and Kaguyak. The Standard Oil Company, the Alaskan King Crab Company, and much of the fishing fleet were also destroyed.[22]
-
Kodiak, sometime shortly after 1900 -
Panorama of Kodiak, 1908 -
Alaska Commercial Company buildings in Kodiak, June 1908 -
Alaska Commercial Company Superintendent's residence, 1908 -
Warehouse and wharf in Kodiak, June 1908 -
Kodiak Harbor, July 2009
Geography
[edit]Kodiak is located on the eastern shore of Kodiak Island. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 4.9 square miles (12.6 km2), divided into 3.5 sq mi (9.0 km2) of land and 1.4 sq mi (3.6 km2) (28.66%) of water.
Climate
[edit]Kodiak has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with cold winters and mild summers. Precipitation is heavy year-round, though markedly less in the summer months, when the Aleutian Low is at its weakest.
| Climate data for Kodiak Airport, Alaska (1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1913–present[b]) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 54 (12) |
60 (16) |
57 (14) |
70 (21) |
80 (27) |
86 (30) |
83 (28) |
86 (30) |
80 (27) |
74 (23) |
60 (16) |
65 (18) |
86 (30) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 43.5 (6.4) |
43.9 (6.6) |
46.3 (7.9) |
53.8 (12.1) |
64.9 (18.3) |
71.1 (21.7) |
74.0 (23.3) |
73.5 (23.1) |
65.4 (18.6) |
56.0 (13.3) |
48.4 (9.1) |
44.5 (6.9) |
76.9 (24.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 36.1 (2.3) |
37.5 (3.1) |
38.8 (3.8) |
44.7 (7.1) |
51.7 (10.9) |
57.0 (13.9) |
61.8 (16.6) |
62.8 (17.1) |
57.1 (13.9) |
48.3 (9.1) |
41.2 (5.1) |
37.3 (2.9) |
47.9 (8.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 31.2 (−0.4) |
32.4 (0.2) |
33.2 (0.7) |
39.1 (3.9) |
45.8 (7.7) |
51.4 (10.8) |
56.2 (13.4) |
56.5 (13.6) |
50.6 (10.3) |
42.2 (5.7) |
35.7 (2.1) |
31.9 (−0.1) |
42.2 (5.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 26.2 (−3.2) |
27.2 (−2.7) |
27.6 (−2.4) |
33.6 (0.9) |
39.9 (4.4) |
45.7 (7.6) |
50.5 (10.3) |
50.3 (10.2) |
44.2 (6.8) |
36.0 (2.2) |
30.2 (−1.0) |
26.5 (−3.1) |
36.5 (2.5) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | 8.2 (−13.2) |
10.4 (−12.0) |
13.1 (−10.5) |
22.3 (−5.4) |
31.0 (−0.6) |
37.1 (2.8) |
43.1 (6.2) |
41.1 (5.1) |
32.1 (0.1) |
23.9 (−4.5) |
16.7 (−8.5) |
9.1 (−12.7) |
3.0 (−16.1) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −16 (−27) |
−12 (−24) |
−6 (−21) |
7 (−14) |
18 (−8) |
30 (−1) |
35 (2) |
34 (1) |
26 (−3) |
7 (−14) |
0 (−18) |
−9 (−23) |
−16 (−27) |
| Average precipitation inches (mm) | 8.35 (212) |
6.31 (160) |
4.82 (122) |
6.14 (156) |
5.85 (149) |
5.17 (131) |
4.51 (115) |
4.90 (124) |
7.55 (192) |
8.85 (225) |
7.06 (179) |
8.81 (224) |
78.32 (1,989) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 14.5 (37) |
14.4 (37) |
12.3 (31) |
6.2 (16) |
0.5 (1.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.7 (1.8) |
6.1 (15) |
15.6 (40) |
70.3 (179) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 18.8 | 17.3 | 15.9 | 18.0 | 16.5 | 16.1 | 14.6 | 14.8 | 17.0 | 18.4 | 17.0 | 19.7 | 204.1 |
| Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 8.9 | 7.6 | 9.2 | 4.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 5.1 | 9.1 | 45.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78.0 | 76.6 | 73.4 | 72.4 | 76.2 | 80.4 | 82.4 | 81.7 | 80.6 | 74.9 | 75.0 | 75.7 | 77.1 |
| Average dew point °F (°C) | 24.6 (−4.1) |
23.7 (−4.6) |
24.8 (−4.0) |
28.2 (−2.1) |
35.8 (2.1) |
43.2 (6.2) |
48.4 (9.1) |
48.6 (9.2) |
43.7 (6.5) |
32.4 (0.2) |
27.0 (−2.8) |
24.3 (−4.3) |
33.7 (0.9) |
| Source: NOAA (relative humidity and dew point 1961–1990)[23][24][25][26] | |||||||||||||
 | Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org. |
See or edit raw graph data.
Notes
[edit]- ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^ Records for Kodiak have been kept at the Kodiak Airport since January 1931 and at an undisclosed location from September 1913 to December 1930. For more information, see ThreadEx
Demographics
[edit]| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1880 | 288 | — | |
| 1890 | 495 | 71.9% | |
| 1900 | 341 | −31.1% | |
| 1910 | 438 | 28.4% | |
| 1920 | 374 | −14.6% | |
| 1930 | 442 | 18.2% | |
| 1940 | 864 | 95.5% | |
| 1950 | 1,710 | 97.9% | |
| 1960 | 2,628 | 53.7% | |
| 1970 | 3,798 | 44.5% | |
| 1980 | 4,756 | 25.2% | |
| 1990 | 6,365 | 33.8% | |
| 2000 | 6,334 | −0.5% | |
| 2010 | 6,130 | −3.2% | |
| 2020 | 5,581 | −9.0% | |
| source:[27][28] | |||
Kodiak first appeared on the 1880 U.S. Census as the village of Saint Paul (not to be confused with the city of St. Paul located in the Aleutian Islands). It reported a population of 288, of which 253 were Alaskan Creoles (a mixture of Russian and Native Alaskans), 20 Whites and 15 Aleuts. In 1890, it would report as "Kadiak" (the then-spelling). In 1900, it returned as "Kadiak Settlement." From 1910 onwards, it reported as Kodiak, and would formally incorporate in 1940.
As of the census of 2000, there were 6,334 people, 1,996 households, and 1,361 families residing in the city. The population density was 706.8 people/km2 (1,831 people/sq mi). There were 2,255 housing units at an average density of 251.6 persons per square kilometre (652 persons/sq mi). The racial makeup of the city was 46.4% White, 0.7% African American, 10.5% Native American, 31.7% Asian, 0.9% Pacific Islander, 4.4% from other races, and 5.4% from two or more races. 8.5% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. At the 2020 Census, the population had declined to 5,581.
There were 1,996 households, out of which 40.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 31.8% were non-families. 24.2% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.10 and the average family size was 3.64.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.1% under the age of 18, 8.7% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 23.1% from 45 to 64, and 6.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 120.6 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $55,142, and the median income for a family was $60,484. Males had a median income of $37,074 versus $30,049 for females. The per capita income for the city was $21,522. 7.4% of the population and 3.7% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total people living in poverty, 8.4% were under the age of 18 and 0.0% were 65 or older.
Kodiak is also home for a sizable community of Russian Orthodox Old Believers.
Economy
[edit]Among the companies based in Kodiak is Koniag, Incorporated.
Alaska Department of Fish and Game
[edit]Kodiak is an important environmental asset, which affects the fishing industry, particularly salmon fishing. Its wild game is coveted by hunters worldwide for the Kodiak bear and other game animals; there are strict laws governing fishing and hunting activities as well as hiking near spawning streams. Both the department and the city maintain websites and publish brochures in order to help communicate these strictly enforced laws. All of the city's hotels and businesses have these materials in prominent areas for guests, and licenses can be purchased in the city's main sporting goods store and online.
Military installations
[edit]The United States Navy operates a small training base near the city called Naval Special Warfare Cold Weather Detachment Kodiak which trains United States Navy SEALs in cold weather survival and advanced tactics.[29]
The United States Coast Guard has a major presence in Kodiak, Alaska.
- USCG SUPRTCN Kodiak - U.S. Coast Guard Support Center Kodiak
- USCG Air Station Kodiak
- USCGC Alex Haley
- USCGC Cypress
- USCGC Spar (Formerly)
- USCGC Douglas Munro (Formerly)
- Aids to Navigation Team Kodiak
- Communication Detachment Kodiak
- North Pacific Regional Fisheries Training Center (NPRFTC)
- Marine Safety Detachment Kodiak
- Naval Engineering Support Unit (NESU) Detachment Kodiak
- Electronic Systems Support Detachment Kodiak (ESD)
Community events
[edit]
The city of Kodiak is home to a number of annual events that draw locals and people from off-island. The most well-known of these is Kodiak Crab Festival. Organized by the Kodiak Chamber of Commerce, the event takes place over Memorial Day weekend. It includes a county fair-style main event, with carnival rides, food and game booths, and group activities. In addition, a number of events are organized over the three-day weekend that include a kayak race, a marathon, an ultra-marathon, a 9.2-mile (14.8 km) mountain run called the Pillar Mountain Run and others.
The official Pardoning of the Crab was added to The Kodiak Crab Fest in 2019. A crab is given a crab themed name, and then saved from the crab pot by a special guest, and then goes to live at the Kodiak Fisheries Research Center Aquarium.
2019: Sheldon, pardoned by US Senator Dan Sullivan (R-AK).[30] 2020: Unknown. 2021: Lenny Crabitz, pardoned by Kodiak City Manager Mike Tvenge.[31]
Education
[edit]The Kodiak Island Borough School District operates four elementary schools, one middle school and one high school (Kodiak High School) serving the town of Kodiak and the immediate area surrounding the city of Kodiak. A further 6 schools serve rural sites in the district and are operated as k-12 schools.[32]
The city is home to Kodiak College, a satellite campus of the University of Alaska Anchorage. Within the public school district, there are eight rural schools.
Kodiak is also home to Saint Herman's Orthodox Theological Seminary, a theological school founded in 1972 under the auspices of the Orthodox Church in America. Students from villages all over southern and southwestern Alaska study at St. Herman's in order to become readers or clergy in the Orthodox Church.
Media
[edit]- KMXT (100.1 FM) the community public radio station
- KODK (90.7 FM) public radio station
- KVOK-FM (101.1 FM) commercial radio station
- KVOK (560 AM and 98.7 FM) country radio station and home of Kodiak Bears athletics
- Kodiak Daily Mirror (Monday through Friday newspaper)
Transportation
[edit]
Kodiak Airport attracts both local and regional airlines, air taxis, and charter floatplanes and helicopters which provide transportation to residents and tourists traveling on and off the island. The Alaska Marine Highway provides further transportation via two ferries, MV Tustumena and MV Kennicott. These ships can carry 211 and 748 passengers, respectively, and serve routes between Kodiak, Homer, and Whittier, although the ferry system no longer takes passengers to Seward. Floatplane and bush plane companies regularly take tourists to remote areas and wilderness lodges both on the various islands of the Kodiak Archipelago and the Katmai coast for bear viewing, hunting, and hikes. The city business community also has a fleet of privately owned taxis as well as kayaks, mountain bikes, and all-terrain vehicles (ATVs) for rent.
Health care
[edit]Kodiak has robust primary care, led by Kodiak Area Native Association, a Tribal Health Organization with HRSA support that sees Native and Non-Native persons around the island, and Kodiak Community Health Center with smaller primary care practices in Kodiak. Specialty medical services are intermittently available at Kodiak Area Native Association and at Providence Kodiak Island Medical Center. Hospital and emergency care are provided at Providence Kodiak Island Medical Center, the only hospital on Kodiak Island. Individuals located in the smaller surrounding communities are cared for in small village clinics and, when critically ill, may be airlifted into Kodiak via helicopter or air ambulance due to remoteness and lack of roads.
Energy
[edit]Most electrical energy for the city is provided from the Terror Lake Hydroelectric Generating Station owned by the Kodiak Electrical Association. Substantial amounts of energy are also provided by wind turbines and by diesel generators. There are six wind turbines that supply up to 1.5 MW each and have a blade length of 38.5 meters and overall height of 118.5 meters.
In popular culture
[edit]In 2012, rapper Pitbull was involved in an advertising campaign with Walmart, in which the Walmart store that received the most Facebook "likes" from June 18 to July 15, 2012, would have Pitbull visit and put on a show there. An orchestrated internet campaign urged people to vote for the most remote location imaginable, Kodiak, resulting in a sizable lead for that store.[33] The enthusiasm for voting for Kodiak was also a reference to the lyrics of Pitbull's song "Give Me Everything", in which he rhymes "Kodak" with "Kodak". Walmart confirmed that Kodiak won.[34] Pitbull visited on July 30, where he received a Key to the City from mayor Branson and then made an appearance before a crowd of hundreds at the Coast Guard base.[35]
The Weather Channel docu-series Coast Guard Alaska follows the lives of Coast Guard members stationed in Kodiak.[36]
Czech carmaker Škoda Auto named their new SUV the Škoda Kodiaq, after the Alaskan brown bear, and in tribute Kodiak was renamed Kodiaq for one day (May 6, 2016).[37] In a spelling change also intended to honor the indigenous Alutiiq,[37] the city was renamed with a number of signs changed across town,[37] including the port facilities and city limits. The letter Q is a common ending for nouns in the Alutiiq language.[38]
The film The Guardian (2006) is partially set in Kodiak, but was not filmed there.[39]
References
[edit]- ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
- ^ 1996 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League/Alaska Department of Community and Regional Affairs. January 1996. p. 84.
- ^ 2015 Alaska Municipal Officials Directory. Juneau: Alaska Municipal League. 2015. p. 90.
- ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 29, 2021.
- ^ "2020 Census Data - Cities and Census Designated Places" (Web). State of Alaska, Department of Labor and Workforce Development. Retrieved October 31, 2021.
- ^ Tracy L. Sweely (1999). Manifesting Power: Gender and the Interpretation of Power in Archaeology. Psychology Press. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-415-19744-1.
- ^ Ben Fitzhugh (July 31, 2003). The Evolution of Complex Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological Evidence from the North Pacific. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-306-47853-6.
- ^ The Alutiiq Ethnography Bibliography – Rachel Mason
- ^ Grinëv, Andrei V. (Fall 2011). "Russian Maritime Catastrophes during the Colonization of Alaska, 1741–1867". The Pacific Northwest Quarterly. 102 (4). Translated by Bland, Richard L. University of Washington: 178–194. JSTOR 24624633. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ Black, Lydia (2004). Russians in Alaska, 1732-1867. University of Alaska Press. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-889963-04-4. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
- ^ Black, Lydia T. (2004). "Warriors of Kodiak: Military Traditions of Kodiak Islanders". Arctic Anthropology. 41 (2). University of Wisconsin Press: 140–152. doi:10.1353/arc.2011.0057. JSTOR 40316624. S2CID 162558244. Retrieved December 26, 2020.
- ^ Bright, William (2004). Native American Placenames of the United States. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-8061-3598-4. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
- ^ Grinëv, Andrei Val’terovich (2018). Russian Colonization of Alaska: Preconditions, Discovery, and Initial Development, 1741-1799. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 231–232. ISBN 978-1-4962-1085-2. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
- ^ Beaglehole, J.C. (2017). The Journals of Captain James Cook on his Voyages of Discovery: Volume III Part 1: The Voyage of the Resolution and Discovery, 1776-1780. Taylor & Francis. p. 1025. ISBN 978-1-351-54321-7. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
- ^ Sanchez, Antonio. "Spanish Exploration: Arteaga and Bodega y Quadra's 1779 Expedition". HistoryLink.org. Retrieved December 27, 2020.
- ^ Khlebnikov, K.T., 1973, Baranov, Chief Manager of the Russian Colonies in America, Kingston: The Limestone Press, ISBN 0919642500
- ^ Haycox, Stephen W. (2002). Alaska: An American Colony. University of Washington Press. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-295-98249-6.
- ^ "Kodiak". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "The Great Eruption of 1912 (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov.
- ^ Grohman, Adam M. (October 12, 2015). Sentinels and Saviors - Special Edition. Lulu.com. pp. 88–92. ISBN 978-1-329-63323-0.
- ^ Rosenberg, Bernard (2006). Kodiak Fishing at any Angle. Bernard Rosenberg. pp. 32–40. ISBN 978-0-9777414-0-3.
- ^ [1][permanent dead link] l
- ^ "U.S. Climate Normals Quick Access". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 17, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
- ^ "xmACIS2". NOAA Regional Climate Centers. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
Input 'ADQthr' as ID in 'Station selection'.
- ^ "WMO Climate Normals for KODIAK/U S C G BASE AK 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on June 17, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
- ^ "NOAA Online Weather Data". National Weather Service. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
- ^ Moffatt, Riley. Population History of Western U.S. Cities & Towns, 1850–1990. Lanham: Scarecrow, 1996, 4.
- ^ "U.S. Census website" (CSV). United States Census Bureau. March 18, 2009. Retrieved July 7, 2011.
- ^ Huisman, январь (28 ноября 2008 г.). «Печата военно -морского флота находит идеальные тренировочные площадки в Кодиаке» . Fairbanks Daily News-Miner . Получено 30 ноября 2008 года . [ Постоянная мертвая ссылка ] Военно -морской флот Соединенных Штатов, Военно -морские услуги по связям с общественностью (21 марта 2007 г.). «Холодная война: будущие печати получают урок из первых рук в северной экспозиции» (пресс -релиз ВМС США) . Globalsecurity.org . Получено 30 ноября 2008 года .
- ^ Зеркало, Исаак Стоун Simonelli / Kodiak Daily (28 мая 2019 г.). «Прощение краба» . Kodiak Daily Mirror . Получено 15 марта 2022 года .
- ^ "Crab Fest Revival" . Kodiak Daily Mirror . 28 мая 2021 года . Получено 15 марта 2022 года .
- ^ « Наши школы архивировали 15 февраля 2017 года на машине Wayback ». Школьный округ острова Кодиак . Получено 15 февраля 2017 года.
- ^ О'Лири, Джозеф (5 июля 2012 г.). «Конкурс может отправить рэпера Pitbull на Аляску Walmart» . Рейтер . Получено 7 июля 2012 года .
- ^ «Walmart: рэп -звезда Pitbull появится в Kodiak» . Анкоридж Daily News . 21 июля 2012 года. Архивировано с оригинала 27 июля 2012 года . Получено 22 июля 2012 года .
- ^ «Pitbull выступает в Kodiak» . New York Daily News . 31 июля 2012 г. Получено 4 августа 2012 года .
- ^ «Погодный канал Greenlights Новая серия« Береговая охрана Аляска » . Футон -критик . Получено 18 марта 2015 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в «Аляскинцы так довольны Шкода -Кодиаком, что они переименовали в свой город» . Ялопник. 9 мая 2016 года . Получено 10 мая 2016 года .
- ^ "Давайте все изучим alutiiq!" (PDF ) Alutiiq Музей Получено мая 10 ,
- ^ The Guardian (2006) ⭐ 6.9 | Действие, приключения, драма , получено 5 ноября 2023 г.
Внешние ссылки
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Муниципалитеты и общины района острова Кодьяк, Аляска , США |
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