Виктор Эммануэль II

Styles of
**King Victor Emmanuel II**
Styles of; King Victor Emmanuel II
Reference style	His Majesty
Spoken style	Your Majesty

Names
	Italian: Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso ; English: Victor Emmanuel Maria Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas

Виктор Эммануэль II
Виктор Эммануэль II
	Victor Emmanuel, c. 1861
King of Italy (more...)
Reign	17 March 1861 – 9 January 1878
Predecessor	Napoleon (1814)
Successor	Umberto I
Prime ministers	показывать See list
King of Sardinia; Duke of Savoy
Reign	23 March 1849 – 17 March 1861
Predecessor	Charles Albert
Prime ministers	показывать See list
Born	14 March 1820; Palazzo Carignano, Turin, Kingdom of Sardinia
Died	9 January 1878 (aged 57); Quirinal Palace, Rome, Kingdom of Italy
Burial	Pantheon, Rome
Spouse	; Adelaide of Austria (m. 1842; died 1855) ; Rosa Vercellana (morganatic); (m. 1869)
Issue; see details...	Maria Clotilde, Princess Napoléon; Umberto I of Italy; Amadeo I of Spain; Oddone, Duke of Montferrat; Maria Pia, Queen of Portugal;
Names
Names
	Italian: Vittorio Emanuele Maria Alberto Eugenio Ferdinando Tommaso ; English: Victor Emmanuel Maria Albert Eugene Ferdinand Thomas
House	Savoy-Carignano
Father	Charles Albert of Sardinia
Mother	Maria Theresa of Austria
Religion	Catholic Church
Signature

Виктор Эммануэль II ( итальянец : Витторио Эмануэле II ; полное имя: Витторио Эмануэле Мария Альберто Евгенио Фердинандо Томмазо ди Савойя ; 14 марта 1820-9 января 1878 г.) был королем Сардинии (также известный как Пидмонт-Сардиния) с 23 марта 1849 года до 17 марта. 1861, ^{[ А ]} Когда он принял титул Короля Италии и стал первым королем независимой, объединенной Италии с 6 -го века, титул, который он занимал до своей смерти в 1878 году. Заимствование у старого латинского титула Патер Патрии римских императоров , итальянцев. дал ему эпитет отца Отец ( Итальянец : Падре Делла Патрия ).

Born in Turin as the eldest son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria, he fought in the First Italian War of Independence (1848–1849) before being made King of Sardinia following his father's abdication. He appointed Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, as his Prime Minister, and he consolidated his position by suppressing the republican left. In 1855, he sent an expeditionary corps to side with French and British forces during the Crimean War; the deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol led the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Italian unification to other European powers.^[1] Это позволило Виктору Эммануилу союзниться с Наполеоном III , императором Франции. Франция поддержала Сардинию во второй итальянской войне за независимость , что привело к освобождению ломбардии от австрийского правления.

Victor Emmanuel supported the Expedition of the Thousand (1860–1861) led by Giuseppe Garibaldi, which resulted in the rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. However, Victor Emmanuel halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. In 1860, Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna decided to side with Sardinia, and Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious Battle of Castelfidardo over the Papal forces. This led to his excommunication from the Catholic Church until 1878, just before his death in the same year. He subsequently met Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy and becoming the first King of Italy on 17 March 1861.

In 1866, the Third Italian War of Independence allowed Italy to annex Veneto. In 1870, Victor Emmanuel also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War to conquer the Papal States after the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871. He died in Rome in 1878, and was buried in the Pantheon.

The Italian national Victor Emmanuel II Monument in Rome, containing the Altare della Patria, was built in his honour.

Biography

Victor Emmanuel was born as the eldest son of Carlo Alberto Prince of Carignano, and Maria Theresa of Austria. His father succeeded a distant cousin as King of Sardinia in 1831. He lived for some years of his youth in Florence and showed an early interest in politics, the military, and sports. In 1842, he married his cousin, Adelaide of Austria. He was styled as the Duke of Savoy prior to becoming King of Sardinia.

He took part in the First Italian War of Independence (1848–1849) under his father, King Charles Albert, fighting in the front line at the battles of Pastrengo, Santa Lucia, Goito and Custoza.^[2]

He became King of Sardinia in 1849 when his father abdicated the throne, after being defeated by the Austrians at the Battle of Novara. Victor Emmanuel was immediately able to obtain a rather favourable armistice at Vignale by the Austrian imperial army commander, Radetzky. The treaty, however, was not ratified by the Piedmontese lower parliamentary house, the Chamber of Deputies, and Victor Emmanuel retaliated by firing his Prime Minister, Claudio Gabriele de Launay, replacing him with Massimo D'Azeglio. After new elections, the peace with Austria was accepted by the new Chamber of Deputies. In 1849, Victor Emmanuel also fiercely suppressed a revolt in Genoa, defining the rebels as a "vile and infected race of canailles."

In 1852, he appointed Count Camillo Benso of Cavour ("Count Cavour") as Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. This turned out to be a wise choice since Cavour was a political mastermind and a major player in the Italian unification in his own right. Victor Emmanuel II soon became the symbol of the "Risorgimento", the Italian unification movement of the 1850s and early 60s. ^[2] He was especially popular in the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia because of his respect for the new constitution and his liberal reforms.

Crimean War

Following Victor Emmanuel's advice, Cavour joined Britain and France in the Crimean War against Russia. Cavour was reluctant to go to war due to the power of Russia at the time and the expense of doing so. Victor Emmanuel, however, was convinced of the rewards to be gained from the alliance created with Britain and, more importantly, France.

After successfully seeking British support and ingratiating himself with France and Napoleon III at the Congress of Paris in 1856 at the end of the war, Count Cavour arranged a secret meeting with the French emperor. In 1858, they met at Plombières-les-Bains (in Lorraine), where they agreed that if the French were to help Piedmont in its war against Austria, which still reigned over the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia in northern Italy, France would be awarded Nice and Savoy.

Wars of Italian Unification

The Italo-French campaign against Austria in 1859 started successfully. However, sickened by the casualties of the war and worried about the mobilisation of Prussian troops, Napoleon III secretly made a treaty with Franz Joseph of Austria at Villafranca whereby Piedmont would only gain Lombardy. France did not as a result receive the promised Nice and Savoy, but Austria did keep Venetia, a major setback for the Piedmontese, in no small part because the treaty had been prepared without their knowledge. After several quarrels about the outcome of the war, Cavour resigned, and the king had to find other advisors. France indeed only gained Nice and Savoy after the Treaty of Turin was signed in March 1860, after Cavour had been reinstalled as Prime Minister, and a deal with the French was struck for plebiscites to take place in the Central Italian Duchies.

Later that same year, Victor Emmanuel II sent his forces to fight the papal army at Castelfidardo and drove the Pope into Vatican City. His success at these goals led him to be excommunicated from the Catholic Church until 1878 when it was lifted just before his death. Then, Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Naples, and Piedmont-Sardinia grew even larger. On 17 March 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was officially established and Victor Emmanuel II became its king.

Victor Emmanuel supported Giuseppe Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand (1860–1861), which resulted in the rapid fall of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in southern Italy. However, the king halted Garibaldi when he appeared ready to attack Rome, still under the Papal States, as it was under French protection. In 1860, through local plebiscites, Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna decided to side with Piedmont-Sardinia. Victor Emmanuel then marched victoriously in the Marche and Umbria after the victorious battle of Castelfidardo (1860) over the Papal forces.

The king subsequently met with Garibaldi at Teano, receiving from him the control of southern Italy. Another series of plebiscites in the occupied lands resulted in the proclamation of Victor Emmanuel as the first King of Italy by the new Parliament of unified Italy, on 17 March 1861. He did not renumber himself after assuming the new royal title, however. Turin became the capital of the new state. Only Lazio, Veneto, and Trentino remained to be conquered.

Completion of the unification

In 1866 Victor Emmanuel allied himself with Prussia in the Third Italian War of Independence. Although not victorious in the Italian theatre, he managed to receive Veneto after the Austrian defeat in Germany. The British Foreign Secretary, Lord Clarendon, visited Florence in December 1867 and reported to London after talking to various Italian politicians: "There is universal agreement that Victor Emmanuel is an imbecile; he is a dishonest man who tells lies to everyone; at this rate, he will end up losing his crown and ruining both Italy and his dynasty."^[3] In 1870, after two failed attempts by Garibaldi, he also took advantage of the Prussian victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War to capture Rome after the French withdrew. He entered Rome on 20 September 1870 and set up the new capital there on 2 July 1871, after a temporary move to Florence in 1864. The new Royal residence was the Quirinal Palace.

The rest of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was much quieter. After the Kingdom of Italy was established he decided to continue on as King Victor Emmanuel II instead of Victor Emmanuel I of Italy. This was a terrible move as far as public relations went as it was not indicative of the fresh start that the Italian people wanted and suggested that Piedmont-Sardinia had taken over the Italian Peninsula, rather than unifying it. Despite this mishap, the remainder of Victor Emmanuel II's reign was consumed by wrapping up loose ends and dealing with economic and cultural issues. His role in day-to-day governing gradually dwindled, as it became increasingly apparent that a king could no longer keep a government in office against the will of Parliament. As a result, while the wording of the Statuto Albertino stipulating that ministers were solely responsible to the crown remained unchanged, in practice they were now responsible to Parliament.

Victor Emmanuel died in Rome in 1878, after meeting with the envoys of Pope Pius IX, who had reversed the excommunication, and received last rites. He was buried in the Pantheon. His successor was his son Umberto I.^[4]

Family and children

In 1842 he married his paternal first cousin (aunt's daughter) Adelaide of Austria (1822–1855). With her, he had eight children:^[5]

Maria Clotilde (1843–1911), who married Napoléon Joseph (the Prince Napoléon). Their grandson Prince Louis Napoléon was the Bonapartist pretender to the French imperial throne.

Umberto (1844–1900), later King of Italy. He married his first cousin Margherita of Savoy.
Amadeo (1845–1890), later King of Spain. He married Maria Vittoria dal Pozzo and later Maria Letizia Bonaparte.
Oddone Eugenio Maria (1846–1866), Duke of Montferrat.
Maria Pia (1847–1911), who married King Louis of Portugal.
Carlo Alberto (2 June 1851 – 28 June 1854), Duke of Chablais.
Vittorio Emanuele (6 July 1852 – 6 July 1852).
Vittorio Emanuele (18 January 1855 – 17 May 1855), Count of Geneva.

In 1869 he married morganatically his principal mistress Rosa Vercellana (3 June 1833 – 26 December 1885). Popularly known in Piedmontese as "Bela Rosin", she was born a commoner but made Countess of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda in 1858. Their offspring were:

Vittoria Guerrieri (2 December 1848 – 29 December 1905), married three times: to Giacomo Spinola, Luigi Spinola and Paolo DeSimone.
Emanuele Alberto Guerrieri (16 March 1851 – 24 December 1894), Count of Mirafiori and Fontanafredda.

In addition to his morganatic second wife, Victor Emmanuel II had several other mistresses:

1) Laura Bon at Stupinigi, who bore him two children:

Stillborn child (1852-1852).
Emanuela of Roverbella (6 September 1853 – 1896).

2) Baroness Vittoria Duplesis who bore him another daughter:

Maria Savoiarda Projetti (1854–1885/1888).

3) Unknown mistress at Mondovì, mother of:

Donato Etna (1858–1938) who became a soldier during the First World War.

4) Virginia Rho at Turin, mother of two children:

Vittorio di Rho (1861 – Turin, 10 October 1913). He became a notable photographer.
Maria Pia di Rho (25 February 1866 – Vienna, 19 April 1947). Married to count Alessandro Montecuccoli.

5) Rosalinda Incoronata De Domenicis (1846–1916), mother of one daughter:

Vittoria De Domenicis (1869–1935) who married doctor Alberto Benedetti (1870–1920), with issue.

6) Angela Rosa De Filippo, mother of:

Actor Domenico Scarpetta (1876–1952)

Honours and arms

Italian

Knight of the Order of the Annunciation, 23 December 1836;^[6] Grand Master, 23 March 1849
Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, 1836; Grand Master, 23 March 1849
Grand Master of the Military Order of Savoy
Grand Master of the Order of the Crown of Italy
Grand Master of the Civil Order of Savoy
Gold Medal of Military Valour
Silver Medal of Military Valour
Medal of the Liberation of Rome (1849–1870)
Commemorative Medal of Campaigns of Independence Wars
Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy
Tuscan Grand Ducal family: Grand Cross of the Order of St. Joseph^[7]

Foreign

Austrian Empire:
- Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece, 1841^[8]
- Grand Cross of the Order of St. Stephen, 1869^[9]
Baden:^[10]
- Knight of the House Order of Fidelity, 1864
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Zähringer Lion, 1864
Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of the Order of St. Hubert, 1869^[11]
Belgium: Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold, 25 July 1855^[12]
Denmark: Knight of the Order of the Elephant, 2 September 1861^[13]
French Empire:
- Médaille militaire
- Commemorative medal of the 1859 Italian Campaign
Kingdom of Hawaii: Grand Cross of the Order of Kamehameha I, 1865^[14]
Mexican Empire: Grand Cross of the Order of the Mexican Eagle, with Collar, 1865^[15]
Kingdom of Prussia:^[16]
- Knight of the Order of the Black Eagle, 12 January 1866; with Collar, 1875
- Pour le Mérite (military), 29 May 1872
Kingdom of Saxony: Knight of the Order of the Rue Crown, 1850^[17]
Sweden-Norway: Knight of the Order of the Seraphim, 30 August 1861^[18]
Beylik of Tunis: Husainid Family Order^[19]
United Kingdom: Stranger Knight of the Order of the Garter, 5 December 1855^[20]

Coat of Arms
Arms as knight of the Golden Fleece
Coat of arms as King of Sardinia (1849–1861)
Greater coat of arms as King of Italy (1861–1878)

Ancestry

Ancestors of Victor Emmanuel II

Notes

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Victor Emmanuel and his successors retained the title "King of Sardinia" after the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

References

^ Arnold, Guy (2002). Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810866133.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Chisholm 1911.
^ Mack Smith, Denis Italy and its Monarchy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989 p. 42
^ "Excommunicating Politicians". 27 September 2004.
^ Genealogical data from the Savoia^{[permanent dead link]} page of the Genealogie delle famiglie nobili italiane website.
^ Luigi Cibrario (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri. Eredi Botta. p. 107.
^ Almanacco Toscano per l'anno 1855. Stamperia Granducale. 1840. p. 275.
^ Boetttger, TF Рыцари золотого флиса " Дружелюбное братство Получено 25 2019 года июня
^ "Члены Ордена Святого Стефана" Архивировали 22 декабря 2010 года на машине Wayback
^ Суд и государственное руководство Большого герцогства Баден (1865), «Великий герцогский приказ», стр. 55 , 66
^ Суд и государственное руководство Королевства Бавария (1873), «Королевский приказ» с. 8
^ Фердинанд Велдекенс (1858). Гостевая книга Ордена Леопольда и Железного Креста . Лелонг. п. 214
^ Джёрген Педерсен (2009). Рыцари ордена слона, 1559–2009 (по датским). Университет Южной Дании. П. 978-87-7674-434-2 .
^ «Королевский орден Камехамеха» . Crownofhawaii.com . Официальный сайт королевской семьи Гавайев. Архивировано из оригинала 28 февраля 2023 года . Получено 2 декабря 2019 года .
^ «Раздел IV: заказы империи» , Имперский Альманак за 1866 год (по -испански), 1866, с. 242 , извлечено 29 апреля 2020 года
^ «Королевский прусский приказ» , Прусский список заказов (на немецком языке), 1 , Берлин: 12 , 24 , 1877
^ Саксония (1866). ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ РУКОВОДСТВО ПО СЕРЕМЕННОМ САКСОНЕ: 1865/66 . Генрих. п. 4
^ Шведский государственный календарь , 1877, с шведском языке ( в . )
^ «Ничан ad -дам, или заказ крови, учрежден ... - Лот 198» .
^ Шоу, Wm. А. (1906) Рыцари Англии , I , Лондон, с. 59

Источники

Чисхолм, Хью , изд. (1911). «Виктор Эммануэль II». Полем Encyclopædia Britannica . Тол. 28 (11 -е изд.). Издательство Кембриджского университета.
Мак Смит, Денис, 1920-2017. (1972). [Виктор Эмануэль, Кавур и Ризоргименто.] Витторио Эмануэль II. (Перевод ... Джоул Бертолацци.) . Латераза. OCLC 504679452 . {{cite book}}: CS1 Maint: несколько имен: списки авторов ( ссылка ) CS1 Maint: NUREGIC Имена: Список авторов ( ссылка )
Тейер, Уильям Роско (1911). Жизнь и времена кавура, том 1 . старые интерпретации, но полезны для деталей; Том 1 переходит в 1859]; Том 2 онлайн обложки 1859–62

На итальянском языке

Del Boca, Lorenzo (1998). Черт возьми . Casale Monferrato: Piemme.
Gasparetto, Pier Francesco (1984). Vittorio Emanuele II . Милан: Рускони.
Мак Смит, Денис (1995). Vittorio Emanuele II . Милан: Мондадори .
Пинто, Паоло (1997). Vittorio Emanuele II: Король авантюристов . Милан: Мондадори.
Рокка, Джанни (1993). Далее, Савой!: Мифы и победили, которые сделали Италию, 1848–1866 . Милан: Мондадори.

Внешние ссылки

Работает от Виктора Эммануэля II в интернет -архиве
Внешняя ссылка: генеалогия недавних членов Палаты Савойки
Взгляд на Венес -сквер Виктор Эммануэль II Памятник (архивировано 1 июля 2006 г.)

РЕГАНСКИЕ ЗАПИСЬ
Виктор Эммануэль II Дом Савойя Родился: 14 марта 1820 года умер: 9 января 1878 г.
Предшествует Чарльз Альберт	Король Сардинии 23 марта 1849 - 17 марта 1861 г.	Преуспевает Сам Как король Италии
Предшествует Чарльз Альберт	Duke of Savoy 23 марта 1849 - 9 января 1878 г.	Преуспевает Умберто я
Вакантный Титул последним Наполеон я	Король Италии 17 марта 1861 - 9 января 1878 г.	Преуспевает Умберто я

[efn-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b Victor Emmanuel and his successors retained the title "King of Sardinia" after the Kingdom of Sardinia became the Kingdom of Italy in 1861.

[2] Arnold, Guy (2002). Historical Dictionary of the Crimean War. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810866133.

[FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Chisholm 1911.

[4] Mack Smith, Denis Italy and its Monarchy, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989 p. 42

[5] "Excommunicating Politicians". 27 September 2004.

[6] Genealogical data from the Savoia^{[permanent dead link]} page of the Genealogie delle famiglie nobili italiane website.

[Cibrario1869-7] Luigi Cibrario (1869). Notizia storica del nobilissimo ordine supremo della santissima Annunziata. Sunto degli statuti, catalogo dei cavalieri. Eredi Botta. p. 107.

[8] Almanacco Toscano per l'anno 1855. Stamperia Granducale. 1840. p. 275.

[9] Boetttger, TF Рыцари золотого флиса " Дружелюбное братство Получено 25 2019 года июня

[10] "Члены Ордена Святого Стефана" Архивировали 22 декабря 2010 года на машине Wayback

[11] Суд и государственное руководство Большого герцогства Баден (1865), «Великий герцогский приказ», стр. 55 , 66

[12] Суд и государственное руководство Королевства Бавария (1873), «Королевский приказ» с. 8

[Veldekens1858-13] Фердинанд Велдекенс (1858). Гостевая книга Ордена Леопольда и Железного Креста . Лелонг. п. 214

[14] Джёрген Педерсен (2009). Рыцари ордена слона, 1559–2009 (по датским). Университет Южной Дании. П. 978-87-7674-434-2 .

[15] «Королевский орден Камехамеха» . Crownofhawaii.com . Официальный сайт королевской семьи Гавайев. Архивировано из оригинала 28 февраля 2023 года . Получено 2 декабря 2019 года .

[16] «Раздел IV: заказы империи» , Имперский Альманак за 1866 год (по -испански), 1866, с. 242 , извлечено 29 апреля 2020 года

[prus-17] «Королевский прусский приказ» , Прусский список заказов (на немецком языке), 1 , Берлин: 12 , 24 , 1877

[Sachsen1866-18] Саксония (1866). ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ РУКОВОДСТВО ПО СЕРЕМЕННОМ САКСОНЕ: 1865/66 . Генрих. п. 4

[19] Шведский государственный календарь , 1877, с шведском языке ( в . )

[20] «Ничан ad -дам, или заказ крови, учрежден ... - Лот 198» .

[p59-21] Шоу, Wm. А. (1906) Рыцари Англии , I , Лондон, с. 59

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v Т и Князья Савойя
1st generation	None
2nd generation	Louis, Duke of Savoy Philip I, Prince of Piedmont
3rd generation	Amadeus IX, Duke of Savoy Louis, Count of Geneva Philip II, Duke of Savoy Jacques, Count of Romont
4th generation	Philibert I, Duke of Savoy Charles I, Duke of Savoy Philibert II, Duke of Savoy Charles III, Duke of Savoy Philip, Duke of Nemours Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy
5th generation	Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy Jacques, Duke of Nemours
6th generation	Victor Amadeus I, Duke of Savoy Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Nemours Henri, Duke of Nemours Thomas Francis, Prince of Carignano Prince Maurice Prince Emmanuel Filibert
7th generation	Francis Hyacinth, Duke of Savoy Charles Emmanuel II, Duke of Savoy Emmanuel Philibert, Prince of Carignano Eugene Maurice, Count of Soissons Louis I, Duke of Nemours Charles Amadeus, Duke of Nemours Henri II, Duke of Nemours
8th generation	Victor Amadeus II of Sardinia Victor Amadeus I, Prince of Carignano Louis Thomas, Count of Soissons Prince Eugene
9th generation	Victor Amadeus, Prince of Piedmont Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia Louis Victor, Prince of Carignano Eugenio, Count of Villafranca Thomas Emmanuel, Prince of Savoy-Carignan
10th generation	Vittorio Amedeo Teodoro, Duke of Aosta Victor Amadeus III of Sardinia Prince Emanuele Filiberto Carlo Francesco, Duke of Aosta Benedetto, Duke of Chablais Victor Amadeus II, Prince of Carignano Eugene Jean, Count of Soissons
11th generation	Charles Emmanuel IV of Sardinia Amadeus Alexander, Duke of Montferrat Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia Maurizio, Duke of Montferrat Charles Felix I of Sardinia Giuseppe, Count of Asti Charles Emmanuel, Prince of Carignano
12th generation	Charles Albert I of Sardinia
13th generation	Victor Emmanuel II of Italy Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa
14th generation	Umberto I of Italy Amadeo I of Spain Oddone, Duke of Montferrat Tommaso, Duke of Genoa**
15th generation	Victor Emmanuel III of Italy Emanuele Filiberto, Duke of Aosta* Vittorio Emanuele, Count of Turin* Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi* Umberto, Count of Salemi* Ferdinando, Duke of Genoa Filiberto, Duke of Genoa Adalberto, Duke of Bergamo Eugenio, Duke of Genoa
16th generation	Umberto II of Italy Amedeo, Duke of Aosta* Aimone, Duke of Aosta*
17th generation	Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples Amedeo, Duke of Aosta***
18th generation	Prince Emanuele Filiberto Prince Aimone***
member of a cadet branch of the House of Savoy * Prince of Savoy-Genoa *** Prince of Savoy-Aosta

v Т и Объединение Италии ( Risorgimento )
Pre-unitary states	Kingdom of Sardinia (House of Savoy) Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia Papal States Grand Duchy of Tuscany Duchy of Parma Duchy of Modena and Reggio
Timeline	Rimini Proclamation Carbonari Revolutions during the 1820s Revolutions of 1830 Young Italy Neo-Guelphism Revolutions of 1848 Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states Republic of San Marco Roman Republic Quadrilatero First Italian War of Independence Five Days of Milan Sortie on Mestre Sicilian revolution of 1848 Ten Days of Brescia Belfiore martyrs Crimean War Plombières Agreement Second Italian War of Independence United Provinces of Central Italy Expedition of the Thousand Dictatorship of Garibaldi Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy Brigandage in Southern Italy after 1861 Roman Question Third Italian War of Independence Capture of Rome Law of Guarantees Italian entry into World War I Impresa di Fiume
Symbols	Cockade of Italy Flag of Italy
Main leaders	Massimo d'Azeglio Agostino Bertani Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour Celso Ceretti Federico Confalonieri Francesco Crispi Giuseppe Garibaldi Daniele Manin Giuseppe Mazzini Bettino Ricasoli Aurelio Saffi Annibale Santore di Santarosa Ruggero Settimo Victor Emmanuel II
Literature and philosophy	Giovanni Arrivabene Cesare Balbo Giosuè Carducci Carlo Cattaneo Felice Cavallotti Vincenzo Cuoco Giuseppe Ferrari Ugo Foscolo Vincenzo Gioberti Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi Giacomo Leopardi Francesco Lomonaco Goffredo Mameli Alessandro Manzoni Ippolito Nievo Silvio Pellico Carlo Pisacane Gian Domenico Romagnosi Antonio Rosmini Francesco Saverio Salfi
Opponents	Pope Pius IX Franz Joseph I of Austria Francis II of the Two Sicilies Klemens von Metternich Joseph Radetzky von Radetz
Museums	Museum of the Risorgimento (Bologna) Museum of the Risorgimento (Milan) Museum of the Risorgimento (Rome) Museum of the Risorgimento (Turin) Tricolour Flag Museum
National days	Anniversary of the Unification of Italy National Unity and Armed Forces Day
Other	Altare della Patria Italian irredentism Italian nationalism Redshirts Revisionism of Risorgimento Southern question Third Rome

Базы данных управления авторитетом
Международный	Isni Виаф БЫСТРЫЙ
Национальный	Германия Соединенные Штаты Франция BNF Данные Италия Австралия Чешская Республика Нидерланды Норвегия Чили Греция Швеция Польша Ватикан Израиль
Люди	Подъемник Итальянский народ Немецкая биография
Другой	Idref Нара Отец (Новая Зеландия) Бизм