Правительство Гамбурга
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Правительство Гамбурга разделено на исполнительную , законодательную и судебную власть. Гамбург -это городское государство и муниципалитет , и, следовательно, его управление посвящено нескольким деталям как политики как государственного, так и местного сообщества. Это происходит в двух рядах - общенациональной и государственной администрации ( Сенат Гамбурга ) и местным званием для районов. Глава правительства городского государства является первым мэром и президентом Сената . Министерство называется Бехёрде (офис), а государственный министр - сенатор в Гамбурге. Законодательным органом является парламент штата, называемый Гамбургиш Бюргершафт , а судебная власть состоит из Верховного суда штата и других судов. Место правительства - Гамбург Ратхаус . Президент Гамбургского парламента является самым высоким официальным человеком свободного и Гансейского города Гамбург. [ 1 ] Это традиционная разница для других немецких государств. Президенту не разрешается оказывать какую -либо оккупацию исполнительной власти.
До 1871 года Гамбург был полностью суверенной страной, а ее правительство - суверенным правительством. Присоединившись к немецкой империи , городской государство сохранило частичный суверенитет в качестве федерального штата. Это была одна из трех республик в немецкой империи до 1919 года, что означало, что его первый мэр пользовался тем же званием в Империи, что и федеральные князья . До конституционных реформ в 1919 году наследственные внуки , или Гансиатена , занимали юридически привилегированную должность и были единственными, кто имел право на выборы в Сенат.
The local rank is organised in the 7 boroughs of Hamburg.
Political system
[edit]The bases of the political system are the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany and the Constitution of the Free and Hanseatic city of Hamburg.
The Free and Hanseatic city of Hamburg is its own state in the Federal Republic of Germany. Hamburg is a republic, democratic welfare state and a constitutional state. At the same time Hamburg is a municipality, there is no separation between these two administrative tasks.[2] The power to create a law is restricted by federal law.
There is a clear separation of powers.
Legislature
[edit]
The power to create, amend and ratify laws (legislature) is given to the parliament. A plebiscite and a referendum is possible due to the Constitution of Hamburg. In other German states the parliament is called Landtag.
The President of the Hamburg Parliament is the highest official person of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg.[1]
The parliament is among other things responsible for the law, the election of the Erster Bürgermeister (First Mayor) for the election period and the control of the Senate (cabinet). The parliament is unicameral and the (currently) 123 deputies are elected in universal, direct, free, equal and secret elections every five years.[3][4]
Executive
[edit]
The executive is the Senat der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg (Senate of Hamburg / cabinet). Its purpose is to enforce the laws. The senate is responsible for the day-to-day management and head of this branch is the First Mayor. The senate represents Hamburg to the federal government and other states or countries.[5]
The Senat der Freien und Hansestadt Hamburg is formed by the first mayor of Hamburg,[6] the Minister President and mayor of Hamburg. The deputy is the second mayor, who at the same time is also the senator of a ministry. The senate is permitted no more than 12 members by law. This law also regulates among other, the remuneration, pension, privilege to refuse to give evidence and the legal position of Hamburg judges. The senators get appointed by the first mayor and thereafter they need to get elected by Hamburg Parliament.[7] The First Mayor forms the ministries, according to the coalition agreement of the ruling parties.
History
[edit]Until 1860 the government of Hamburg was called Rath or Rat (board/council), the members had been Ratsherrn (councillors) and Bürgermeister (Burgomaster). After a change of the Constitution of Hamburg in 1861 the government was called Hamburger Senat. The terms senate and senator are also sometimes used retrospectively when referring to the body and its members before 1861. During the Napoleonic Wars, when Hamburg was occupied and then annexed into France, the existing Hamburg council was replaced by a municipal council (conseil municipal or Munizipalrat), which existed from 1813 to 1814, when the previous constitution was reinstated.
Prior to the First World War the two mayors were elected for one-year-terms. Until 1997 the First Mayor was Primus inter pares among his colleagues in the Senate, by whom he was elected.[citation needed] Since then, he has been elected by the parliament and been able appoint and to dismiss other senators.[6]
Judiciary
[edit]
Interpreting the law (Judiciary) is the task of the Constitutional Court of Hamburg (Hamburgisches Verfassungsgericht) and 17 other courts throughout Hamburg.
The supreme court consists of a president of the court and 8 judges. The president and 3 judges have to be lifetime judges in Hamburg. The Diet of Hamburg elect the judges for 6 years and they can only serve two terms in total. The schedule of responsibilities are based on the constitution of Hamburg (Art. 65) and the Gesetzes über das Hamburgische Verfassungsgericht (Law of the Constitutional Court of Hamburg) (§ 14).
The professional judges of the other courts are appointed by the senate according to a nomination of a committee.[8]
Ministries
[edit]
In 2018, there are eleven senators holding ministerial positions and the head of state, the First mayor.[9] A senator is the presiding minister for a Behörde (translated: 'government agency' meaning here is more ministry).
- State Chancellery
The State Chancellery (German: Senatskanzlei) coordinate the senate and support the mayor. The First Mayor is head in this government agency. In 2018, the First Mayor of Hamburg is Peter Tschentscher[9] (SPD).
- Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training
The Ministry of Schools and Vocational Training (German: Behörde für Schule und Berufsbildung) is responsible for managing the school system of Hamburg.
- Ministry of Science, Research and Equal Opportunities
(German: Behörde für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Gleichstellung)
- Ministry of the Interior and Sports
Among others the Behörde für Inneres und Sport is the oversight authority for the law enforcement agencies in Hamburg, the fire brigade, for disaster control and its units, the residents registration offices and the State Election Office.[10] The Scientology Task Force (Arbeitsgruppe Scientology) got dissolved at the end of 2010.[11]
- Ministry of Finance
(German: Finanzbehörde)
- Ministry of Economic Affairs, Transportation and Innovation
(German: Behörde für Wirtschaft, Verkehr und Innovation)
- Ministry of Environment and Energy
(German: Behörde für Umwelt und Energie)
- Ministry of Justice
The Ministry of Justice (German: Justizbehörde) is in charge of correctional facilities, the courts and the revision of laws.[12] In 2018, Till Steffen (GAL) is the Minister of Justice of Hamburg.[9]
- Ministry of Health and Consumer Protection
(German: Behörde für Gesundheit und Verbraucherschutz)
- Ministry of Culture, Sports and Media
On May 7, 2008 the former Ministry of Culture was renamed to the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Media (German: Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien), and is now, among other duties, responsible for tourism, the public record office of Hamburg, the office of the protection of historical monuments, and the memorial site for the Neuengamme concentration camp.[13] In 2005 its annual budget was €212.7 million.[14]
- Ministry of Employment, Social Affairs, Family Affairs and Integration
(German: Behörde für Arbeit, Soziales, Familie und Integration)
- Ministry of City Development and Housing
(German: Behörde für Stadtentwicklung und Wohnen)
Law enforcement
[edit]
Since law enforcement and police duties are partly in the responsibility of the German states, Hamburg has its own police force. This forces consists of the state police Polizei Hamburg, the State Criminal Police Office (German: Landeskriminalamt), the Criminal Investigation Services (Kriminalpolizei), the Water Police (Wasserschutzpolizei) controlling traffic in the port of Hamburg, the Stand-by Police (Bereitschaftspolizei), the Special Weapons and Tactics Unit (Spezialeinsatzkommando) and Mobile Surveillance Units (Mobiles Einsatzkommando).[15] The State Office for the Protection of the Constitution of Hamburg (Landesamt für den Verfassungsschutz) is Hamburg's domestic intelligence agency. The Ministry of the Interior has the legal and technical oversight for the law enforcement agencies.[10]
Elections
[edit]Elections for the state parliament of Hamburg are held every five years, combined with the elections of the diet of the boroughs (Bezirksversammlungen). Since 2013, also minors who are 16 or older are allowed to vote for any elections in Hamburg.[16]
Political parties
[edit]The main political parties in Hamburg are the Christian Democratic Union (represented by the CDU Hamburg), the Social Democratic Party, Alliance 90/The Greens, The Left, the Free Democratic Party, and the Alternative for Germany (represented by the AfD Hamburg).[17]
| Name (English) | Name (German) | Abbr. | Ideology | Position | International organizations | Votes (2020)[18] | Seats in Hamburgische Bürgerschaft | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Social Democratic Party | Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands | SPD | Social democracy | centre-left | Progressive Alliance and Socialist International (observer) | 39,2% | 53 | |
| Christian Democratic Union | Christlich Demokratische Union | CDU | Christian democracy | centre-right | Centrist Democrat International and International Democrat Union | 11,2% | 15 | |
| Alliance '90/The Greens | Bündnis 90 / Die Grünen (GAL) | Green Politics | centre-left | Global Greens | 24,2% | 33 | merger of Die Grünen and Bündnis 90 | |
| Free Democratic Party | Freie Demokratische Partei | FDP | Liberalism | centre | Liberal International | 4,9% | 0 | 2 non-attached FDP memberd |
| The Left | Die Linke | Socialism Eurocommunism |
left-wing | Party of the European Left | 9,1% | 13 | merger of The Left Party.PDS and WASG | |
| Alternative for Germany | Alternative für Deutschland | AfD | Right-wing populism | far-right | Identity and Democracy | 5,3% | 6 | |
The Statt Party is a minor political party which was founded in 1993. The party was elected to the Hamburg Parliament in the Hamburg state election of 1993.[19] The governing SPD and the new Statt Party formed a coalition to rule until 1997, when the party lost all seats.
The Party for a Rule of Law Offensive (Partei Rechtsstaatlicher Offensive – Offensive D) was a right-wing populist party which was represented in the Hamburg Parliament from 2001 until 2004, receiving 19.4% of votes. It is now defunct.[17][20]
Honours and awards
[edit]The highest honour awarded by the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg is honorary citizenship (Ehrenbürgerrecht). It is officially given by the senate, although the parliament must also confirm the senate's nominee. Honorary citizenship is comparable to the Freedom of the City, an honour awarded by many nations.[21]
The Golden Book consists of the signatures of especially honoured guests of Hamburg. The book, in actuality, is a golden leather-bound box and doesn't have fixed sheets. It was a gift of the family of the First Mayor Carl Friedrich Petersen.[22] In 1937 the German leader Adolf Hitler signed the book before giving a public speech in Hamburg.[23] During denazification Hitler's sheet, as well as those of other Nazis, was removed from the book. The only Nazi signature remaining is from Reich Minister of Propaganda Joseph Goebbels, due to the fact that he wrote on the same sheet as the former German President Paul von Hindenburg.[24] The Dalai Lama signed the Golden Book during his 5th visit to Hamburg in February 2007.[25]
- Decorations
Historically, Hamburg's citizens have not been legally allowed to receive decorations—only medals or medallions. When it was first enacted in the 13th century, the law applied only to members of the senate and Hamburg's judges.[26] It was, however, later extended to all citizens by the senate. One of the few citizens of a Hanseatic city to receive a decoration was the entrepreneur Alwin Münchmeyer, who later stated that this were his "falls of mankind".[27] Helmut Schmidt, former Hamburg Senator of the Interior and German Chancellor, declined several times to accept the Federal Cross of Merit, stating that he had been a Hamburg senator and, according to Hanseatic tradition, was not permitted to wear decorations.
In 1843 a fire medal was awarded to the volunteer firefighters who assisted Hamburg during the great fire that engulfed the city from 5 May 1842 until 8 May. In total 4,858 medals were awarded. The inscription on the medal states "Das Dankbare Hamburg Seinen Freunden In Der Noth" ("The grateful Hamburg in need to its friends").[28]
During World War I the Hanseatic Cross (German: Hanseatenkreuz) was awarded by the three Hanseatic Cities of Bremen, Hamburg and Lübeck, who were member states of the German Empire. Each city-state established its own version of the cross, but the design and award criteria were similar for each. There were approximately 50,000 awards of the Hanseatic Cross of Hamburg.
- Medallions
In 2007 the Herbert Weichmann medallion, named for the First Mayor Herbert Weichmann (in office 1965 – 1971), was granted for the first time by the city of Hamburg,[29] honoring "those—both Jewish and non-Jewish—who have contributed to Jewish life in Germany".[30] Its first recipients were Paul Spiegel (posthumous), who was a member of the executive committee of the Central Council of Jews in Germany, and Hinrich Reemtsma, whose foundation contributed €500,000 to the renovation of an old Talmud Torah school into a Jewish community centre.[29]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b constitution of the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg, § 18
- ^ Kramer, Jutta (2005), Local government and city states in Germany (PDF), Konrad Adenauer Foundation, ISBN 0-9584936-8-5, retrieved 2009-07-25
- ^ What is Hamburg Parliament?, Hamburgische Bürgerschaft, archived from the original on 2011-07-19, retrieved 2008-08-14
- ^ Who works in Parliament?, Hamburgische Bürgerschaft, archived from the original on 2007-08-13, retrieved 2008-08-14
- ^ Senatskanzlei (2007) [2005-05-25], Der Hamburger Senat (in German), Senatskanzlei, retrieved 2008-08-14
- ^ Jump up to: a b Constitution of Hamburg (Article 33, 34, 35)
- ^ Senate Law Senatsgesetz (in German), 1971-02-18, retrieved 2008-09-26[permanent dead link]
- ^ Constitution of Hamburg (Article 63)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Staff: State Chancellery, Die Senatoren (in German), www.hamburg.de Freie und Hansestadt Hamburg, retrieved 2018-10-07
- ^ Jump up to: a b Staff, Aufbau Innenbehörde Hamburg (in German), Behörde für Inneres, retrieved 2018-10-07
- ^ "Anti-Scientology-Behörde muss schließen". Frankfurter Rundschau (in German). 2010-08-17.
- ^ Justizbehörde website www.hamburg.de Justizbehörde (in German) Accessed October 7, 2018
- ^ Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien: Die Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien Archived 2008-08-13 at the Wayback Machine Accessed August 13, 2008 (in German)
- ^ Institut für Kultur- und Medienmanagement: Kulturwirtschaftsbericht 2006 Archived 2008-11-09 at the Wayback Machine August 2006, Behörde für Kultur, Sport und Medien, Hamburg. Retrieved on August 13, 2008 (in German)
- ^ Персонал (2006-12-12), полис-профили полицейских участия и штатов-партнеров , ОБСЕ , архивируя оригинал на 2009-05-24 , извлеченные 2008-08-19
- ^ «Гражданские выборы в Гамбурге» .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Поисковая база данных для выборов штата Гамбург, результаты выборов в Гамбурге с 1965 года (на немецком языке), Статистическое управление Гамбурга и Шлезвиг-Гольштейна, архивировав с оригинала на 2008-06-30 , извлеченные 2008-09-26
- ^ «Официальный конечный результат выборов граждан 2020 года» . Hamburg.de (на немецком языке) . Получено 2023-01-27 .
- ^ Гражданские выборы 1993 (на немецком языке), Статистическое управление Гамбург и Шлезвиг-Гольштейн (Статистическое управление Гамбурга и Шлезвиг-Гольштейна), архивировано из оригинала на 2011-07-18 , извлечено 2009-07-26
- ^ Сотрудники: (Источник: Deutsche Welle ) (2004), мэр Беста, чтобы управлять одним после победы на выборах в Гамбурге , www.citymayors.com , получен 2008-08-13
- ^ Государственная канцлери, почетные граждане Гамбурга (на немецком языке), канцлера сената , извлеченные 2008-08-14
- ^ Государственная канцелярия, Голден Бух (на немецком языке), сенатскандзлей, архивировал из оригинала 20 февраля 2009 года , извлеченные 2008-08-14
- ^ "Jajajajajajajajaja: Nein!" , Time , 1934-08-27, архивировано из оригинала 16 декабря 2010 года , извлечен 2008-08-14
- ^ Domizlaff, Svante (2002), Ратуша Гамбурга (на немецком языке) (2 -е изд.), Гамбург: издание Maritim, p. 15, ISBN 978-3-89225-465-2
- ^ Далай-лама начинает визит в Германию с критикой Китая , Dalailama.com, 2007-07-19, архивировано с оригинала на 2008-06-18 , извлечен 2008-08-14
- ^ Lorses-Schmidt, Klaus-Joachim (2005), «Орден», Гамбург Лексикон (3 изд.), Эллерт, Пире 361, ISBN 3-8319-0179-1 Полем (на немецком языке)
- ^ Büschemann, Karl-Heinz (1988-06-03), «За пределами Tollut and Have» , Zeit (на немецком языке) (23), Гамбург: Zeitverlag Gerd Bucerius, архивировав с оригинала 2012-03-03 , извлечен 2008- 09-26 ,
он позже также принял много заказов. Он назвал это «падение».
- ^ Gaedechens, Отто Кристиан; Gaedechens, CF (1850), гамбургские монеты и медали (на немецком языке), Гамбург: Ja Meissner, OCLC 8457191
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Coesfeld, Franziska (2007-06-11), еврейская община возвращается домой (на немецком языке), Hamburger Abendblatt , извлеченном 2008-10-03
- ^ «Еврейский центр возвращается в довоенный гамбург» . Expatica Communications. 2007-06-11. Архивировано из оригинала 2012-07-29 . Получено 2008-10-03 .
Ссылки
[ редактировать ]- Конституция свободного и гансейского города Гамбург (на немецком языке)
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
- Официальный сайт парламента Гамбурга
- Сенат Гамбурга (на немецком языке)
- Парламент Гамбурга на www.hamburg.de (на немецком языке)
- Официальный веб -сайт полиции Гамбурга (на немецком языке)
- Официальный веб -сайт целевой группы саентологии (на немецком языке)
| Базы данных управления авторитетом : национальный |
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