Sinhala honorifics
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In the Sinhalese language, it is almost always compulsory for the speaker or writer to take into account the importance of the subject and of the object when constructing a sentence. Sinhalese uses a vast collection of honorifics to reflect the speaker's relationship with the subject and object of the sentence, and it also reveals the level of importance the society or the writer has given to them. In the present stage of the language, honorifics are mostly used in the literary language as opposed to in the vernacular, and their use is being gradually limited to only formal occasions.
Noun Honorifics
[edit]Inanimate Nouns
[edit]When talking about an object that holds superiority or importance, or an object which has been given superior status, these honorifics are used. They can only be used in the literary language and play an essential part in Sinhala literature. Usually, the word is replaced by its "tatsama" counterpart for this, as in the word කෑම-kǣma (food) becomes the tatsama word භෝජන-bhōjana (food) just to emphasize the given importance. The honorifics හු-hu and ඕ-ō are usually used after this in plural form and the verb also is changed accordingly to its plural form, something that is not done to normal inanimate plurals. This changes the perspective of the object to the state the writer has given it, and thus advocates more beauty and grandeur to the sentence.[1]
තරු
tharu
අහසේ
ahasē
දිදුලයි.
điđulayi.
the stars shine in the sky (singular)
තාරකාවෝ
thārakāwō
අහසේ
ahasē
දිදුලති
điđulathi
the stars[honorific] shine in the sky (plural)
When referring to the religious and holy objects or relics in Sinhala, the honorific වහන්සේ-wahansē is sometimes used.[2]
දළඳා
đaļaňđā
වහන්සේ
wahansē
the tooth relic of Lord Buddha
වෙහෙර
wehera
වහන්සේ
wahansē
the stupa
දෙවියන්
Deviyan
වහන්සේ
wahanse
God
Animate Nouns
[edit]A legion of honorifics are in use in the present Sinhala language to accentuate the social and ethical importance of the people the speaker or writer is addressing. Generally, elders, teachers, strangers, political/spiritual leaders, renowned people and customers in the Sinhala society are referred to with honorifics, while the younger people and students are not. The incorrect use of honorifics can lead to confusions, and are often thought as sarcastic remarks.
- Ex: When calling someone younger than you as ඔබ තුමා-oba thumā it can mean that you are sarcastic about the younger one's boastful and prejudiced attitude.
The most common honorifics in Sinhala language are වහන්සේ-wahansē (venerable), හාමුදුරුවෝ-hāmuđuruwō (monk/venerable), තෙමේ-themē (sir), තොමෝ-thomō (madam), මයා-mayā (Mr.), මිය-miya (Mrs.), ඕ-ō, හු-hu and දෑ-đǣ, with all of them joining at the end of a noun. The suffixes ආණ-āņa, අණු-aņu, අණි-aņi used at the end of elders' names in the literary language also add honor to the salutations. As a rule, when using those 3 animate honorifics, the verb is always changed to its plural form.[3]
පිය
piya
+
+
ආණ
āņa
+
+
ඕ
ō
=
=
පියාණෝ
piyāņō
father
පියා
piyā
ගෙදර
geđara
එයි
eyi
father comes home
පියාණෝ
piyāņō
ගෙදර
geđara
එති
ethi
father comes[come] home
පුත්
puth
+
+
අණු
aņu
+
+
ඕ
ō
=
=
පුතණුවෝ
puthaņuwō
son
පුතණුවෝ
puthaņuwō
පාඩම්
pādam
කරති
karathi
son studies[study]
හාමුදුරුවෝ
hāmuđuruwō
බණ
baņa
දෙසති
đesathi
venerable preach[es] a sermon
Verb Honorifics
[edit]Any verb in Sinhala can be converted into an honorific by simply changing it into its plural form. Ex:ගියේය-giyēya(went) into ගියහ-giyaha(went[plural]) However, when referring to a royal or a venerable, verbs are changed either into their unique honorific forms or their plural "tatsama" forms.
හිමි
himi
+
+
ඕ
ō
=
=
හිමියෝ
himiyō
venerable monk
මම
mama
කෑම
kǣma
කෑවෙමි
[kǣwemi]
I [ate] supper.
හිමියෝ
himiyō
දන්
đan
වළඳති
[waļaňđathi]
the monk [eats] supper.
හිමිවරු
himiwaru
දන්
đan
වැළැඳූහ
[wæļæňđūha]
monks [ate] supper.
The words සේක-sēka and දෑය-đǣya are used at the end of the verbs in sentences beginning with the honorifics වහන්සේ-wahansē and දෑ-đǣ respectively.
In Address and Request
[edit]The honorific නි-ni can be seen on formal salutations and in works of literature. Usually it is adjoined with the addressing honorifics තුමා-thumā or තුමී-thumī:
දෙවියනි
đewiyani
my god
ගුරුතුමනි
guruthumani
dear teacher
රජතුමනි
rajathumani
my king
නේ-nē is used when talking to give the same meaning:
බුදුනේ
buđunē
my lord buddha
දෙවියනේ
đewiyanē
my god
ජේසුනි
Jesuni
my Jesus
අම්මේ
ammē
dear mother
When requesting something to be done, මැනවි-mænawi is written at the end of a verb that is in order form. It is now only used in written works and historical plays.
දෙන්න
đenna
give
මැනවි
mænawi
request
දෙනුමැනවි
đenumænawi
(I) ask that (you) give.
In the early colloquial Sinhala, the honorific suffix ņdi was used when addressing elder relatives and family members. After the colonial rule, these practices had been eventually abandoned.
අම්මා
ammā
+
+
ණ්ඩි
ņdi
=
=
අම්මණ්ඩි
ammaņdi
mother
අක්කා
akkā
+
+
ණ්ඩි
ņdi
=
=
අක්කණ්ඩි
akkaņdi
elder sister
අයියා
ayiyā
+
+
ණ්ඩි
ņdi
=
=
අයියණ්ඩි
ayiyaņdi
elder brother
See also
[edit]- Indian honorifics, many South and Southeast Asian honorifics derive from Indian influence
- Thai honorifics
- Thai royal ranks and titles
- Malay styles and titles
- Filipino styles and honorifics
- Indonesian honorifics
- Greater India
- Indosphere
