Bar Kokhba Revolt Connage

Bar Kokhba Silver Shekel / Tetradrachm . Аверс : еврейский храмовый фасад с восходящей звездой, окруженный " Шимоном ". Обратный : Лулав , текст гласит: «Свободе Иерусалима».

Bar Kokhba Revolt Coinage была монеты, выпущенные Иуййским государством повстанцев, во главе с Саймоном Бар Кохба во время восстания Бар Кохба против Римской империи 132–135 гг .

Во время восстания большие количества монет были выпущены в серебре и меди с мятежными надписями, все они перегружались по иностранным (в основном римским ) монетам, когда файл использовался для удаления конструкций оригинальных монет, таких как портрет римля Император . Undercoin можно ясно увидеть на некоторых серебряных монетах, потому что они не были поданы, чтобы не потерять ценность серебра. На бронзовых монетах очень трудно увидеть основную монету, потому что они были поданы до того, как они были переоценены. В редких случаях монета треснулась, когда она была перегружена. ^{[ 1 ]}^{[ ненадежный источник? ]}

The name "Shim'on" (likely referring to the leader of the Revolt, Shim'on (Simon) Bar Koseba) appears on all of the coins of the Bar Kokhba Revolt except for a few types issued at the beginning of the revolt with the name "Eleazar the Priest (Cohen),". The overstruck silver shekel/tetradrachms (see illustration) are among the most religiously significant coins issued by the ancient Jews, because the Holy of Holies of the Jerusalem Temple is shown, with the Ark of the Covenant. The word "Jerusalem" was inscribed around the representation of the Temple. Beginning in the second year of issue and continuing into the final year, a star appeared above the Temple on many coins, probably in reference to Bar Kokhba's nickname "Son of the Star". Agricultural symbols connected with the Jewish harvest festival of Sukkot, such as lulav and etrog, appear on the reverse of some of the smaller bronze coins, surrounded by a Hebrew inscription: 'Year One of the Redemption of Israel', 'Year Two of the Freedom of Israel', or 'For the Freedom of Jerusalem'.^[1]

In May 2020, a coin embossed with grapes and 'Year Two of the Freedom of Israel' was found in the William Davidson Archaeological Park next to the Western Wall in Jerusalem. This was only the fourth coin from this period to be found in the area, and the only Bar Kokhba coin to have Jerusalem's name on it.^[2]

Alternative attributions

The first group of these coins reviewed by numismatists were 10 silver pieces and one bronze piece found in the mid-nineteenth century.^[3] By 1881 the number of coins had grown to 43,^[3] and many more have been found since.^[4] These coins were first attributed to Bar Kokhba by Moritz Abraham Levy in 1862 and Frederic Madden in 1864.^[3]

Since the mid-nineteenth century, a number of scholars have provided alternative attributions for the coins. Claude Reignier Conder, writing in 1909, suggested that the coins were forgeries of the coins of Simon Thassi.^[5] Wolf Wirgin, writing in 1959, suggested that the coins were instead minted by King Herod Agrippa^[6] Alice Muehsam, writing in 1966, suggested that those coins with dates such as "Year 1" were actually First Jewish Revolt coinage.^[7]

Outside Judaea

As of 2023, twenty-four coins of the Bar Kokhba revolt were found outside Judaea, in various locations in the UK, Austria, Hungary, Romania and Croatia. The majority of coins were found around Roman military sites in the provinces of Britannia, Pannonia, Dacia and Dalmatia, including several legionary and auxiliary camps, though not always in a strictly military context.^[8]^[9]^[10] In 2010, Eshel, Zissu, and Barkay proposed tying these coins to Roman soldiers stationed in those camps who were active in quelling the Bar Kokhba revolt and took those coins with them as souvenirs or commemorative relics.^[8] In a 2023 article, Brull proposed that some of the coins may have been brought to the Europe by Jewish captives or immigrants who arrived in those areas of the revolt.^[9]

References

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Handbook of Biblical Numismatics p. 19
^ staff, T. O. I. "'Year 2 of freedom': Ancient coin from Bar Kochba revolt found near Temple Mount". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2020-05-13.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c History of Jewish coinage, and of money in the Old and New Testament, Frederic William Madden, Pegasus Pub. Co., 1967, Introduction, "Madden's chapter IX, "Money Struck during the Second Revolt of the Jews," lists only those coins of "Simon Bar Cochab" which were overstruck on coins of the Roman emperors from Vespasian onwards, and which could not therefore fit in any way into Madden's scheme of the "Simon" or "Eleazar" coins allegedly of the First Revolt. He notes, of course, that some of the coins of Bar Cochab "appear to have been struck from the same stamp as those of Simon son of Gioras." His attribution of these coins to Bar Kochba follows that of Levy. The original group attributed to Bar Kochba numbered 10 silver pieces and one bronze piece in Madden's book of 1864; in 1881 they had grown to 43, including the tetradrachm with the star."
^ Historia Judaica 11.1, April 1949
^ The City of Jerusalem By Colonel C. R. Conder (1909), "Stating that "the forgery of Jewish coins is still common in Palestine", Conder wrote that "the theory according to which [Bar Kochba] struck coins in Jerusalem demands notice, in connection with the history of the city, but it appears to be one of those learned fallacies which are very long in dying""
^ The History of Coins and Symbols in Ancient Israel, by Wolf Wirgin and Siegfried Mandel, 1959
^ Alice Muehsam, Coin and temple: a study of the architectural representation on ancient Jewish coins, 1966
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Eshel, H., Zissu, B., & Barkay, G. (2009). "Sixteen Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe". Israel Numismatic Journal, 17, 91-97.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Grull, T. (2023), Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe: A Reappraisal.
^ Cesarik, N., Filipčić, D., Kramberger, V. (2018). "Bar Kokhba’s bronze coin from Kolovare Beach in Zadar". Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zadar, Vol. 32. No. 32.

Adler, Yonatan (2008). "The Temple Willow-Branch Ritual Depicted on Bar Kokhba Denarii". Israel Numismatic Journal. 16: 129–133.
Бургель, Джонатан (Йонатан) (2024). «Представление церемонии инаугурации восстановленного храма ? Гарвардский богословский обзор . 117 (2): 250–267. doi : 10.1017/s0017816024000099 .
Дэвис, Уильям Дэвид; и др., ред. (2006). Кембриджская история иудаизма: поздний римский период . Издательство Кембриджского университета. С. 113–117. ISBN 978-0-521-77248-8 .
Поиск, Стивен (2005). Искусство и иудаизм в греко-римском мире: к новой еврейской археологии . Издательство Кембриджского университета. п. 86. ISBN 978-0-521-84491-8 .
Гудман, Мартин (2005). «Монета и личность: еврейские доказательства». В CJ Howgego ; Volker Heuchert; Эндрю М. Бернетт (ред.). Монета и личность в римских провинциях . Издательство Оксфордского университета. С. 163–166. ISBN 978-0-19-926526-8 .
Хендин, Дэвид (2006). «Бронзовый тестовый удар от Bar Kokhba Revolt» . Израиль -нумизматические исследования . 1 Израиль -нумизматическое общество: 111–116.
Джейкобсон, Дэвид М. (21 октября 2022 г.). «Понимание на баре Кохба восстание из монет» . Электром . 29 : 171–196. doi : 10.4467/20800909el.22.012.15782 . S2CID 253169323 .
Милденберг Л. (1980). «Бар Кохба монеты и документы». Гарвардские исследования по классической филологии , 84, 311–335. doi: 10.2307/311055
Шефер, Питер (2003). Война Бар Кохба пересмотрела: новые перспективы второго еврейского восстания против Рима . Мохр Зибек. п. 95. ISBN 978-3-16-148076-8 .
Шефер, Питер (2003). История евреев в греко-римском мире . Психология пресса. п. 155. ISBN 978-0-415-30585-3 .
Зерубавел, Яэль (1997). Восстановленные корни: коллективная память и создание израильской национальной традиции . Университет Чикагской Прессы. С. 48–49. ISBN 978-0-226-98158-1 .

[pg19-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b Handbook of Biblical Numismatics p. 19

[2] staff, T. O. I. "'Year 2 of freedom': Ancient coin from Bar Kochba revolt found near Temple Mount". Times of Israel. Retrieved 2020-05-13.

[Madden_1967-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c History of Jewish coinage, and of money in the Old and New Testament, Frederic William Madden, Pegasus Pub. Co., 1967, Introduction, "Madden's chapter IX, "Money Struck during the Second Revolt of the Jews," lists only those coins of "Simon Bar Cochab" which were overstruck on coins of the Roman emperors from Vespasian onwards, and which could not therefore fit in any way into Madden's scheme of the "Simon" or "Eleazar" coins allegedly of the First Revolt. He notes, of course, that some of the coins of Bar Cochab "appear to have been struck from the same stamp as those of Simon son of Gioras." His attribution of these coins to Bar Kochba follows that of Levy. The original group attributed to Bar Kochba numbered 10 silver pieces and one bronze piece in Madden's book of 1864; in 1881 they had grown to 43, including the tetradrachm with the star."

[4] Historia Judaica 11.1, April 1949

[5] The City of Jerusalem By Colonel C. R. Conder (1909), "Stating that "the forgery of Jewish coins is still common in Palestine", Conder wrote that "the theory according to which [Bar Kochba] struck coins in Jerusalem demands notice, in connection with the history of the city, but it appears to be one of those learned fallacies which are very long in dying""

[6] The History of Coins and Symbols in Ancient Israel, by Wolf Wirgin and Siegfried Mandel, 1959

[7] Alice Muehsam, Coin and temple: a study of the architectural representation on ancient Jewish coins, 1966

[EZB2009-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b Eshel, H., Zissu, B., & Barkay, G. (2009). "Sixteen Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe". Israel Numismatic Journal, 17, 91-97.

[Grull2023-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b Grull, T. (2023), Bar Kokhba Coins from Roman Sites in Europe: A Reappraisal.

[CFK2018-10] Cesarik, N., Filipčić, D., Kramberger, V. (2018). "Bar Kokhba’s bronze coin from Kolovare Beach in Zadar". Journal of the Archaeological Museum in Zadar, Vol. 32. No. 32.

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Bar Kokhba Revolt Connage

Alternative attributions

Outside Judaea

See also

References

Further reading