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Список армянских монархов

(Перенаправлено из армянских королей )

Король Армении
Флаг династии Багратуни
Статуя короля Лео V , последнего армянского монарха
Details
First monarchHydarnes I (satrap)
Orontes II (king)
Last monarchLeo V
Formation521 BC (satrapy)
336 BC (kingdom)
Abolition1375

Это список монархов Армении , правителей Древнего Царства Армения (336 г. до н.э. - 428 г. н.э.), средневековое царство Армения (884–1045), различные меньшие армянские королевства (908–1170), и, наконец, армянский Королевство Киликии (1198–1375). В список также входят видные вассальные князья и лорды, которые управляли во времена без армянского королевства, а также более поздних заявителей на эту должность.

Древняя Армения (521 г. до н.э. - AD 428)

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Для правителей Урарту , королевства железного века (858–585 гг. До н.э.), которое предшествовало сатрапе Армении, см. Список королей Урарту .
См. Также: Царство Армения (античность)

Ранние саттрапсы (521–401 до н.э.)

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См. Также: сатрапия Армения

Orontid dynasty (401–200 BC)

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See also: Orontid dynasty
Modern depiction of Orontes IV (r. 212–200 BC)

The Orontid dynasty lost power in 200 BC due to a revolt instigated by the Seleucid Empire. The Seleucid Empire then incorporated Armenia, which was placed under three vassal strategoi (military governors): Artaxias (Greater Armenia), Zariadres (Sophene) and Mithridates (Lesser Armenia). After a decade of vassalage, Armenian royal power was restored under Artaxias.[1]

Artaxiad dynasty (200 BC–AD 2)

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See also: Artaxiad dynasty
Coin of Tigranes II (r. 95–55 BC)

Non-dynastic rulers (2–61)

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Coin of Tigranes V (r. 6–12)

The first century AD was a time of intense conflict between the Roman and Parthian empires. In Armenia, this resulted in rapid appointments and depositions of Armenian client kings by both sides.[1]

Arsacid dynasty (61–428)

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See also: Arsacid dynasty of Armenia
Statue of Tiridates I (r. 54–58, 61/66–75/88)
Modern depiction of Tiridates III (r. 298–330)

In 384, the Sasanian Empire appointed Khosrov IV as Armenian king, in opposition to the Roman-supported Arshak III. This resulted in Armenia becoming informally divided under the two kings. In 387, the division was made formal through an agreement between the Roman emperor Theodosius I and Sasanian king Shapur III. The agreement saw Armenia be partitioned into a western (under Roman influence) and an eastern (under Sasanian influence) kingdom.[18]

Western Armenia (387–389)

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  • Arshak III, 387–c. 389,[18] former king of all of Armenia[18]

Upon the death of Arshak III in 389, Emperor Theodosius I chose to not appoint another king, ending the western kingdom.[19] Arshak's lands were instead incorporated into the Roman Empire.[5]

Eastern Armenia (384–428)

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In 428, the Sasanian king Bahram V deposed Artaxias IV, with the permission of the Armenian nobility, and annexed his lands into the Sasanian Empire.[19]

Vassal lords and princes (428–884)

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Marzbāns in Sasanian Armenia (428–646)

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See also: Sasanian Armenia
20th-century artwork of Vahan I Mamikonian, autonomous marzbān 485–505/510

The Sasanian-ruled Armenian territories were after 428 placed under the rule of an official with the title marzbān[20] (governor-general[20] or viceroy[1]). The first marzbān, appointed by Bahram V, was the military officer Veh Mihr Shapur.[1]

The list of marzbāns is not entirely contiguous. This is due to gaps in the historical record as well as there having been periods without any appointed marzbāns. It was relatively common for the office to be vacant since the Sasanian Empire periodically tried to assert more direct control.[21]

Presiding princes of Armenia (628–884)

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Modern imaginary portrait of Ashot V Bagratuni, who served as the last presiding prince of Armenia 856–884 and later reigned as King of Armenia (as Ashot I) 884–890

In the sixth century, the Byzantine Empire established the position of presiding prince of Armenia (formally "prince of the Armenians"). This office was created in an attempt to legitimize a local vassal leader with Byzantine backing and counteract Sasanian efforts in the region. During later centuries, the princes often wavered in allegiance between Byzantium and the Islamic Caliphates, who competed over influence in the region. The princes were most often autonomous tributary vassals.[21] The earliest known presiding prince of Armenia is Mjej II Gnuni, appointed by the Byzantines in the early seventh century.[22]

Restored kingdom (884–1045)

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Bagratuni dynasty (884–1045)

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See also: Bagratuni dynasty and Bagratid Armenia
Statue of Ashot II (r. 914–928)

After more than four centuries of dormancy, the Armenian kingdom was restored under the Bagratuni dynasty, from which several presiding princes had hailed. The Abbasid caliphs were prominent supporters of the Bagratuni princes gaining power over other Armenian nobles due to fears of Byzantine influence in the region. In 884, Prince Ashot V Bagratuni was crowned king (as Ashot I) by his peers. Ashot's new position was recognised by both the Byzantine Empire and the Abbasid Caliphate; Emperor Basil I and Caliph Al-Mu'tamid each sent him a royal crown.[23]

The Bagratid kingdom and its capital of Ani was conquered by the Byzantine Empire under Emperor Constantine IX Monomachos in 1045.[23]

Lesser medieval Armenian kingdoms

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Vaspurakan, Artsruni dynasty (908–1021)

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See also: Artsruni dynasty and Kingdom of Vaspurakan

The Artsruni family ruled in Vaspurakan as princes under the Bagratuni kings. The Artsruni family revolted after King Smbat ceded some of the Artsruni lands to the nearby princes of Syunik. Shortly thereafter, in 908, Vaspurakan became a separate kingdom with Gagik Artsruni's recognition as a king by Abbasid caliph.[23]

Senekerim-Hovhannes, the last king of Vaspurakan, surrendered his crown to the Byzantine Empire in 1021 under pressure from incursions by the Seljuk Turks and resettled with his family in Cappadocia.[15]

Vanand, Bagratuni dynasty (961–1065)

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See also: Kingdom of Vanand

The Kingdom of Vanand was created as a vassal state by the Bagratuni kings in 961, ruled by members of their own dynasty.[24]

Vanand was ceded to the Byzantine Empire by Gagik-Abas II[24] in 1065.[15][24]

Tashir-Dzoraget, Kiurikian dynasty (982–c. 1145)

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See also: Kiurikian dynasty and Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
Kiurike I of Tashir-Dzoraget (left, r. 982–989) and Smbat II of Armenia (right, r. 977–989)

The Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget was a vassal kingdom founded in 982 by Kiuriki I, youngest son of Ashot III of Armenia, and was thereafter ruled by his descendants. It was for most of its history ruled from the fortress of Lori.[25]

Tashir-Dzoraget was largely conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1081/1089.[22] In the early 12th century, further conquests led to David II and Abas only retaining control of the fortress of Macnaberd. The kingdom was fully conquered by around 1145, though it is possible that some members of the Kiurikian dynasty retained control of fortresses and settlements in the region thereafter.[25]

Syunik, Siunia dynasty (970–1170)

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See also: Siunia dynasty and Kingdom of Syunik

The independent Kingdom of Syunik was established under the Siuni prince Smbat Sahak in 970.[15]

The Kingdom of Syunik was conquered by the Seljuk Turks in 1170.[27]

Shah-i Armens (1100–1185; 1420–1437)

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Coin of Qara Iskander, the last Shah-i Armen (r. 1420–1437)

Ahlat Shah-i Armens (1100–1185)

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See also: Shah-Armens

In the decades following the Battle of Manzikert (1071), one of the Turkmen[28] vassal dynasties of the Seljuk Turks gained control of Ahlat, in the former Armenian heartland. These Muslim emirs took the title Shah-i Armen ("King of the Armenians");[29][30] the same title Islamic sources had previously used for the Bagratuni kings.[31]

Sökmen II left no heirs, his death in 1185 terminating the Shah-i Armen dynastic line. Ahlat was thereafter ruled by a series of slave emirs;[28] Seyfeddin Bektimur 1185–1193, Bedreddin Aksungur 1193–1198, Sücaeddin Kutlug 1198, Melukülmansur Muhammed 1198–1207, and Izzeddin Balaban 1207.[33] The city's period of relative autonomy came to an end when it was captured by the Ayyubid Sultanate in 1207.[28]

Qara Qoyunlu (1420–1437)

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See also: Qara Qoyunlu

The title Shah-i Armen was temporarily revived in the 15th century under the rule of the Turkmen Qara Qoyunlu,[30] being used by Sultan Qara Iskander as part of his policy to cultivate the Armenian population.[34]

Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1080–1375)

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See also: Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia and List of monarchs of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
For the rulers of Georgia, who sometimes controlled large amounts of Armenian land in 1118–1476 and were related to the Bagratuni dynasty, see List of monarchs of Georgia § Georgia under Bagrationi dynasty.

The Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was a state formed in the Middle Ages by Armenians who fled the Seljuk invasion of their homeland.[35] It was initially ruled by the Rubenids, an offshoot of the Bagratuni dynasty. While the Rubenid rulers were initially regional princes, their close ties with the Western world after the First Crusade saw the principality recognised as a kingdom under Leo I by the Holy Roman Empire in 1198.[36] The rulers of the Armenian Kingdom of Cilia thereafter styled themselves simply as "King of Armenia".[22]

Rubenid dynasty (1080–1252)

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See also: Rubenids
19th-century depiction of Leo I (r. 1198–1219)

Hethumid dynasty (1226–1341)

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See also: Hethumids
Coin depicting Isabella (r. 1219–1252) and Hethum I (r. 1226–1269)

The Hethumid dynasty gained power through marriage with Isabella of the Rubenid dynasty. Upon her death, her husband Hethum I became sole ruler and he was followed as king by their descendants.

Lusignan and Neghir dynasties (1342–1375)

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See also: House of Lusignan and House of Neghir
Bust of Leo V, the last King of Armenia (r. 1374–1375)

After the death of Leo IV in 1341, Leo's cousin Guy de Lusignan was elected to succeed him as Constantine II, beginning the rule of the Lusignan dynasty. This dynasty ruled for just over three decades before Cilicia was captured by the Mamluks, bringing an end to the kingdom.

  • Constantine II, 1342–1344,[22] cousin[22] and chosen successor[37] of Leo IV (House of Lusignan)
  • Constantine III, 1344–1363,[22] elected by the Armenian nobility;[37] grandnephew of Hethum I (House of Neghir)
  • Leo (V) "the Usurper", 1363–1365,[37][38] unknown lineage; seized the throne and then abdicated after a reign of two years[37]
  • Constantine IV, 1365–1373,[22] cousin of Constantine III[22] (House of Neghir)
    • Peter de Lusignan, King of Cyprus, was invited to become king by some Armenian barons in 1368 but died in 1369 while making preparations to cross the sea to Cilicia with his forces[22][37]
  • Marie of Korikos, regent 1373–1374,[37] widow of Constantine III and Constantine IV; served as regent while delegations were sent to negotiate with prospective new candidates for the kingship[37]
  • Leo V (or VI), 1374–1375,[37] nephew of Constantine II[22] (House of Lusignan)

Later claimants

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Lusignan claimants (1375–1489)

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Leo V continued to claim the title "King of Armenia" in exile until his death in 1393. Leo's claims were then inherited by James I, his cousin (both were great-grandsons of the Cypriot king Hugh III) who ruled as King of Cyprus. From 1393 to the end of the Cypriot kingdom in 1489, the rulers of Cyprus claimed the full title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".[39]

After the fall of the Kingdom of Cyprus in 1489, Catherine Cornaro sold her claims and titles (including her claim to Armenia) to the Republic of Venice, which at times thereafter advanced a shadowy claim to Cilicia or Armenia as a whole.[40]

Savoyard claimants (1485–1946)

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The House of Savoy claimed the titular style "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" for centuries. It was in use as late as the 20th century, for instance by Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (pictured).[41]

Charlotte, who ruled as Queen of Cyprus 1458–1464, was deposed in 1464 but maintained claims to her titles in exile. In 1485, she ceded all her titular claims to her first cousin once removed, Charles I, Duke of Savoy.[42] As a consequence of Charlotte's sale, the House of Savoy is often seen as the heirs of the Lusignan kings of Cyprus and Armenian Cilicia.[40] For centuries thereafter, the heads of the family maintained the style "Duke of Savoy and titular King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia".[43]

The title "King of Cyprus, Jerusalem and Armenia" was maintained even after the Savoyard dynasts became kings of Italy, for instance being used by both Victor Emmanuel II[44] and Victor Emmanuel III.[41]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn Baumer, Christoph (2021). History of the Caucasus: Volume 1: At the Crossroads of Empires. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 125, 142, 166, 190, 305, 310–311. ISBN 978-0-7556-3969-4.
  2. ^ Shahbazi, Shapur (1994). "Darius I the Great". Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 7. New York: Columbia University. pp. 41–50.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c Lang, David Marshall (1980). Armenia, Cradle of Civilization. Allen & Unwin. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-04-956009-3.
  4. ^ Boyce, Mary; Grenet, F. (2015). A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule. BRILL. p. 310. ISBN 978-90-04-29391-5.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah Redgate, Anne Elizabeth (2000). The Armenians. Wiley. pp. 62, 67, 77, 91–95, 133, 135, 137–138. ISBN 978-0-631-14372-7.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Toumanoff, Cyrille (1963). Studies in Christian Caucasian History. Georgetown University Press. pp. 279–282.
  7. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h Wijlick, Hendrikus A. M. van (2020). Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC: A Study of Political Relations during Civil War. BRILL. p. 242. ISBN 978-90-04-44176-7.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b c Spier, Jeffrey; Potts, Timothy; Cole, Sara E. (2022). Persia: Ancient Iran and the Classical World. Getty Publications. p. 5. ISBN 978-1-60606-680-5.
  9. ^ Wijlick, Hendrikus A. M. van (2020). Rome and the Near Eastern Kingdoms and Principalities, 44-31 BC: A Study of Political Relations during Civil War. BRILL. p. 138. ISBN 978-90-04-44176-7.
  10. ^ Brijder, Herman (2014). Nemrud Dagi: Recent Archaeological Research and Preservation and Restoration Activities in the Tomb Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 72. ISBN 978-1-61451-622-4.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Marek, Christian (2021). In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World. Princeton University Press. p. 571. ISBN 978-0-691-23365-9.
  12. ^ Vardanankʻ ew Vahaneankʻ (in Armenian). Diocese of the Armenian Church of America. 1984. p. 16.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Potts, Daniel T. (1988). Araby the Blest: Studies in Arabian Archaeology. Museum Tusculanum Press. p. 150. ISBN 978-87-7289-051-7.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c Russell, James R. (1987). Zoroastrianism in Armenia. Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. pp. 161–162. ISBN 978-0-674-96850-9.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Adalian, Rouben Paul (2010). Historical Dictionary of Armenia. Scarecrow Press. pp. 174–176, xxxvii–xxxviii. ISBN 978-0-8108-7450-3.
  16. ^ Spuler, Bertold (1977). Rulers and Governments of the World. Bowker. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-85935-021-1.
  17. ^ "ARMENIA AND IRAN ii. The pre-Islamic period – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved Sep 4, 2019.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i Zakaria (2004). The Chronicle of Deacon Zakʻaria of Kʻanakʻer. Mazda Publishers. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-56859-121-6.
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Hacikyan, Agop Jack; Basmajian, Gabriel; Franchuk, Edward S.; Ouzounian, Nourhan (2000). The Heritage of Armenian Literature: From the oral tradition to the Golden Age. Wayne State University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-0-8143-2815-6.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Bauer-Manndorff, Elisabeth (1981). Armenia, Past and Present. Armenian Prelacy. p. 85.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b Vacca, Alison (2017). Non-Muslim Provinces under Early Islam: Islamic Rule and Iranian Legitimacy in Armenia and Caucasian Albania. Cambridge University Press. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-1-107-18851-8.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs Bury, John Bagnell (1966). The Cambridge Medieval History: Volume IV Part I: Byzantium and its Neighbours. University Press. pp. 780–785.
  23. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Chahin, Mack (2013). The Kingdom of Armenia: New Edition. Routledge. pp. 228, 230, 232. ISBN 978-1-136-85243-5.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Arakelyan, Babken; Vardanyan, Vrezh; Khalpakhchyan, Hovhannes (1979). "Կարս [Kars]". Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia Volume 5 (in Armenian). Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia. pp. 342–344.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Akopyan, Alexander; Vardanyan, Aram (2015). "A Contribution to Kiurikid Numismatics: Two Unique Coins of Gagik, King of Kakhet'i and of David II of Loři (Eleventh Century)". The Numismatic Chronicle. 175: 214. ISSN 0078-2696. JSTOR 43859792.
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Khachʻatryan, Hayk; Merguerian, Barbara J. (2001). Queens of the Armenians: 150 Biographies Based on History and Legend. Amaras. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-9648787-2-3.
  27. ^ Холдинг, Дейрдре (2014). Армения: с Нагорно Карабахом . Брэдт путеводителей. п. 317. ISBN  978-1-84162-555-3 .
  28. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Павлин, ACS; Йилдиз, Сара Нур; Йильдис, д -р Сара Нур (2012). «Мир Тутбега б. Бахрам аль-Хилати». Селджуки Анатолии: суд и общество на средневековом Ближнем Востоке . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN  978-0-85773-346-7 .
  29. ^ Истмонд, Антоний (2017). Мир Тамты . Издательство Кембриджского университета. п. 5. ISBN  978-1-107-16756-8 .
  30. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Payaslian, S. (2008). История Армении: от происхождения до настоящего . Спрингер. п. 104. ISBN  978-0-230-60858-0 .
  31. ^ Линч, HFB (2020). Армения, путешествия и исследования, том 1: Том 1 . BOD - Книги по требованию. п. 330. ISBN  978-3-7524-1017-4 .
  32. ^ Красивый, Хасан Селаль; Огуз, CEM; Каратай, Осман (2002). Турки: средневековья . Новый Тюркие. п. 496. ISBN  978-975-6782-57-6 .
  33. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Бедирхан, Яшар (2022). История штата Сельджук Турции (на турецком). Образование публикации. Стр. 123–. ISBN  978-625-8468-42-7 .
  34. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Dickran Kouymjian, «Армения от падения килицического королевства (1375) до принудительной эмиграции при Шах Аббасе (1604),« Армянский народ от древнего в современный , Ричард Хованнисский, редактор (Нью -Йорк: Св. Мартин Пресс, 1997 ), вып. 2, с. 5
  35. ^ (в армянском) Poghosyan, S.; Katvalyan, M.; Grigoryan, G. et al. Силициан Армения (Cilicic Armenia). Советская армянская энциклопедия . Тол. V. Ереван, Армянский ССР. Армянская академия наук, 1979, с. 406-428
  36. ^ Курдохлиан (1996). Сайоты, том II (армянский). Афины, Горхурти. стр. 29–56.
  37. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час Кюнкер, Фриц Рудольф; Христос, Арне; Стейнбах, Себастьян. 1000 лет европейской чеканки, часть III: Англия, Ирландия, Шотландия, Испания, Португалия, Италия, Балкан, Ближний Восток, Крестоносные Штаты, Jetons Und Weights Numismascher Verlag Künker. Стр. 340–341.
  38. ^ Бедукиан, Пол З. (1969). «Медные монеты более поздних королей ресничной Армении» . Заметки музея (Американское нумизматическое общество) . 15 : 131–135. ISSN   0145-1413 . JSTOR   43574131 .
  39. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Газарян, Джейкоб Г. (2000). Армянское королевство в Киликии во время крестовых походов: интеграция армян с латинянами 1080–1393 . Оксфорд: Routledge. ISBN  0-7007-1418-9 Полем Раздел "Семена правления Лузиньяна в Килисии"
  40. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Fortescue, Adrian (1913). Меньшие восточные церкви . Лондон: Католическое общество правды. OCLC   992420 . п. 390
  41. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Arielli, NIR (2010). Фашистская Италия и Ближний Восток, 1933–1940 . Лондон: Palgrave Macmillan. п. 173. ISBN  978-1349312047 .
  42. ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Хилл, Джордж (1948). История Кипра . Тол. Франковый период, 1432–1571. Кембридж: издательство Кембриджского университета. OCLC   468917323 . п. 612
  43. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Mauvillon, Eleazar (1742). История Фрэнсиса-Эугена, принца Савойя . Лондон: Джеймс Ходжес. п. 1
  44. ^ Jump up to: а беременный Дэвис, Норман (2011). Исчезнувшие королевства: история полузатехтой Европы . Лондон: Пингвин Великобритания. ISBN  978-0141048864 Полем Раздел «Сабаудия».
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List of Armenian monarchs - Wikipedia
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