Trøndersk

Trøndersk Norwegian
Region	Trøndelag, Nordmøre, Bindal, Frostviken
Language family	Indo-European Germanic Northwest Germanic North Germanic West Scandinavian Norwegian Trøndersk Norwegian
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–
Glottolog	trnd1234

Trøndersk (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrœ̀ndəʂk]), also known as trøndermål (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrœ̀ndərmoːɫ]) or trøndsk (Urban East Norwegian: [ˈtrœndsk]), is a Norwegian dialect, or rather a group of several sub-dialects. As is the case with all Norwegian dialects, it has no standardised orthography, and its users write either Bokmål or Nynorsk.

It is spoken in the region Trøndelag, the district Nordmøre and the municipality Bindal in Norway as well as in Frostviken in northern Jämtland, Sweden, which was colonized in the 18th century by settlers from Nord-Trøndelag and transferred to Sweden as late as 1751. The dialect is, among other things, perhaps mostly characterized by the use of apocope, palatalization and the use of voiced retroflex flaps (thick L). Historically it also applied to contiguous regions of Jämtland and Härjedalen (which are sometimes, though rarely, referred to as "Øst-Trøndelag" by locals and Norwegians).

The word trøndersk is an adjective describing a Trønder (a person from Trøndelag) or anything coming from or relating to Trøndelag (including the dialect).

Some of the more conspicuous variations of these dialects of Norwegian, in addition to the aforementioned apocope and palatalization, are that most of the personal pronouns are pronounced differently than in Standard Norwegian, e.g. Trondheim dialect: 1st person singular nominative /æː/, commonly rendered as "æ" (Standard Norwegian "eg" (Nynorsk) / "jeg" (Bokmål)), or 2nd person plural accusative /dɔkː/ or /dɔkːɛr/, commonly spelled "dokker" or "dåkker" (Standard Norwegian "de/dokker" (Nynorsk) / "dere" (Bokmål)). Variation among personal pronouns are common in most Norwegian dialects. The 1st person singular has a particularly high variability in the Trønder dialects.

Phonology

Trøndersk features phonemic pitch accent in monosyllabic words, namely those that were disyllabic in Old Norse but later became monosyllabic due to apocope. This creates minimal pairs not found in most other varieties of Norwegian. In dialects with the dative case, an example of that would be the difference between the dative form of a neuter noun as compared with the nominative form. The latter is pronounced with Tone 1, whereas the former often has Tone 2. Outsiders are rarely able to hear the distinction between them as in most other varieties of Norwegian (and Swedish) pitch accent is phonemic only in non-final syllables of polysyllabic words.

The Meldal subdialect has a realization of /iː/ as a syllabic, palatalized dental approximant [ð̩ʲ˕ː]. This sound is also found in some dialects of Swedish.

In the subdialect of the traditional district of Namdalen, Old Norse /aː/ is often realized as a wide diphthong [ɑu]. This is also the case in the interior dialect Sogn, as well as in Jamtlandic, the dialect of Voss, and the Icelandic language.

Comparisons to other languages

Trøndersk	Norwegian(Nynorsk)	Norwegian(Bokmål)	English	French	High German	Swedish	Icelandic
ka, kå, ke	kva	hva	what	que/quoi	was	vad	hvað
kæmm, ken	kven	hvem	who	qui	wer	vem	hver
kordan, kålles, koss	korleis	hvordan	how	comment	wie	hur	hvernig
æ, æg, i, e, ej, je, jæ	eg	jeg	I	je	ich	jag	ég

See also

• Jämtland dialects

Bibliography

• Jenstad, Tor Erik; Dalen, Arnold, eds. (2002), Trønderordboka, Trondheim, ISBN 82-519-1711-5{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
• Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6