Джамму и Кашмир (княжеское государство)
(Перенаправлено из Джамму и Кашмира (княжеское государство) )
Джамму и Кашмир | |
|---|---|
| 1846–1952 | |
 | |
 Map of Kashmir showing the borders of the princely state in dark red. | |
| Status | Princely state |
| Capital | |
| Common languages | Kashmiri, Dogri, Ladakhi, Balti, Shina, Pahari-Pothwari |
| Religion | Hinduism (state), Islam (majority), Buddhism, Jainism, Sikhism |
| Maharaja | |
• 1846–1857 | Gulab Singh (first) |
• 1925–1952 | Hari Singh (last) |
| Dewan | |
• 1947–1948 | Mehr Chand Mahajan (first) |
• 1948–1952 | Sheikh Abdullah (last) |
| History | |
• End of the First Anglo-Sikh War and formation of the state | 1846 |
• End of British Crown Suzerainty | 15 Aug 1947 |
• Beginning of the First Kashmir War | 22 Oct 1947 |
• Accession to the Indian Union | 26–27 Oct 1947 |
| 1 January 1949 | |
• Constitutional state of India | 17 November 1952 |
• Disestablished | 1952 |
| Today part of | Disputed; see Kashmir conflict |
Джамму и Кашмир , также известные как Кашмир и Джамму , [ 1 ] Был ли княжеским государством в дочернем альянсе с Британской Ост -Индской компанией с 1846 по 1858 год и в соответствии с первостепенной (или опекой [ 2 ] [ 3 ] ) британской короны , с 1858 года до разделения Индии в 1947 году, когда она стала спорной территорией , в настоящее время управляемой тремя странами: Китай , Индия и Пакистан . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Княжеское государство было создано после первой англо-сикхской войны , когда Ост-Индская компания, которая аннексировала Кашмирскую долину , [ 7 ] От сикхов в качестве военного возмещения, затем продал его Радже Джамму, Гулаб Сингх , за рупии 75 лакхов .
At the time of the partition of India and the political integration of India, Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, delayed making a decision about the future of his state. However, an uprising in the western districts of the state followed by an attack by raiders from the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province, supported by Pakistan, forced his hand. On 26 October 1947, Hari Singh acceded[8] to India in return for the Indian military being airlifted to Kashmir, to engage the Pakistan-supported forces.[9] The western and northern districts now known as Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan passed to the control of Pakistan after it occupied it,[10] while the remaining territory stayed under Indian control, later becoming the Indian administered state of Jammu and Kashmir.[11] India and Pakistan defined a cease-fire line—the line of control—dividing the administration of the territory with the intercession of the United Nations which was supposed to be temporary but still persists.[12][13]
Administration
[edit]According to the census reports of 1911, 1921 and 1931, the administration was organised as follows:[14][15]
- Jammu province: Districts of Jammu, Jasrota (Kathua), Udhampur, Reasi and Mirpur.
- Kashmir province: Districts of Kashmir South (Anantnag), Kashmir North (Baramulla) and Muzaffarabad.
- Frontier districts: Wazarats of Ladakh and Gilgit.
- Internal jagirs: Poonch, Bhaderwah and Chenani.
In the 1941 census, further details of the frontier districts were given:[14]
- Ladakh wazarat: Tehsils of Leh, Skardu and Kargil.
- Gilgit wazarat: Tehsils of Gilgit and Astore
- Frontier illaqas: (under the Gilgit Agency) Punial, Ishkoman, Yasin, Kuh-Ghizer, Hunza, Nagar, Chilas.
Prime ministers (Jammu & Kashmir)
[edit]| # | Name | Took office | Left office |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Raja Sir Daljit Singh | 1917 | 1921 |
| 2 | Raja Hari Singh | 1925 | 1927 |
| 3 | Sir Albion Banerjee | January 1927 | March 1929 |
| 4 | G. E. C. Wakefield | 1929 | 1931 |
| 5 | Hari Krishan Kaul[16] | 1931 | 1932 |
| 6 | Elliot James Dowell Colvin[16] | 1932 | 1936 |
| 7 | Sir Barjor J. Dalal | 1936 | 1936 |
| 8 | Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar | 1937 | July 1943 |
| 9 | Kailash Narain Haksar | July 1943 | February 1944 |
| 10 | Sir B. N. Rau | February 1944 | 28 June 1945 |
| 11 | Ram Chandra Kak | 28 June 1945 | 11 August 1947 |
| 12 | Janak Singh | 11 August 1947 | 15 October 1947 |
| 13 | Mehr Chand Mahajan | 15 October 1947 | 5 March 1948 |
| 14 | Sheikh Abdullah | 5 March 1948 | 9 August 1953 |
See also
[edit]- List of political parties in Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)
- Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir
- Dogra dynasty
- Jammu and Kashmir Bodyguard Cavalry
References
[edit]- ^ "Kashmir and Jammu", Imperial Gazetteer of India, 15, Secretary of State for India in Council: Oxford at the Clarendon Press: 71–, 1908, archived from the original on 21 December 2019, retrieved 27 August 2019
- ^ Sneddon, Christopher (2021), Independent Kashmir: An incomplete aspiration, Manchester University Press, pp. 12–13,
Paramountcy was the 'vague and undefined' feudatory system whereby the British, as the suzerain power, dominated and controlled India's princely rulers. ... These 'loyal collaborators of the Raj' were 'afforded [British] protection in exchange for helpful behavior in a relationship of tutelage, called paramountcy'.
- ^ Ganguly, Sumit; Hagerty, Devin T. (2005), Fearful Symmetry: India-Pakistan Crises in the Shadow of Nuclear Weapons, Seattle and New Delhi: University of Washington Press, and Oxford University Press, p. 22, ISBN 0-295-98525-9,
... the problem of the 'princely states'. These states had accepted the tutelage of the British Crown under the terms of the doctrine of 'paramountcy' under which they acknowledged the Crown as the 'paramount' authority in the subcontinent.
- ^ "Kashmir: region, Indian subcontinent". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 13 August 2019. Retrieved 16 July 2016. Quote: "Kashmir, region of the northwestern Indian subcontinent. It is bounded by the Uygur Autonomous Region of Xinjiang to the northeast and the Tibet Autonomous Region to the east (both parts of China), by the Indian states of Himachal Pradesh and Punjab to the south, by Pakistan to the west, and by Afghanistan to the northwest. The northern and western portions are administered by Pakistan and comprise three areas: Azad Kashmir, Gilgit, and Baltistan, ... The southern and southeastern portions constitute the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. The Indian- and Pakistani-administered portions are divided by a "line of control" agreed to in 1972, although neither country recognizes it as an international boundary. In addition, China became active in the eastern area of Kashmir in the 1950s and since 1962 has controlled the northeastern part of Ladakh (the easternmost portion of the region)."
- ^ "Kashmir", Encyclopedia Americana, Scholastic Library Publishing, 2006, p. 328, ISBN 978-0-7172-0139-6, archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 C. E Bosworth, University of Manchester Quote: "KASHMIR, kash'mer, the northernmost region of the Indian subcontinent, administered mostly by India, partly by Pakistan, and partly by China. The region has been the subject of a bitter dispute between India and Pakistan since they became independent in 1947";
- ^ Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan (2003), Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M, Taylor & Francis, pp. 1191–, ISBN 978-0-415-93922-5, archived from the original on 17 January 2023, retrieved 18 December 2021 Quote: "Jammu and Kashmir: Territory in northwestern India, subject to a dispute between India and Pakistan. It has borders with Pakistan and China."
- ^ Panikkar, Gulab Singh 1930, p. 111–125.
- ^ 1st Edition Cold War in the High Himalayas The USA, China and South Asia in the 1950s By S. Mahmud Ali Copyright 1999( When tribal Pathan militias from Pakistan's North-West Frontiers joined Sudhan Pathan rebels fighting for freedom, Hari Singh fled to Jammu and reportedly signed a letter of accession to India.) Page 19 [1]
- ^ "Q&A: Kashmir dispute - BBC News". BBC News. 7 July 2010. Archived from the original on 24 December 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2018.
- ^ Schofield, Victoria (6 May 2003). Kashmir in Conflict. London: I. B.Tauris & Co Ltd. p. xii. ISBN 1 86064 898 3 – via archive.org.
- ^ Bose, Sumantra (2003). Кашмир: корни конфликта, пути к миру . Гарвардский университет издательство. С. 32–37. ISBN 0-674-01173-2 .
- ^ «История, люди, конфликт, карта и факты» . Энциклопедия Британская . 20 июля 1998 года . Получено 29 марта 2024 года .
- ^ «Нарушения прекращения огня в Джамму и Кашмире - линия в огне» (PDF) . Получено 29 марта 2024 года .
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Карим, генерал -майор Афсир (2013), Кашмир Тревожные границы , Lancer Publishers LLC, с. 29–32, ISBN 978-1-935501-76-3
- ^ Down, демистификация Кашмира 2007 , с. 15
- ^ Подпрыгнуть до: а беременный Copland, Ian (1981), «Ислам и политическая мобилизация в Кашмире, 1931–34», Pacific Affairs , 54 (2): 228–259, doi : 10.2307/2757363 , JSTOR 2757363
Библиография
[ редактировать ]- Даун, Navnita Chadha (2007), демистификация Кашмира , Пирсон Образование Индии, ISBN 978-8131708460 , архивировано с оригинала 17 января 2023 года , извлечен 14 сентября 2016 года
- Das Gupta, Jyoti Bhusan (2012), Джамму и Кашмир , Спрингер, ISBN 978-94-011-9231-6
- Бердвуд, лорд (1956), две нации и Кашмир , Р. Хейл
- Huttenback, Robert A. (1961), «Гулаб Сингх и создание штата Догра Джамму, Кашмира и Ладакх» (PDF) , Журнал азиатских исследований , 20 (4): 477–488, doi : 10,2307/2049956 , JSTOR 209956 , S2CID 162144034 , Archive On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On On The Argived ) On . 15 августа 2016 года
- Махаджан, Мехр Чанд (1963), Оглядываясь назад: Автобиография Мера Чанда Махаджана, бывшего главного судьи Индии , издательство Азии, издательство Азии
- Майор, Эндрю Дж. (1996), « Возвращение в империю: Пенджаб» под сикхами и британцами в середине девятнадцатого века Limited , Нью-Дели: издатели стерлингов, ISBN 81-207-1806-2
- Майор, Эндрю Дж. (1981), « Возвращение в империю: Пенджаб» под сикхами и британцами в середине девятнадцатого века , Австралийский национальный университет, DOI : 10.25911/5d74e5bedfa9d , архивировано с оригинала 19 декабря 2019 года , получен 9 октября 2017 года.
- Noorani, AG (2011), статья 370: конституционная история Джамму и Кашмира , издательство Оксфордского университета, ISBN 978-0-19-807408-3 , архивировано с оригинала 19 апреля 2020 года , извлечен 13 апреля 2018 года
- Panikkar, KM (1930). Гулаб Сингх . Лондон: Martin Hopkinson Ltd.
- Raghavan, Srinath (2010), Война и мир в современной Индии , Palgrave Macmillan, с. 101–, ISBN 978-1-137-00737-7 [ Постоянная мертвая ссылка ]
- Rai, Mridu (2004), индуистские правители, мусульманские предметы: ислам, права и история Кашмира , C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 1850656614
- Schofield, Victoria (2003) [впервые опубликовано в 2000 году], Кашмир в конфликте , Лондон и Нью -Йорк: IB Taurus & Co, ISBN 1860648983
- Singh, Bawa Satinder (1971), «Роль Раджа Гулаб Сингх в первой англо-сикхской войне», современные азиатские исследования , 5 (1): 35–59, doi : 10.1017/s0026749x00002845 , JStor 311654 , S2CID 14500298
Эта статья включает в себя текст из Императорского газетчика Индии , публикации, в настоящее время в общественном достоянии .
