Подожди -Класс Ависо
 SMS Wacht в 1888 году, в начале своей карьеры
| |
| Обзор класса | |
|---|---|
| Операторы |  Имперский Германский флот |
| Предшествует | SMS GREIF |
| Преуспевает | Метеорный класс |
| Завершенный | 2 |
| Потерянный | 1 |
| Ушедший на пенсию | 1 |
| Общие характеристики | |
| Смещение |
|
| Length | 85.8 m (281 ft 6 in) o/a |
| Beam | 9.66 m (31 ft 8 in) |
| Draft | 3.74 m (12 ft 3 in) |
| Installed power |
|
| Propulsion | |
| Speed | 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) |
| Range | 2,440 nmi (4,520 km; 2,810 mi) at 9 knots (17 km/h; 10 mph) |
| Complement |
|
| Armament |
|
| Armor |
|
Класс Wacht построенной был парой Avisos, немецкой морской пехотинкой Kaiserliche (Имперский флот) в конце 1880-х годов; Класс состоял из двух кораблей, вахт и JAGD . Они были заложены в 1886 и 1887 годах и завершены к 1888 и 1889 годам соответственно. Корабли были основаны на предыдущем Aviso, SMS Greif , который оказался неудачным дизайном из -за отсутствия вооружения торпеды. В результате корабли Wacht -класса были оснащены тремя торпедными трубками для улучшения их боевой мощности; Они также были первым немецким Ависо, который несет защиту брони.
Оба корабля служили в главном немецком флоте на протяжении всей своей активной дежурной карьеры. Они были в основном заняты в рутине мирного времени и подготовки к флоту. В сентябре 1901 года Wacht был случайно проталена Ironclad SMS Sachsen во время ежегодных маневров флота. Столкновение нанесло серьезный ущерб Wacht , и она быстро упала. Ягд продолжала на службе еще три года, после чего она была снята с службы и использовала в различных ролях в течение следующих шестнадцати лет. Она была продана за отказ в 1920 году.
Design
[edit]The German Kaiserliche Marine (Imperial Navy) had begun building modern, steel-hulled avisos in the 1880s to serve as fleet scouts and to lead flotillas of torpedo boats; the first of these were the two Blitz-class ships. After General Leo von Caprivi replaced Albrecht von Stosch as the chief of the Kaiserliche Admiralität (Imperial Admiralty) in 1883, the navy began to take a turn toward the Jeune École doctrine, embracing the concept of using small, cheap torpedo boats to defend the country's coast instead of expensive ironclad warships. This strategy found favor in the Reichstag (Imperial Diet), which at that time opposed naval spending. Caprivi directed that the next aviso to be built—what became the Wacht class—should be smaller and faster, able to keep pace with the latest torpedo boats.[1][2]
The resulting ships proved to be disappointments in service: their smaller size rendered them poor sea boats, which was revealed only after they had been completed and conducted sea trials. Additionally, their gun battery was too weak to allow them to effectively engage comparable vessels in other fleets. Both of these defects limited their utility as fleet scouts. The class did introduce some improvements over previous designs, however, including an armor deck and protection for the conning tower, along with electric lighting for the ships.[1]
General characteristics
[edit]The Wacht-class ships were 84 meters (276 ft) long at the waterline and 85.5 m (281 ft) long overall. They had a beam of 9.66 m (31.7 ft) and a maximum draft of 3.74 m (12.3 ft) forward and 4.67 m (15.3 ft) aft. They displaced 1,246 metric tons (1,226 long tons; 1,373 short tons) as designed and up to 1,499 t (1,475 long tons; 1,652 short tons) at full combat load. Their hulls were constructed from transverse steel frames. Wacht and Jagd each had a crew of 7 officers and 134 enlisted men. The ships carried several smaller boats, including one picket boat, one yawl, one dinghy, and one cutter. They were poor sea boats; they rolled and pitched badly and were very wet. They were also not particularly maneuverable vessels.[3][4]
Machinery
[edit]Their propulsion system consisted of two angled 3-cylinder triple expansion engines that each drove a 3.3 m (11 ft) wide three-bladed screw. Steam for the engines was provided by four coal-fired locomotive boilers trunked into a single funnel amidships. In 1891–1893, new boilers manufactured by Schichau-Werke and the Kaiserliche Werft (Imperial Shipyard) in Wilhelmshaven were installed. The ships were equipped with a pair of electric generators with a combined output of 20 kilowatts (27 hp) at 67 volts.[5]
The ships' propulsion system provided a top speed of 19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph) and was rated at 4,000 metric horsepower (3,900 ihp), though neither ship reached that horsepower in service. They carried up to 230 t (230 long tons; 250 short tons) of coal, which enabled them to steam for approximately 2,860 nautical miles (5,300 km; 3,290 mi) at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph). Steering was controlled by a single rudder.[5]
Armament and armor
[edit]As built, the ships were armed with three 10.5 cm (4.1 in) K L/35 guns placed in single pivot mounts. The guns were supplied with a total of 180 rounds of ammunition and had a range of 7,000 m (23,000 ft). Wacht and Jagd also carried three 35 cm (13.8 in) torpedo tubes, one mounted submerged in the bow and the other two in deck-mounted launchers on the broadside. In 1891, four 8.8 cm SK L/30 quick-firing guns in single mounts replaced the 10.5 cm guns.[3][4]
The ships were the first German aviso to carry armor: a 10 mm (0.39 in) thick deck with 20 mm (0.79 in) thick sloped sides protected the magazines and engine rooms. The conning tower was protected with 25 mm (0.98 in) of armor plating on the sides and 10 mm on the roof. The coaming around the funnel was 75 mm (3.0 in) thick. The armor consisted of compound wrought iron. For protection against underwater attack, the hull was divided into twelve watertight compartments below the armored deck and ten compartments above it.[5]
Ships
[edit]| Ship | Builder | Laid down | Launched | Completed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wacht | AG Weser, Bremen[1] | August 1886[1] | 27 August 1887[1] | 9 August 1888[1] |
| Jagd | AG Weser, Bremen[6] | 1887[6] | 7 July 1888[6] | 25 June 1889[6] |
Service history
[edit]
Wacht and Jagd served in a variety of roles during their careers. Wacht initially served with the main fleet, and in 1889 she embarked on a major training cruise to the Mediterranean Sea in company with four ironclad warships and the imperial yacht, Hohenzollern, for a series of visits by Kaiser Wilhelm II to Greece, the Ottoman Empire, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Italy. By the time the ships returned to Germany, Jagd had entered service as a guard ship in Wilhelmshaven, though she escorted Wilhelm II aboard Hohenzollern for another pair of cruises in the North Sea in 1890 and 1891. Both ships also took part in the peacetime routine of training exercises that culminated in major fleet maneuvers every August and September. By 1893, Wacht had begun to serve as a flotilla leader for torpedo boats. Jagd was the first vessel to pass through the Kaiser Wilhelm Canal in March 1895 before the waterway officially opened in June; her passage was a test of the lock system to ensure that it worked properly.[6][7]
In the mid-1890s, the ships began to operate as avisos with the capital ships of the main fleet; in this role, they served as scouts, relayed signals, and screened them from torpedo boat attacks. In early 1901, Jagd went to Britain as part of the fleet that represented Germany at the funeral of Queen Victoria, but by 11 August, a survey of the ship had determined that she was in poor condition, and so she was removed from service. On 4 September, Wacht accidentally collided with the ironclad Sachsen during training exercises. Sachsen's ram bow badly damaged Wacht below the waterline, causing her to rapidly sink, though her entire crew was safely evacuated. Jagd saw little use; she was struck from the naval register in May 1910 and then used as a torpedo launching platform for torpedo training. She was ultimately sold to ship breakers in 1920.[8][6][9]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 8, p. 60.
- ^ Sondhaus, pp. 158–159.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Gröner, pp. 95–96.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Lyon, p. 257.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Gröner, p. 95.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 4, p. 217.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 8, pp. 60–61.
- ^ Gröner, p. 96.
- ^ Hildebrand, Röhr, & Steinmetz Vol. 8, p. 61.
References
[edit]- Gröner, Erich (1990). German Warships: 1815–1945. Vol. I: Major Surface Vessels. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-0-87021-790-6.
- Хильдебранд, Ганс Х.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Немецкие военные корабли: биографии - зеркало военно -морской истории с 1815 года по настоящее время [ Немецкие военные корабли: биографии - отражение военно -морской истории с 1815 года по настоящее время ] (на немецком языке). Том. 4. Рейтинг: Мундус Верлаг. ISBN 978-3-7822-0382-1 .
- Хильдебранд, Ганс Х.; Röhr, Albert & Steinmetz, Hans-Otto (1993). Немецкие военные корабли: биографии - зеркало военно -морской истории с 1815 года по настоящее время [ Немецкие военные корабли: биографии - отражение военно -морской истории с 1815 года по настоящее время ] (на немецком языке). Том. 8. Рейтинг: Мундус Верлаг.
- Лион, Хью (1979). "Германия". В Гардинере Роберт; Чесно, Роджер; Колесник, Юджин М. (ред.). Конвея - все мировые боевые корабли 1860–1905 . Гринвич: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-0-85177-133-5 .
- Сондхаус, Лоуренс (1997). Подготовка к Weltpolitik: немецкая морская сила перед эрой Тирпица . АННАПОЛИС: Пресс -военно -морской институт. ISBN 978-1-55750-745-7 .