Регионы Бразилии
 | Эта статья требует дополнительных цитат для проверки . ( август 2010 г. ) |
, на разделена пять регионов (также называемых макрорегионами ). Бразильский институт географии и статистики , который формируется федеративными подразделениями Бразилии геополитически Хотя это официально признано, разделение является просто академическим, учитывая географические, социальные и экономические факторы, среди прочего, и не имеет политических последствий, кроме ориентации государственных программ федерального уровня. [ 1 ] Под государственным уровнем они дополнительно разделены на промежуточные регионы и еще дальше на непосредственные области. [ 2 ]
Пять регионов
[ редактировать ]Имя |
Население (Перепись 2022 года) |
Самый густонаселенный муниципалитет |
Крупнейший столичный район |
Количество федеративных единиц |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Север | 17,3 миллиона | Манаус | Метрополитен Манаус | 7 |
| Северо -восток | 54,6 миллиона | Сила | Метрополитный район Рек | 9 |
| Центральный Запад | 16,2 миллиона | Бразилиа | Городской столичный комплекс Brasilia | 4 |
| Юго -восток | 84,8 миллиона | Сан -Паулу | Столичный район Сан -Паулу | 4 |
| Юг | 29,9 миллиона | Куритиба | Столичный район Порту Алегр | 3 |
Северный регион
[ редактировать ]
- Площадь : 3 689 637,9 км 2 (45.27%)
- Население : 17 354,884 (4,5 человек/км 2 ; 6.2%; 2016)
- ВВП : Долл 308 млрд. . США / 94,8 млрд. Долл. США (2016; 4,7%) ( 5 -е )
- Климат : экваториальный
- Государства: Акр , Амапа , Амазонас , Пара , Рондония , Рорайма , Токантины
- Крупнейшие города: Манаус (2 063 689); БЕЛЕМ (1303,403); Ananindeua (478 778); Порто Вельхо (460 434); Макапа (442,933); Boa Vista (413,486); Рио Бранко (364 756); Сантарум (331 937); Пальмы (302 692).
- Экономика : железо, медь, золото, боксит, марганец , [ 3 ] Асаи, ананас , [ 4 ] [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Производство энергии , [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] электронное производство , [ 11 ] [ 12 ] туризм. [ 13 ] [ 14 ]
- Транспорт : в основном реки (которые обильны в регионе). Шоссе мало и присутствуют в основном на востоке. Самолеты обычно используются в небольших отдаленных сообществах, а иногда и в более крупных городах.
- Растительность : почти весь регион покрывается тропическим лесом Amazon , за исключением состояний токантинов, в котором есть саванне растительность, подобная ( Cerrado ). Большая часть местной растительности все еще остается.
- Примечательные характеристики: присутствие тропического леса Амазонки, которое является растительными, доминирующими в каждом штате, кроме токантинов. Города распространяются далеко друг от друга в регионе и имеют самую низкую плотность населения страны. В регионе очень мало мощеных дорог, так как они почти изолированы от остальной части страны. Это также самый большой регион Бразилии, ответственный за почти половину бразильского территориального расширения. Экономический рост выше среднего по стране (особенно на Амазоне и в токантинах).
Northeast Region
[edit]
- Area: 1,561,177 km2 (18.3%)
- Population: 54,658,515 (30.55 people/km2; 29%; 2009)
- GDP: R$437 billion / US$273,1 billion (2009; ~12%) (3rd)
- Climate: Hot all year long. Tropical near the coast and semi-arid in the interior; semi-equatorial in the far west of the region.
- States: Alagoas, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, Sergipe
- Largest cities: Salvador (2,676,606); Fortaleza (2,447,409); Recife (1,536,934); São Luís (1,011,943); Maceió (932,608); Natal (789,836); Teresina (714,583); João Pessoa (595,429); Jaboatão dos Guararapes; (580,795); Feira de Santana (481,137); Aracaju (461,083); Olinda (368,666); Campina Grande (354,546).
- Economy: Tourism,[13] tropical fruits (coconut, papaya, melon, banana, mango, pineapple), cocoa, cashew nuts, soybeans, cotton, sugarcane,[15][16][17][7] machinery manufacturing, textiles,[12]wind energy production,[10][18] salt extraction.[19][3]
- Transport: Mainly highways, which are more abundant along the coast, although transport by sea is also important.
- Vegetation: Mainly desert-like vegetation, with tropical forests along the coast and in the west and savanna-like vegetation in the southwest.
- Notable characteristics: This region was the first part of Brazil discovered by the Portuguese, and the first Brazilian capital, Salvador, was founded here. It has the lowest levels in the country in almost all of the social indicators, being considered the most impoverished region in Brazil. However, it has been growing above national average since the start of the 21st century, gradually reducing the socio-economic distance to the other regions.
Central-West Region
[edit]
- Area: 1,612,007.2 km2 (18.86%)
- Population: 16,289,538 (7.2 people/km2; 6.4%)
- GDP: R$279 billion / US$174,3 billion (2008; 8.3%) (4th)
- Climate: Savanna climate (hot, with little precipitation during winter in the northeast and the east; Tropical in the east and in the west; Equatorial in the north; Some temperate climate places in the south).
- States: Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Distrito Federal (Federal District).
- Largest Cities: Brasília (national capital) (2,562,963); Goiânia (1,318,148); Campo Grande (796,252); Cuiabá (556,298); Aparecida de Goiânia (442,978); Anápolis (334,613).
- Economy: Livestock,[14] Soybeans, Maize, Sugarcane, Cotton, Tomato,[16][7] Nickel, Copper, Gold,[3] tourism.[13][12][10]
- Transport: Highways where they are present (mostly in the center and east regions); transport by rivers is common in the north and in the east; airplanes are used in remote and smaller communities.
- Vegetation: Mainly savanna-like vegetation, including the Pantanal (Chaco, in Paraguay), flooded areas in the west, equatorial rainforests in the north.
- Notable characteristics: With a low population density, most of the land in the region is used for grazing instead of agriculture. The region is also the least industrialized in the country, based mainly in food & meat processing.
Southeast Region
[edit]
- Area: 927,286 km2 (10.85%)
- Population: 84,840,113 (77.96 people/km2, 38%)
- GDP: R$1,629 trillion / US$803 billion (2008; ~49%) (1st)
- Climate: Tropical in the northwest (warm, relatively dry in the winter and wet in the summer); Semi-arid in the north; temperate in the south
- States: Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo
- Largest cities: São Paulo (11,037,593); Rio de Janeiro (6,186,710); Belo Horizonte (2,452,617); Guarulhos (1,299,283); Campinas (1,064,669); São Gonçalo (991,382); Duque de Caxias (872,762); Nova Iguaçu (865,089); São Bernardo do Campo (810,979); Osasco (718,646); Santo André (673,396); Uberlândia (634,345); Contagem (625,393); São José dos Campos (615,871); Sorocaba (584,313); Ribeirão Preto (563,107); Juiz de Fora (526,706); Belford Roxo (501,544); Niterói (479,384); São João de Meriti (469,827); Betim (441,748); Campos dos Goytacazes (434,008).
- Economy: Manufacturing (machinery, electronics, automobiles and aviation, steel, chemicals, shoes, textiles),[12] coffee, sugar cane, orange juice,[20][7][16] livestock,[14] tourism,[13] petroleum,[21][22] iron, gold,[3] energy production (not sufficient, however, to fulfill its demand).[23][10] The Southeast is the economic center of Brazil, and most large companies present in Brazil have their headquarters in this region. The economic success of this region is a combination of its 4 states. São Paulo state is the most developed in the country, it has a population density as high as western Europe, and a HDI [1] comparable to eastern Europe. Rio de Janeiro is the leader in petroleum production (with almost 3/4 of national production) [2]. Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo are located in the richest mining region in Brazil.
- Transport: The region is heavily covered by highways, and, to some extent, railways. Railways and rivers are used mainly for freight, and used where they are present. The region also contains several airport hubs which provide many domestic and international air routes.
- Vegetation: Mainly tropical-like semi-deciduous forests (Mata Atlântica); semi-arid in the north, with almost no vegetation; savannah-like vegetation in the west and in the northwest (Cerrado). Very little of the native vegetation still remains (~2%, mostly in parks.)
- Notable characteristics: The southeast region is the major powerhouse of the Brazilian economy, responsible for 49% of the Brazilian GDP (approximately US$1024 billion in 2010). It is also the most populous region in the country, with more than 80 million people, and contains the three most important metropolitan regions (São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Belo Horizonte), as well as many other large cities (such as, Vitória (the capital of Espírito Santo state), Campinas, Uberlândia and several others.)
South Region
[edit]
- Area: 577,214 km2 (6.75%)
- Population: 29.937.706 (43.46 people/km2, 12.5%)
- GDP: R$503 billion / US$313,8 billion (2008; ~15%) (2nd)
- Climate: Subtropical by the coast, hot to moderately hot in the summer, mild and very humid winters and temperate by the mountain range, the valleys and the plateaus in the interior, with moderate temperatures in the summer and cold in the winter, with well distributed rainfalls. Snow is relatively common, mainly in the highlands (for example in Santa Catarina state's São Joaquim).
- States: Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina
- Largest Cities:[24] Curitiba (1,764,540); Porto Alegre (1,413,094); Joinville (520,905); Londrina (511,278); Caxias do Sul (441,332); Florianópolis (427,298); Maringá (362,329); Pelotas (328,864); Canoas (325,188); Ponta Grossa (314,527); Blumenau (312,634); Cascavel (289,339); Foz do Iguaçu (255,900); and Santa Maria (262,368).
- Economy: Machinery and automobile industries, textiles, shoes, information technology[12]tourism,[13] soy, maize, wheat, tobacco, rice, apple,[7][16] wine,[25]livestock,[14] coal,[26][27][3] energy production.[10][28]
- Transport: There are many developed highways and railways throughout the region, although the latter is mainly used for freight. Rivers are used when possible.
- Vegetation: Rainforests along the coast (Mata Atlântica), subtropical semiciduous in the north and west (Araucárias) and prairie-like vegetation in the south (Pampas). Little native vegetation still remains due to deforestation.
- Notable characteristics: The South Region of Brazil is historically characterized by its high standard of living, with considerably better social indicators, which include some of the cities with the highest HDI levels in the country, including their capitals. Cities also feature an advanced level of urbanism in comparison with other parts of Brazil. The region is almost the newest in terms of urbanization, it was recently populated by European immigrants (almost 19th century immigration and refugees of World War I and World War IIs). They have added to the local culture, especially in architecture, cuisine and forms of agriculture. Southern region, however, is not immune from poverty, violence and other social issues, especially in the larger cities, even though in a lower level than poorer areas in the country. The state of Santa Catarina is proportionally the Whitest state in Brazil with over 87% of its population being European. The other southern states also have the highest percentage rates of European population.
Ethnic composition of regions
[edit]The composition of regions of Brazil according to autosomal genetic studies focused on the Brazilian population (which has been found to be a complex melting pot of European, African and Native Americans components):
A 2011 autosomal DNA study, with nearly 1000 samples from all over the country ("whites", "pardos" and "blacks"), found a major European contribution, followed by a high African contribution and an important Native American component.[29] The study showed that Brazilians from different regions are more homogeneous than previously thought by some based on the census alone. "Brazilian homogeneity is, therefore, a lot greater between Brazilian regions than within Brazilian regions."[30]
| Region[29] | European | African | Native American |
|---|---|---|---|
| Northern Brazil | 68.80% | 10.50% | 18.50% |
| Northeast Brazil | 60.10% | 29.30% | 8.90% |
| Southeast Brazil | 74.20% | 17.30% | 7.30% |
| Southern Brazil | 79.50% | 10.30% | 9.40% |
According to an autosomal DNA study from 2010, a new portrayal of each ethnicity contribution to the DNA of Brazilians, obtained with samples from the five regions of the country, has indicated that, on average, European ancestors are responsible for nearly 80% of the genetic heritage of the population. The variation between the regions is small, with the possible exception of the South, where the European contribution reaches nearly 90%. The results, published by the scientific American Journal of Human Biology by a team of the Catholic University of Brasília, show that, in Brazil, physical indicators such as colour of skin, eyes and hair have little to do with the genetic ancestry of each person, which has been shown in previous studies (regardless of census classification).[31] Ancestry informative SNPs can be useful to estimate individual and population biogeographical ancestry. Brazilian population is characterized by a genetic background of three parental populations (European, African, and Brazilian Native Amerindians) with a wide degree and diverse patterns of admixture. In this work we analyzed the information content of 28 ancestry-informative SNPs into multiplexed panels using three parental population sources (African, Amerindian, and European) to infer the genetic admixture in an urban sample of the five Brazilian geopolitical regions. The SNPs assigned apart the parental populations from each other and thus can be applied for ancestry estimation in a three hybrid admixed population. Data was used to infer genetic ancestry in Brazilians with an admixture model. Pairwise estimates of F(st) among the five Brazilian geopolitical regions suggested little genetic differentiation only between the South and the remaining regions. Estimates of ancestry results are consistent with the heterogeneous genetic profile of Brazilian population, with a major contribution of European ancestry (0.771) followed by African (0.143) and Amerindian contributions (0.085). The described multiplexed SNP panels can be useful tool for bioanthropological studies but it can be mainly valuable to control for spurious results in genetic association studies in admixed populations."[32]
| Region[32] | European | African | Native American |
|---|---|---|---|
| North Brazil | 71.10% | 18.20% | 10.70% |
| Northeast Brazil | 77.40% | 13.60% | 8.90% |
| Central-West Brazil | 65.90% | 18.70% | 11.80% |
| Southeast Brazil | 79.90% | 14.10% | 6.10% |
| South Brazil | 87.70% | 7.70% | 5.20% |
An autosomal DNA study from 2009 found a similar profile "all the Brazilian samples (regions) lie more closely to the European group than to the African populations or to the Mestizos from Mexico."[33]
| Region[33] | European | African | Native American |
|---|---|---|---|
| North Brazil | 60.6% | 21.3% | 18.1% |
| Northeast Brazil | 66.7% | 23.3% | 10.0% |
| Central-West Brazil | 66.3% | 21.7% | 12.0% |
| Southeast Brazil | 60.7% | 32.0% | 7.3% |
| South Brazil | 81.5% | 9.3% | 9.2% |
According to another autosomal DNA study from 2008, by the University of Brasília (UnB), European ancestry dominates in the whole of Brazil (in all regions), accounting for 65.90% of heritage of the population, followed by the African contribution (24.80%) and the Native American (9.3%); the European ancestry being the dominant ancestry in all regions including the Northeast of Brazil.[34]
A study from 1965, "Methods of Analysis of a Hybrid Population" (Human Biology, vol 37, number 1), led by geneticists D. F. Roberts and R. W. Hiorns, found out the average Northeastern Brazilian to be predominantly European in ancestry (65%), with minor but important African and Native American contributions (25% and 9%).[35]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- The number given in parentheses are percentages relative to Brazil as a whole.
- The populations for the cities given do not include their metropolitan areas.
References
[edit]- ^ The Five Regions Of Brazil, from worldatlas.com
- ^ Costa, Guilherme S.; Cota, Wesley; Ferreira, Silvio C. (2020-05-13). "Metapopulation modeling of COVID-19 advancing into the countryside: an analysis of mitigation strategies for Brazil". medRxiv 10.1101/2020.05.06.20093492v2.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Brazilian Mineral Yearbook
- ^ Paths of açaí: Pará produces 95 % of Brazil's production, fruit moves US $ 1.5 billion and São Paulo is the main destination in the country
- ^ Ананас заставляет Пара стать крупнейшим национальным производителем фруктов
- ^ Бразильское производство ананасов
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Сельское хозяйство Бразилии от ФАО
- ^ Бело Монте, самая большая гидроэлектростанция в Бразилии, открывает общую мощность электроэнергии
- ^ Роялти HPP Tucuruí достигает $ 156,2 млн. В 2021 году
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Статистика возобновляемой мощности 2021
- ^ Свободная зона Манауса: почему даже принести доход в размере 158 миллиардов рублей и более 100 000 рабочих мест, многие все еще критикуют его существование
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Индустрия в Бразилии
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и Статистический ежегодник для туризма 2020 базовый год 2019, стр. 331 файла PDF (на португальском языке)
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый PPM 2017: стадо бычьего стада преобладает на Среднем Западе, а Mato Grosso ведет среди штатов
- ^ Сельское хозяйство на северо -востоке Бразилии: возможности и ограничения для развития
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый IBGE прогнозирует записи зеренного сбора зерна в 2020 году
- ^ Ppm 2017: стада бычьих районов преобладают на Среднем Западе и Мато Гросу ведутся среди штатов
- ^ Северо -восточный регион побивает записи в генерации ветра и солнечной энергии
- ^ Солевой экономика в Рио -Гранде -до Норте
- ^ Сельское хозяйство в юго -восточном регионе Бразилии
- ^ Состав ВВП штата Рио -де -Жанейро
- ^ «Rio увеличивает свое участие в национальном производстве нефти и газа» . Архивировано из оригинала 27 октября 2020 года . Получено 20 июля 2020 года .
- ^ «BNDES и энергетическая и логистическая проблема юго -восточного региона» (PDF) .
- ^ «Архивная копия» (PDF) . Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 2011-10-07 . Получено 2011-08-31 .
{{cite web}}: CS1 Maint: архивная копия как заголовок ( ссылка ) - ^ В дополнение к Серре Гауча: встретить другие районы вина, производящих вино, у государства
- ^ Минерал
- ^ Минеральный уголь в Бразилии и в мире
- ^ Itaipu сайт
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Пенальти, Sérgio DJ; Ди Пьетро, Джулиано; Фухшубер-Морас, Мэтью; Генро, Джулия Паскуалини; Hutz, Mara H.; Кехди, Фернанда де Соуза Гомес; Кольрауш, Фабиана; Магно, Луис Александр Виана; Черногория, Ракель Карвалью; Moraes, Manoel Odorico; Де Морас, Мария Элизабет Амарал; Де Мораес, Милен Райол; Ojopi, Elida B.; Перини, Джамила А.; Racciopi, Clarice; Рибейро-дос-Сантос, Андреа Кели Кампос; Риверс-Сантос, Фабрисио; Романо-Сильва, Марко А.; Сорка, Vinicius A.; Suarez-Kurtz, Guilherme (2011). Арпенинг, Генри (ред.). «Геномное происхождение людей из разных географических регионов Бразилии более однородное, чем ожидалось » . Plos один . 6 (2): E17063. Bibcode : 2011pla ... 617063p . Doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0017063 . PMC 3040205 . PMID 21359226 .
- ^ Наше европейское наследие- Архивировано 2012-01-30 на машине Wayback
- ^ ДНК бразильца составляет 80% европейского, указывает на исследование
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Lins, TC; Vieira, RG; Abreu, BS; Grattapaglia, D.; Pereira, RW (март -апрель 2009 г.). «Генетический состав образцов бразильской популяции на основе набора из двадцати восемь информативных SNPS» . Американский журнал человеческой биологии . 22 (2): 187–192. doi : 10.1002/ajhb.20976 . PMID 19639555 . S2CID 205301927 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Forensic Science International: генетика. Частоты аллелей из 15 Strs в репрезентативной выборке бразильской популяции (английский), а также 2011-04-08 на веб- басандос в исследованиях IBGE 2008 года. Выборы из 12 886 человек различных этнических групп были представлены регионами, они попали в 8, 26% севера, 23,86% северо-востока, 4,79% от центрального запада, 10,32% юго-востока и 52,77% юга.
- ^ Документ без названия архивировал 2011-07-06 на машине Wayback
- ^ обар / opщsculos Bvgf- Аархивирована 2012-03-31 на машине Wayback