Ленивый медведь
| Ленивый медведь Временный диапазон: поздний плиоцен до раннего плейстоцена - недавний
| |
|---|---|
| |
| Стоя Мелурус Урсинус | |
Научная классификация 
| |
| Домен: | Эукариота |
| Королевство: | Животное |
| Филум: | Chordata |
| Сорт: | Млекопитающие |
| Заказ: | Хищник |
| Семья: | Ursidae |
| Подсемейство: | Урсина |
| Род: | Мелуре Мейер , 1793 |
| Разновидность: | М. Урсинус
|
| Биномиальное название | |
| Мерурс Урсинус ( Шоу , 1791)
| |
| |
| Ленивый диапазон медведей (Черный - бывший, зеленый - существующий) | |
| Синонимы | |
Медведь ленивца ( Мелурс Урсинус ), также известный как индийский медведь , является мирмекофагским медведей, видом родом из индийского субконтинента . Он питается фруктами , муравьями и термитами . Он указан как уязвимый в красном списке МСОП , в основном из -за потери среды обитания и деградации . [ 1 ] Это единственный вид в роде Melursus .
Он также назывался «Трудимый медведь» из -за его длинной нижней губы и неба, используемых для сосания насекомых. [ 2 ] У этого есть долгий мохнатый мех, грива вокруг лица и длинные, серповые когти. Он более длинный, чем коричневые и азиатские черные медведи . Он разделяет особенности насекомоядных млекопитающих и развивался во время плейстоцена из наследственного бурового медведя посредством расходящейся эволюции .
Медведи -ленивцы размножаются весной и началом лета и рожают в начале зимы. Когда их территории вторгаются людьми, они иногда нападают на них. Исторически, люди резко сокращали среду обитания этих медведей и уменьшили свое население, охотившись на них за пищу и продукты, такие как их бакула и когти. Медведи ленивца были приручены и использованы в качестве исполняющих животных и как домашних животных. [ 3 ]
Таксономия
[ редактировать ]Джордж Шоу в 1791 году назвал вида Брадипус Урсинус . В 1793 году Мейер назвал его Мелуррусом Либиусом , а в 1817 году де Блейнвилл назвал его Урсус Лабиатус из -за его длинных губ. Иллигер назвал его Prochilus Hirsutus , греческое название рода, указывающее длинные губы, в то время как конкретное имя отмечало его длинные и грубые волосы. Фишер назвал это Chondrorhynchus hirsutus , в то время как Тидеманн назвал его Урсус Лонгрострис . [ 4 ]
Подвиды и диапазон
[ редактировать ]| Имя | Описание | Распределение |
|---|---|---|
| Индийский ленивый медведь ( М. У. Урсинус ) ( Шоу , 1791)
|
Это выдвигающий подвид , который имеет большой череп с кондилобазальной длиной около 290 мм (11 дюймов) у женщин и около 310 мм (12 дюймов) у мужчин. [ 5 ] | Медведь -лени является наиболее распространенным видом медведей в Индии, где он в основном встречается в районах с лесным покровами, низким холмам, граничащим с внешним диапазоном Гималаев от Пенджаба до Аруначал -Прадеш . Он отсутствует в высоких горах Химачал -Прадеш и Джамму и Кашмира , северо -западных пустынях Раджастхана и широкой устойчивой полосой на юге, где заповедник дикой природы на горе Абу . расположена [ 6 ] Медведь лениво встречается в охраняемых районах, таких как Shoolpaneshwar , Ratanmahal , Jessore , [ 7 ] и Баларам Амбаджи святилища. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] |
Шри -ланкийский ленивый медведь ( M. u. Inornatus ) Pucheran, 1855 
|
Шри -ланкийский ленивый медведь меньше, чем назначенный подвид, имеет меньший череп с кондилобазальной длиной около 250 мм (9,8 дюйма) у женщин и около 264 мм (10,4 дюйма) у мужчин. [ 5 ] У него гораздо более короткие волосы на теле, и иногда не хватает характерной белой отметки груди. [ 11 ] | На рубеже веков Шри -Ланки -ленивый медведь произошел по всей Шри -Ланке. Но из-за широкомасштабного превращения нагорных лесов в чайные и кофейные плантации, теперь он ограничен северной и восточной низменной. [ 12 ] |
Эволюция
[ редактировать ]Медведи ленивца, возможно, достигли своей нынешней формы в раннем плейстоцене , времени, когда семья медведей специализировалась и рассеялась. Фрагмент ископаемого плечевой кости из плейстоцена, обнаруженный в Андхра -Прадеша в бассейне Курнол , идентичен плечевой кости современного ленивого медведя. Окаменованные черепа медведя, однажды названная Меруррус Теобальди, найденные в Шиваликах из раннего плейстоцена или раннего плиоцена, считают определенными авторами, чтобы представлять промежуточную стадию между ленивыми медведями и наследственными буровыми медведями. М. Теобальди сам имел промежуточный по размеру зубов между ленивыми медведями и другими видами медведей, хотя его небо было таким же размером, как и бывший вид, что привело к теории, что это прямой предок ленивого медведя. Медведи, вероятно, возникли во время среднего плиоцена и развивались на индийском субконтиненте. Медведь ленин демонстрирует доказательства того, что он подвергся конвергентной эволюции, аналогичной эволюции других муравьиных млекопитающих. [ 11 ]
Медведь лени является одним из восьми существующих видов в семействе медведей Урсиде и шести существующих видов в подсемействе Урсинаэ .
| Возможная филогения, основанная на полных последовательностях митохондриальной ДНК от Yu et al. (2007). [ 13 ] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The polar bear and the brown bear form a close grouping, while the relationships of the other species are not very well resolved.[14] |
| A more recent phylogeny based on the genetic study of Kumar et al. (2017).[15] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The study concludes that Ursine bears originated around 5 million years ago and show extensive hybridization of species in their lineage.[15] |
Characteristics
[edit]
Sloth bears adults are medium-sized bears. The typical weight range for females is from 55 to 105 kg (121 to 231 lb), and for males is from 80 to 145 kg (176 to 320 lb). Exceptionally large female specimens can reach 124 kg (273 lb) and males up to 192 kg (423 lb).[16][17][18][19] The average weight of sloth bears from the nominate subspecies in Nepal was 95 kg (209 lb) in females and 114 kg (251 lb) in males.[20] Nominate bears in India were found to weigh average 93.2 kg (205 lb) in males and 83.3 kg (184 lb) in female per one study.[21] Specimens from Sri Lanka (M. u. inornatus) may weigh up to 68.2 kg (150 lb) in females and 104.5 kg (230 lb) in males.[22] However six Sri Lankan male sloth bears averaged only 74.8 kg (165 lb), and 57.5 kg (127 lb) was the average for four females, so Sri Lankan bears could be around 30% lighter in body mass than nominate race bears and with more pronounced size sexual dimorphism.[22][23] They are 60–92 cm (2 ft 0 in – 3 ft 0 in) high at the shoulder, and have a body length of 1.4–1.9 m (4 ft 7 in – 6 ft 3 in).[24][25][26][27][28] Besides being smaller than males, females reportedly typically have more fur between their shoulders.[29]
Sloth bear muzzles are thick and long, with small jaws and bulbous snouts with wide nostrils. They have long lower lips which can be stretched over the outer edge of their noses, and they lack upper incisors, thus allowing them to suck up large numbers of insects. The premolars and molars are smaller than in other bears, as they do not chew as much vegetation. In adults, the teeth are usually in poor condition, due to the amount of soil they suck up and chew when feeding on insects.[24] The back of the palate is long and broad, as is typical in other ant-eating mammals.[11] The paws are disproportionately large, and have highly developed, sickle-shaped, blunt claws which measure 10 cm (4 in) in length. Their toe pads are connected by a hairless web. They have the longest tail in the bear family, which can grow to 15–18 cm (6–7 in).[24] Their back legs are not very strong, though they are knee-jointed, and allow them to assume almost any position.[29] The ears are very large and floppy. The sloth bear is the only bear with long hair on its ears.[7]
Sloth bear fur is completely black (rusty for some specimens), save for a whitish Y- or V-shaped mark on the chest.[24] This feature is sometimes absent, particularly in Sri Lankan specimens.[11] This feature, which is also present in Asian black bears and sun bears, is thought to serve as a threat display, as all three species are sympatric with tigers (tigers usually do not carry out attacks on an adult bear if the bear is aware or facing the cat).[11] The coat is long, shaggy, and unkempt, despite the relatively warm environment in which the species is found, and is particularly heavy behind the neck and between the shoulders, forming a mane which can be 30 cm (12 in) long.[11][24] The belly and underlegs can be almost bare. Sloth bears are usually about the same size as an Asian black bear but are immediately distinctive for their shaggier coat, whitish claws, as well as their typically rangier build. Their head and mouth is highly distinct from that of a black bear with a longer, narrower skull shape (particularly the snout), loose-looking, flappier lips and paler muzzle colour. In few areas of overlap, sloth bear confusion with sun bears is unlikely, given the latter species considerably smaller size, much shorter fur, wrinkled folding skin (especially around the back), bolder chest marking and drastically different, more compact head structure and appearance.[28][30]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]
The sloth bear's global range includes India, the Terai of Nepal, temperate climatic zones of Bhutan and Sri Lanka. It occurs in a wide range of habitats including moist and dry tropical forests, savannahs, scrublands and grasslands below 1,500 m (4,900 ft) on the Indian subcontinent, and below 300 m (980 ft) in Sri Lanka's dry forests. It is regionally extinct in Bangladesh.[1]
Behaviour and ecology
[edit]
Adult sloth bears may travel in pairs. Males are often observed to be gentle with cubs. They may fight for food. They walk in a slow, shambling motion, with their feet being set down in a noisy, flapping motion. They are capable of galloping faster than running humans.[31] Although they appear slow and clumsy, both young and adult sloth bears are excellent climbers.[32] They occasionally will climb to feed and to rest, though not to escape enemies, as they prefer to stand their ground. Sloth bear mothers carry their cubs up trees as the primary defense against attacks by predators instead of sending them up trees. The cubs can be threatened by predators such as tigers, leopards, and other bears.[33] They are adequate climbers on more accessible trees but cannot climb as quickly or on as varied surfaces as can black bears due to the sloth species' more elongated claw structure. Given their smaller size and still shorter claws, sloth bear cubs probably climb more proficiently than adults (much as brown bear cubs can climb well but not adults).[24] They are good swimmers, and primarily enter water to play.[24]
To mark their territories, sloth bears scrape trees with their forepaws, and rub against them with their flanks.[31] Sloth bears are recorded to produce several sounds and vocals. Howls, squeals, screams, barks and trumpet-like calls are made during aggressive encounters while huffing is made as a warning signal. Chuffing calls are made when disturbed. Females keep in contact with their cubs with a grunt-whicker while cubs yelp when separated.[34]
Reproduction
[edit]
The breeding season for sloth bears varies according to location: in India, they mate in April, May, and June, and give birth in December and early January, while in Sri Lanka, it occurs all year. Sows gestate for 210 days, and typically give birth in caves or in shelters under boulders. Litters usually consist of one or two cubs, or rarely three.[31] Cubs are born blind, and open their eyes after four weeks.[35] Sloth bear cubs develop quickly compared to most other bear species: they start walking a month after birth, become independent at 24–36 months, and become sexually mature at the age of three years. Young cubs ride on their mother's back when she walks, runs, or climbs trees until they reach a third of her size. Individual riding positions are maintained by cubs through fighting. Intervals between litters can last two to three years.[31]
Dietary habits
[edit]Sloth bears are expert hunters of termites, ants, and bees, which they locate by smell.[31][36] On arriving at a mound, they scrape at the structure with their claws until they reach the large combs at the bottom of the galleries, and disperse the soil with violent puffs. The termites are then sucked up through the muzzle, producing a sucking sound which can be heard 180 m away.[35] Their sense of smell is strong enough to detect grubs 3 ft below ground. Unlike other bears, they do not congregate in feeding groups.[31] Sloth bears may supplement their diets with fruit, plant matter, carrion, and very rarely other mammals. In March and April, they eat the fallen petals of mowha trees and are partial to mangoes, maize, sugar cane, jackfruit, and the pods of the golden shower tree.[36] Sloth bears are extremely fond of honey.[35] When feeding their cubs, sows are reported to regurgitate a mixture of half-digested jack fruit, wood apples, and pieces of honeycomb. This sticky substance hardens into a dark yellow, circular, bread-like mass which is fed to the cubs. This "bear's bread" is considered a delicacy by some of India's natives.[37] Rarely, Sloth bears can become addicted to sweets in hotel waste, visiting rubbish bins, even inside populated towns, all year long.[38] Their diet includes animal flesh.[39]
In Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala, seeds of six tree species eaten and excreted by sloth bears (Artocarpus hirsuta, A. integrifolia, Cassia fistula, Mangifera indica, Zizyphus oenoplina) did not see significantly different percentages of germination (appearance of cotyledon) when compared to germinated seeds that had not been passed through the gut of the bears.[40] However, seeds germinated much faster after being ingested by bears for three species, Artocarpus hirsuta, Cassia fistula, and Zizyphus oenoplina. This experiment suggests that sloth bears may play an important role in seed dispersal and germination, with effects varying by tree species.[40]
Relationships with other animals
[edit]The large canine teeth of sloth bears, relative to both its overall body size and to the size of the canine teeth of other bear species, and the aggressive disposition of sloth bears, may be a defense in interactions with large, dangerous animals, such as the tiger, elephant, and rhinoceros, as well as prehistoric species such as Megantereon.[41]
Bengal tigers occasionally prey on sloth bears. Tigers usually give sloth bears a wide berth, though some specimens may become habitual bear killers,[42] and it is not uncommon to find sloth bear fur in tiger scats.[43] Tigers typically hunt sloth bears by waiting for them near termite mounds, then creeping behind them and seizing them by the back of their necks and forcing them to the ground with their weight.[44] One tiger was reported to simply break its victim's back with its paw, then wait for the paralysed bear to exhaust itself trying to escape before going in for the kill.[42] When confronted by tigers face to face, sloth bears charge at them, crying loudly. A young or already sated tiger usually retreats from an assertive sloth bear, as the bear's claws can inflict serious wounds, and most tigers end the hunt if the bears become aware of the tiger's presence before the pounce.[44] Sloth bears may scavenge on tiger kills.[45] As tigers are known to mimic the calls of sambar deer to attract them, sloth bears react fearfully even to the sounds made by deer themselves.[44] In 2011, a female bear with cubs was observed to stand her ground and prevail in a confrontation against two tigers (one female, one male) in rapid succession.[46]
Besides tigers there are few predators of sloth bears. Leopards can also be a threat, as they are able to follow sloth bears up trees.[18] Bear cubs are probably far more vulnerable and healthy adult bears may be avoided by leopards. One leopard killed a three-quarters grown female sloth bear in an apparently lengthy fight that culminated in the trees. Apparently, a sloth bear killed a leopard in a confrontation in Yala National Park, Sri Lanka, but was itself badly injured in the fight and was subsequently put down by park rangers.[47][48] Sloth bears occasionally chase leopards from their kills.[31] Dhole packs may attack sloth bears.[49] When attacking them, dholes try to prevent the bear from retreating into caves.[50] Unlike tigers which prey on sloth bears of all size, there is little evidence that dholes are a threat to fully-grown sloth bears other than exceptionally rare cases.[28][51] In one case, a golden jackal (a species much smaller and less powerful than a sloth bear and not generally a pack hunter as is the dhole) was seen to aggressively displace an adult bear which passively loped away from the snapping canid, indicating the sloth bear does not regard other carnivores as competition.[18]
Sloth bears are sympatric with Asiatic black bears in northern India, and the two species, along with the sun bear, coexist in some of the national parks and wildlife sanctuaries. They are also found together in Assam, Manipur, and Mizoram, in the hills south of the Brahmaputra River, the only places occupied by all three bear species. The three species do not act aggressively toward each other. This may be because the three species generally differ in habit and dietary preferences.[18]
Asian elephants apparently do not tolerate sloth bears in their vicinity. The reason for this is unknown, as individual elephants known to maintain their composure near tigers have been reported to charge bears.[35] The Indian rhinoceros has a similar intolerance for sloth bears, and will charge at them.[31]
Status and conservation
[edit]IUCN estimates that fewer than 20,000 sloth bears survive in the wilds of the Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. The sloth bear is listed in Schedule I of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, which provides for their legal protection. Commercial international trade of the sloth bear (including parts and derivatives) is prohibited as it is listed in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species.[1]
To address the human-bear conflict, people may be educated about the conservation ethics, particularly among locals. To resolve this conflict, the basic issue of deteriorating habitat, which is the reason for the conflict between people and bears, improvements through government or community-based reforestation programmes, may be promoted.[1]
The population of sloth bears grows when they live in high-profile reserves that protect species, such as tigers and elephants. Directly managed reserves could conserve the sloth bear, hence such reserves must be supported.[52] Managing garbage, especially hotel waste with foods, is essential in situations where sloth bears get used to entering towns with an increase in the number of accidental attacks on humans.[38]
The government of India has banned use of sloth bears for entertainment, and a 'Sloth Bear Welfare Project' in the country has the objective of putting an end to their use for entertainment. However, their number in such activity is still large. Many organisations are helping in the conservation and preservation of sloth bears in safe places. Sloth bears previously used for entertainment are being rehabilitated in facilities like Agra Bear Rescue Facility run by Wildlife SOS and others.[53] Major sloth bear sanctuaries in India include the Daroji bear sanctuary, Karnataka.[54]
Sloth bears have also been found dead in traps, electrocuted, or killed by other means by poachers, with body parts (i.e. canines, claws, gall bladder, paws, etc) usually removed for the illegal wildlife trade.[55]
Relationships with humans
[edit]Attacks on humans
[edit]
Sloth bears are one of the most aggressive extant bears and, due to large human populations often closely surrounding reserves that hold bears, aggressive encounters and attacks are relatively frequent, though in some places, attacks appear to be a reaction to encountering people accidentally.[38] In absolute numbers, this is the species of bear that most regularly attacks humans. Only the Himalayan black bear subspecies of Asian black bear is nearly as dangerous.[56][57] Sloth bears likely view humans as potential predators, as their reactions to them (roaring, followed by retreat or charging) are similar to those evoked in the presence of tigers and leopards.[11] Their long claws, which are ideally adapted for digging at termite mounds, make adults less capable of climbing trees to escape danger, as are other bears such as Asian black bears. Therefore, sloth bears have seemingly evolved to deal with threats by behaving aggressively. For the same reason, brown bears can be similarly inclined, accounting for the relatively high incidence of seemingly nonpredatory aggression towards humans in these two bear species.[58]
According to Robert Armitage Sterndale, in his Mammalia of India (1884, p. 62):
[The sloth bear] is also more inclined to attack man unprovoked than almost any other animal, and casualties inflicted by it are unfortunately very common, the victim being often terribly disfigured even if not killed, as the bear strikes at the head and face. [William Thomas] Blanford was inclined to consider bears more dangerous than tigers...
Captain Williamson in his Oriental Field Sports wrote of how sloth bears rarely killed their human victims outright, but would suck and chew on their limbs till they were reduced to bloody pulps.[2] One specimen, known as the sloth bear of Mysore, was responsible for the deaths of 12 people and the mutilation of 24 others. It was shot by Kenneth Anderson.[59] Although sloth bears have attacked humans, they rarely become man-eaters. Dunbar-Brander's Wild Animals of Central India mentions a case in which a sow with two cubs began a six-week reign of terror in Chanda, a district of the Central Provinces, during which more than one of their victims had been eaten,[60] while the sloth bear of Mysore partially ate at least three of its victims.[59] R.G. Burton deduced from comparing statistics that sloth bears killed more people than Asian black bears,[60] and Theodore Roosevelt considered them to be more dangerous than American black bears.[61] Unlike some other bear species, which at times make mock charges at humans when surprised or frightened without making physical contact, sloth bears frequently appear to initiate a physical attack almost immediately. When people living near an aggressive population of sloth bears were armed with rifles, it was found that it was an ineffective form of defense, since the bear apparently charges and knocks the victim back (often knocking the rifle away) before the human has the chance to defend themself.[62][63] In Madhya Pradesh, sloth bear attacks accounted for the deaths of 48 people and the injuring of 686 others between 1989 and 1994, probably due in part to the density of population and competition for food sources.[64] A total of 137 attacks (resulting in 11 deaths) occurred between April 1998 and December 2000 in the North Bilaspur Forest Division of Chhattisgarh. The majority of attacks were perpetrated by single bears, and occurred in kitchen gardens, crop fields, and in adjoining forests during the monsoon season.[65] One Mr. Watts Jones wrote a first-hand account of how it feels to be attacked by a sloth bear, recalling when he failed to score a direct hit against a bear he had targeted:
I do not know exactly what happened next, neither does my hunter who was with me; but I believe, from the marks in the snow, that in his rush the bear knocked me over backwards in fact, knocked me three or four feet away. When next I remember anything, the bear's weight was on me, and he was biting my leg. He bit two or three times. I felt the flesh crush, but I felt no pain at all. It was rather like having a tooth out with gas. I felt no particular terror, though I thought the bear had got me; but in a hazy sort of way I wondered when he would kill me, and thought what a fool I was to get killed by a stupid beast like a bear. The shikari then very pluckily came up and fired a shot into the bear, and he left me. I felt the weight lift off me, and got up. I did not think I was much hurt. ... The main wound was a flap of flesh torn out of the inside of my left thigh and left hanging. It was fairly deep, and I could see all the muscles working underneath when I lifted it up to clean the wound."[66]
In 2016, according to a forest official, a female bear had killed three people, and hurt five others in Gujarat State's Banaskantha district, near Balaram Ambaji Wildlife Sanctuary, with some of the casualties being colleagues. At first, an attempt was made to trace and cage it, but this failed, costing the life of one official, and so a team of both officials and policemen shot the bear.[9]
In Karnataka's Bellary district, most of the attacks by sloth bears occurred outside forests, when they entered settlements and farmlands in search of food and water.[67]
In Mount Abu town in southern Rajasthan, sloth bears attacked people inside towns where they were seeking hotel waste in rubbish bins and encountered people by chance.[38] Though such attacks were concomitant with increasing tourism activity, quite remarkably, local residents have not retaliated against the sloth bears. The absence of retaliation in many locations of India appears related to cultural norms and the dominant religion Hinduism where nature and animals are worshipped as deities.
Hunting and products
[edit]
One method of hunting sloth bears involved the use of beaters, in which case, a hunter waiting on a post could either shoot the approaching bear through the shoulder or on the white chest mark if it was moving directly to him. Sloth bears are very resistant to body shots, and can charge hunters if wounded, though someone of steady nerves could score a direct hit from within a few paces of a charging bear. Sloth bears were easy to track during the wet season, as their clear footprints could be followed straight to their lairs. The majority of sloth bears killed in forests were due to chance encounters with them during hunts for other game. In hilly or mountainous regions, two methods were used to hunt them there. One was to lie in wait above the bear's lair at dawn and wait for the bear to return from its nocturnal foraging. Another was to rouse them at daytime by firing flares into the cave to draw them out.[68] Sloth bears were also occasionally speared on horseback.[7] In Sri Lanka, the baculum of a sloth bear was once used as a charm against barrenness.[29]
Tameability
[edit]
Officers in British India often kept sloth bears as pets.[35] The wife of Kenneth Anderson kept an orphaned sloth bear cub from Mysore, which she named "Bruno". The bear was fed all sorts of things and was very affectionate toward people. It was even taught numerous tricks, such as cradling a woodblock like a baby or pointing a bamboo stick like a gun.[1]
Dancing bears were historically a popular entertainment in India, dating back to the 13th century and the pre-Mughal era. The Kalandars, who practised the tradition of capturing sloth bears for entertainment purposes, were often employed in the courts of Mughal emperors to stage spectacles involving trained bears.[35] They were once common in the towns of Calcutta, where they often disturbed the horses of British officers.[35]
Despite a ban on the practice that was enacted in 1972, as many as 800 dancing bears were in the streets of India during the latter part of the 20th century, particularly on the highway between Delhi, Agra, and Jaipur. Sloth bear cubs, which were usually purchased at the age of six months from traders and poachers, were trained to dance and follow commands through coercive stimuli and starvation. Males were castrated at an early age, and their teeth were knocked out at the age of one year to prevent them from seriously injuring their handlers. The bears were typically fitted with a nose ring attached to a four-foot leash. Some were found to be blind from malnutrition.[69]
In 2009, following a seven-year campaign by a coalition of Indian and international animal welfare groups, the last Kalandar dancing bear was set free.[70] The effort to end the practice involved helping the bear handlers find jobs and education, which enabled them to reduce their reliance on dancing-bear income.[71]
Cultural references
[edit]Charles Catton included the bear in his 1788 book Animals Drawn from Nature and Engraved in Aqua-tinta, describing it as an "animal of the bear-kind" and saying it was properly called the "Petre Bear".[72]
In Rudyard Kipling's The Jungle Book, Baloo "the sleepy old brown bear" teaches the Law of the Jungle to the wolf cubs of the Seeonee wolf pack, as well as to his most challenging pupil, the "man-cub" Mowgli. Robert Armitage Sterndale, from whom Kipling derived most of his knowledge of Indian fauna, used the Hindustani word bhalu for several bear species, though Daniel Karlin, who edited the Penguin Classics reissue of The Jungle Book in 1989, stated, with the exception of colour, Kipling's descriptions of Baloo are consistent with the sloth bear, as brown bears and Asian black bears do not occur in the Seoni area where the novel takes place. Also, the name "sloth" can be used in the context of sleepiness. Karlin states, however, that Baloo's diet of ".. only roots and nuts and honey" is a trait more common to the Asian black bear than to the sloth bear.[73]
Local names:
- Assamese: ভালুক, bhaluk
- Gujarati: રીંછ, rīn̄ch; also rinchh[35]
- Hindi: भालू, bhālū; रीछ, rīch[35]
- Odia: ଭାଲୁ, bhālu
- Bengali: শ্লথ ভালুক, ślath bhaluk; kālō bhāluk; also bhaluk[35]
- Sanskrit: ऋक्ष, ṛkṣa; also rikspa[35]
- Kannada: ಕರಡಿ, karaḍi; kaddi[35]
- Tamil: கரடி, karaṭi; kaddi[35]
- Malayalam: കരടി, karaṭi[35]
- Telugu: ఎలుగుబంటి, elugubaṇṭi; also elugu[35]
- Marathi: अस्वल, asval; also aswal[35]
- Gond: yerid, yedjal and asol[35]
- Kol: bana[35]
- Oraon: bir mendi[35]
- Sinhala: වලසා, valasā; also usa[35]
- Nepali: भालु, bhālu
- Punjabi: ਰਿੱਛ, richh
References
[edit]- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Dharaiya, N.; Bargali, H. S. & Sharp, T. (2020) [amended version of 2016 assessment]. "Melursus ursinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2020: e.T13143A166519315. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2020-1.RLTS.T13143A166519315.en. Retrieved 16 January 2022.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Elliott, A. (1868). The forest, the jungle, and the prairie or, Scenes with the trapper and the hunter in many lands. Edinburgh; and New York: T. Nelson, and Sons.
- ^ Servheen
- ^ Owen, R. (1833). "The Labiated Bear". The Zoological Magazine (3): 81–85.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Pocock, R. I. (1941). "Melursus ursinus Shaw. The Sloth Bear". The Fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Vol. 2. Carnivora. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 189–200.
- ^ Negi, S. S. (2002). Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Biosphere Reserves in India (Third ed.). Indus Publishing. p. 151. ISBN 978-81-7387-128-3.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c Servheen, pp. 225–240
- ^ "Balaram Ambaji Wild Life Sanctuary". Forests & Environment Department. Archived from the original on 20 January 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ Jump up to: a b "Sloth bear killed in Gujarat". The Hindu. Archived from the original on 12 September 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
- ^ Joshi, A. R.; Garshelis, D. L. & Smith, L. D. (1995). "Home ranges of sloth bears in Nepal: Implications for conservation". Journal of Wildlife Management. 59 (2): 204–214. doi:10.2307/3808932. JSTOR 3808932.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Yoganand, K.; Rice, Clifford G.; Johnsingh, A. J. T. (2013). "Sloth Bear Melursus ursinus" (PDF). In Johnsingh, A. J. T.; Manjrekar, N. (eds.). Mammals of South Asia. Vol. 1. Universities Press (India). pp. 438–456. ISBN 978-8173715907. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 January 2007.
- ^ Ratnayeke, S.; van Manen, F.T. & Padmalal, U.K.G.K. (2007). "Landscape characteristics of sloth bear range in Sri Lanka". Ursus. 18 (2): 189–202. doi:10.2192/1537-6176(2007)18[189:LCOSBR]2.0.CO;2. S2CID 56031159.
- ^ Yu, Li; Li, Yi-Wei; Ryder, Oliver A.; Zhang, Ya-Ping (2007). "Analysis of complete mitochondrial genome sequences increases phylogenetic resolution of bears (Ursidae), a mammalian family that experienced rapid speciation". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 7 (198): 198. Bibcode:2007BMCEE...7..198Y. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-198. PMC 2151078. PMID 17956639.
- ^ Servheen, C.; Herrero, S.; Peyton, B. (1999). Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan (PDF). IUCN. pp. 26–30. ISBN 978-2-8317-0462-3. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Kumar, V.; Lammers, F.; Bidon, T.; Pfenninger, M.; Kolter, L.; Nilsson, M. A.; Janke, A. (2017). "The evolutionary history of bears is characterized by gene flow across species". Scientific Reports. 7: 46487. Bibcode:2017NatSR...746487K. doi:10.1038/srep46487. PMC 5395953. PMID 28422140.
- ^ McNab, Brian K. (1992). "Rate of Metabolism in the Termite-Eating Sloth Bear (Ursus ursinus)". Journal of Mammalogy. 73 (1): 168–172. doi:10.2307/1381879. JSTOR 1381879.
- ^ McNab, Brian K. (1992). "Sloth bear videos, photos and facts – Melursus ursinus". Journal of Mammalogy. 73 (1). ARKive: 168–172. doi:10.2307/1381879. JSTOR 1381879. Archived from the original on 24 March 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d Hadley, B. (21 December 2008), The Sloth Bear (PDF), Bear Specialist Group, archived from the original (PDF) on 21 December 2008
- ^ Johnsingh, A. J. T., & Manjrekar, N. (Eds.). (2013). Mammals of South Asia. Universities Press.
- ^ Joshi, A. R., Smith, J. L., & Garshelis, D. L. (1999). Sociobiology of the myrmecophagous sloth bear in Nepal Archived 10 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 77(11), 1690–1704.
- ^ Shanmugam, A. A., Kumar, J. K., Selvaraj, I., & Selvaraj, V. (2008). Hematology of sloth bears (Melursus ursinus ursinus) from two locations in India Archived 10 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Journal of wildlife Diseases, 44(2), 509–518.
- ^ Jump up to: a b de Silva Wijeyeratne, G. (2016). Mammals of Sri Lanka Archived 10 February 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Bloomsbury Publishing.
- ^ Ratnayeke, S., Van Manen, F. T., & Padmalal, U. K. G. K. (2007). Home ranges and habitat use of sloth bears Melursus ursinus inornatus in Wasgomuwa National Park, Sri Lanka. Wildlife Biology, 13(3), 272–284.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Brown, "Bear Anatomy and Physiology"
- ^ "Sloth Bear". The Animal Files. Archived from the original on 29 September 2022. Retrieved 18 April 2011.
- ^ "Ленивый медведь" . Arktofile.net. Архивировано из оригинала 31 августа 2011 года . Получено 18 апреля 2011 года .
- ^ «Байты животных зоопарка Сан -Диего: ленивый медведь» . Sandiegozoo.org. Архивировано с оригинала 12 июня 2013 года . Получено 18 апреля 2011 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Grzimek, B. (1990). Энциклопедия млекопитающих Гримека (№ 599.03 G7).
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Стори, Гарри (2008). Охота и стрельба на Цейлоне . Dabney Press. С. 268-. ISBN 978-1-4097-2852-8 Полем Архивировано из оригинала 10 февраля 2023 года . Получено 29 октября 2016 года .
- ^ Wildlifeinformation.org Архивировал 8 ноября 2009 г. на машине Wayback , Melurrus ursinus - Lloth Bear
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час Браун , "поведение и деятельность медведя"
- ^ Сервин , с. 219
- ^ Сервин , с. 226
- ^ Лори, А.; Seidensticker, J. (1977). «Поведенческая экология ленивца ( Мелуррус Урсинус )» . Журнал зоологии . 182 (2): 187–204. doi : 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1977.tb04155.x . Архивировано (PDF) из оригинала 27 марта 2017 года . Получено 26 марта 2017 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый и фон глин час я Дж k л м не а п Q. ведущий с Т Финн, Ф. (1929). Мямчака Стерндейла Индии. Новое и сокращенное издание, тщательно пересмотренное и с приложением на рептилия . Калькутта и Симла: Thacker, Spink & Co.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный "Мерурс Урсинус (ленивый медведь)" . Интернет -разнообразие животных .
- ^ Андерсон, Кеннет (1954). Девять мужчин и один мошенник . Джон Каллер и сыновья. п. 131. ISBN 1-887269-11-8 .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в дюймовый Prajapati, Utkarsh; Коли, Виджай Кумар; Sundar, KS Gopi (2021). «Уязвимые ленивцы привлекают человеческие пищевые отходы: новая ситуация в городе Маунт -Абу, Индия» . Орикс . 55 (5): 699–707. doi : 10.1017/s0030605320000216 . S2CID 233677898 .
- ^ Фредерик Ха Сеймур (1901). Дикие животные, которых я встретил: книга естественной истории и захватывающей охоты . Университет штата Огайо. Архивировано из оригинала 14 ноября 2023 года . Получено 30 октября 2023 года .
Хотя они, как правило, полностью существуют на растительных веществах и насекомых, они иногда будут есть плоть.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Srekumar, pg; Балакришнан, М. (2002). «Расездка семян у медведя ленивца (Мелусс Урснус) в Южной Индии» Биотропика 34 (3): 474–4 Bibcode : 2002biotr..34..474S Doi : 10.1111/ j.1744-7429.2002.tb00564.x 247666325S2CID
- ^ Сервин , с. 226–7
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Миллс, Стивен (2004). Тигр Ричмонд Хилл, Онтарио: книги «Светлячки». п. 168. ISBN 1-55297-949-0 .
- ^ Тигры едят ленивцы, не так ли?
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в Перри, Ричард (1965). Мир тигра . п. 260. ASIN: B0007DU2IU.
- ^ Schaller, George B. (1984) Олень и тигр: исследование дикой природы в Индии , Midway Reprint, Университет Чикагской Прессы , ISBN 0-226-73631-8
- ^ Медведь Тигр Конфронтация - 10 фото, которые рассказывают историю, архивную 27 августа 2011 года на машине Wayback . Dickysingh.com (10 апреля 2011 г.). Получено 26 сентября 2011 года.
- ^ Passion, N., Sivaganesan, N. & Crishnamorethy, J. (1997). Склонный святилище Святилище Журнал-бомбайский общество естественной истории, 94, 1–9
- ^ Kurt, F. & Jayasuriya, A. (1968). Заметки на мертвого медведя . Лорис, 11, 182–183.
- ^ Фокс, Майкл У. (1984). Свистырные охотники: полевые исследования азиатской дикой собаки (Cuon Alpinus) . Олбани: Государственный университет Нью -Йорк Пресс. п. 150. ISBN 0-87395-843-8 Полем Архивировано из оригинала 10 февраля 2023 года . Получено 28 октября 2020 года .
- ^ Tiwari, SK (1999) Животное Царство мира , Sarup & Sons, ISBN 81-7625-071-6
- ^ Гопал Р. (1991). Этологические наблюдения на ленивом медведе (Мелуррус Урсинус) архивировали 6 июля 2017 года на машине Wayback . Индийская леска, 117 (10), 915–920.
- ^ "Ленивый медведь" . Аркив: образы жизни на Земле. Архивировано из оригинала 6 апреля 2009 года . Получено 14 февраля 2010 года .
- ^ «Агра медведя спасательна» . Wildlifesos.org . Архивировано из оригинала 28 сентября 2020 года . Получено 5 октября 2020 года .
- ^ Коттур С. (2012). Дароджи, экологическое направление Примечание, Карнатака, Индия: Дронго СМИ. ISBN 978-93-5087-269-7 .
- ^ Гомес, Лалита; Райт, Белинда; Шепард, Крис Р.; Джозеф, Тито (1 июня 2021 года). «Анализ незаконной торговли медведями в Индии» . Глобальная экология и сохранение . 27 : E01552. Bibcode : 2021gecoc..2701552G . doi : 10.1016/j.gecco.2021.e01552 . ISSN 2351-9894 . S2CID 233712111 .
- ^ Gargali, HS, Akhtar, N. & Chauhan, NPS (2005). Характеристики нападений на медвежьи и жертвы на человека в лесном дивизионе Северного Биласпура, Чхаттисгарх, Индия . Урсус, 16 (2), 263–267.
- ^ Quigley, H. & Herrero, S. (2005). Характеристика и предотвращение атак на людей . Сохранение биологии серии Cambridge-, 9, 27.
- ^ Браун
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Андерсон, К. (1957). «Черный медведь Майсура» . Человеческие едоки и убийцы джунглей . Allen & Unwin - через Archive.org.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Книга пожирателей человека бригадного генерала RG Burton, Mittal Publications
- ^ Рузвельт, Теодор (1983) Жизнь ранчо и охотничий след . Университет Небраски Пресс, ISBN 0-8032-8913-8 ]
- ^ Ratnayeke, S., van Once, Ft, Pieris, R., & Rgash, VS (2014). Проблемы крупного сохранения плотоядных животных: атаки медведя ленивца в Шри -Ланке Экология человека, 42 (3), 467–4
- ^ Patil, SB, Mody, NB, Kale, SM, & Incole, SD (2015). Обзор 48 пациентов после нападений медведя в центральной Индии: демография, управление и результаты . Индийский журнал пластической хирургии: официальная публикация Ассоциации пластических хирургов Индии, 48 (1), 60.
- ^ Раджпурохит, KS & Krausman, PR (2000). «Человек-конфликты с лениво-медведь в Мадхья-Прадеш, Индия». Дикий Соц Бык 28 (2): 393–9. JSTOR 3783697 .
- ^ Gargali, HS; Ахтар, Наим; Chauhan, NPS (2005). «Характеристики нападений на медвежьи и жертвы на человека в лесном дивизионе Северного Биласпура, Чхаттисгарх, Индия» (PDF) . Урсус . 16 (2): 263–267. doi : 10.2192/1537-6176 (2005) 016 [0263: cosbaa] 2.0.co; 2 . S2CID 53633653 . Архивировано (PDF) из оригинала 3 декабря 2010 года . Получено 27 ноября 2009 года .
- ^ Корниш, CJ ; Selous, FC; Джонстон, HH; Максвелл, Х. (1902). Живые животные мира; Популярная естественная история с тысячей иллюстраций . Тол. 1: млекопитающие. Нью -Йорк: Додд, Мид и Компания.
- ^ Самад, Акс; Hosetti, BB (2017). «Слот медведь Мелуррус Урсинус человеческий конфликт: тематическое исследование незащищенного медведя среды обитания в Кудлиги Талук, район Баллари, штат Карнатака» (PDF) . Международный журнал исследований зоологии . 2 (6): 255–260. Архивировано (PDF) от оригинала 18 июля 2020 года . Получено 25 июля 2019 года .
- ^ Рассел, CEM (2008). Пуля и выстрел в индийском лесу, равнине и холме - с подсказками для начинающих в индийской стрельбе . Филлипс Пресс. С. 197–. ISBN 978-1-4437-6231-1 Полем Архивировано из оригинала 10 февраля 2023 года . Получено 29 октября 2016 года .
- ^ Танцы медведя в Индии . Wildlifesos.org
- ^ «Последний индийский танцевальный медведь бесплатно» . BBC News . 18 декабря 2009 г. Архивировано с оригинала 5 января 2011 года . Получено 18 апреля 2011 года .
- ^ «Катрик Сатьянараян: как мы спасли« танцы »медведей» . Ted.com. Архивировано из оригинала 16 июля 2011 года . Получено 18 апреля 2011 года .
- ^ Кэттон, Чарльз (1788). «Животное медведя, тарелка 10» . Животные, взятые из природы и выгравированы в Аква-Тинте . И. и Дж. Тейлор. Архивировано из оригинала 13 апреля 2017 года . Получено 30 ноября 2017 года .
- ^ Киплинг, Рудиард; Карлин, Даниэль (1989). Книги джунглей . Пингвин. С. 350–. ISBN 978-0-14-018316-0 Полем Архивировано из оригинала 10 февраля 2023 года . Получено 29 октября 2016 года .
Цитируемые источники
[ редактировать ]- Браун, Гэри (1993). Великий медведь Альманак . Лайонс и Берфорд. ISBN 1558212108 .
- Garshelis, DL; Джоши, Ар; Smith, Jld & Rice, CG (1999). «План действий по сохранению ленивца» . В Servheen, C.; Herrero, S. & Peyton, B. (Eds.). Bears: Статусное обследование и план действий по сохранению . Гранда, Швейцария: Группа IUCN/SSC BEAR Specialist. ISBN 2831704626 .
Внешние ссылки
[ редактировать ]
- PDF1
- PDF2
- Полевая поездка Земля - Полевая поездка Земля - это веб -сайт по охране природы, управляемый Зоологическим обществом Северной Каролины.
- Ленивый медведь в сети животных разнообразия
| Базы данных управления авторитетом : национальный |
|---|
