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Politics of Ecuador

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Politics of Ecuador
Constitution
Executive
Legislative
Judiciary
Elections
Administrative divisions
Foreign relations
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The politics of Ecuador are multi-party.[1] The central government polity is a quadrennially elected presidential, unicameral representative democracy. The President of Ecuador is head of state and head of the army on a multi-party system, and leads a cabinet with further executive power. Legislative power is not limited to the National Assembly, as it may to a lesser degree be exercised by the executive which consists of the President convening an appointed executive cabinet. Subsequent acts of the National Assembly are supreme over Executive Orders where sufficient votes have been cast by the legislators. The judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature. Ecuador is also considered a constitutional republic.[2]

The Constitution of Ecuador provides for a four-year term of office for the President, Vice-President, and members of the National Assembly with concurrent elections. Presidents and legislators may be re-elected immediately. Citizens must be at least 16 years of age to vote: suffrage is universal and compulsory for literate persons aged 18 to 65 and optional for 16 and 17 years of age and other eligible voters.

The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Ecuador a "hybrid regime" in 2022.[3][needs update]

Political conditions

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Ecuador's political parties have historically been small, loose organizations that depended more on populist, often charismatic, leaders to retain support than on programs or ideology.[4] Frequent internal splits have produced extreme factionalism. However, a pattern has emerged in which administrations from the center-left alternate with those from the center-right. Although Ecuador's political elite is highly factionalized along regional, ideological, and personal lines, a strong desire for consensus on major issues often leads to compromise. Opposition forces in Congress are loosely organized, but historically they often unite to block the administration's initiatives and to remove cabinet ministers.

Constitutional changes enacted by a specially elected National Constitutional Assembly in 1998 took effect on 10 August 1998. The new constitution strengthens the executive branch by eliminating mid-term congressional elections and by circumscribing Congress' power to challenge cabinet ministers. Party discipline is traditionally weak, and routinely many deputies switch allegiance during each Congress. However, after the new Constitution took effect, the Congress passed a Code of Ethics which imposes penalties on members who defy their party leadership on key votes.[5]

Beginning with the 1996 election, the more indigenous, less Spanish-rooted, ethnic groups abandoned their traditional policy of shunning the official political system and participated actively. The indigenous population has established itself as a significant force in Ecuadorian politics, as shown by the selection of indigenous representative Nina Pacari, who led the indigenous political party, Pachakutik, as Second Vice-President of the 1998 Congress.[6]

Judicial branch

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National Justice Court

The former Supreme Court of Ecuador

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New justices of the Supreme Court of Ecuador were elected by the sitting members of the court. A bare majority of Congress, acting in a special session called by former President Lucio Gutiérrez in December 2004, ousted 27 of the 31 justices and replaced them with new members chosen by Congress; notwithstanding, the lack of any provisions permitting impeachment of Supreme Court justices by Congress and the specific provisions giving the Court the power to select new members.[7] Earlier, in November 2004, Congress replaced the majority of judges on the country's Electoral Court and Constitutional Court by a similar process.

List of presidents

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PresidentPeríod
José Fernández Salvador López1830–1834
José María de Arteta y Calisto1835
Joaquín Gutiérrez Restrepo1836
Fidel Quijano Valencia1837
Víctor Félix de Sanmiguel Cacho1838
José María de Arteta y Calisto1839–1840
Joaquín Gutiérrez Restrepo1841
Víctor Félix de Sanmiguel Cacho1842
José María de Arteta y Calisto1843
Joaquín Gutiérrez Restrepo1844
Luis De Saá1845
Víctor Félix de Sanmiguel Cacho1846–1847
Salvador Ortega Estacio1848
Pedro José de Arteta y Calisto1849
Miguel Alvarado1850
Pedro José de Arteta y Calisto1851
Pablo Vásconez Román1852
Antonio Bustamante del Mazo1853
Miguel Alvarado1854
Ramón Borja1855
Carlos Tamayo1856
Antonio Bustamante del Mazo1857
Nicolás Espinosa1858
Manuel Carrión1859
Ramón Miño1860
Pedro José de Arteta y Calisto1861
Ramón Miño1862
Antonio Gómez de la Torre1863
Carlos Tamayo1864
Pedro José de Arteta y Calisto1865
Ramón Miño1866
Antonio Muñoz1867
Luis A. Salazar1868
Manuel Checa1869
Pablo Herrera González1869
Ramón Miño1870
Nicolás Martínez1871
Rafael Carvajal Guzmán1872
Luis A. Salazar1873
Rafael Quevedo1874
Pablo Herrera González1875
Pedro Fermín Cevallos1876
Julio Castro1877
Antonio Muñoz1878
Antonio Portilla1879
Francisco A. Arboleda1880
Vicente Nieto1881
León Espinosa de los Monteros1882
Vicente Nieto1883–1885
Pedro Fermín Cevallos1886
Pedro J. Cevallos y Fernández Salvador1886
Alejandro Ribadeneira Salazar1887
Julio Castro1888
Antonio Robalino1889
Luis A. Salazar1890
Julio Castro1891
Antonio Portilla1892
José Modesto Espinosa1893
Vicente Nieto1894
José Modesto Espinosa1895
Francisco J. Montalvo1896
León Espinosa de los Monteros1897
Vicente Nieto1898
Manuel Montalvo1899
José María Borja1900
Belisario Albán Mestanza1901
Leopoldo Pino1902
Manuel Benigno Cueva Betancourt1903
Belisario Albán Mestanza1904
Leopoldo Pino1905
Belisario Albán Mestanza1906
Manuel Montalvo1907
Pacífico Villagómez1908
Alejandro Cárdenas1909
Belisario Albán Mestanza1910
Pacífico Villagómez1911
Belisario Albán Mestanza1912
Alejandro Cárdenas1913
Francisco Andrade Marín1914
Leopoldo Pino1915
Manuel Eduardo Escudero1916
Alejandro Cárdenas1917
Leopoldo Pino1918
Alejandro Cárdenas1919
Belisario Albán Mestanza1920
Leopoldo Pino1921
Modesto A. Peñaherrera1922
José María Ayora Cueva1923
Manuel Eduardo Escudero Viteri1924
Leopoldo Pino1925
José Luis Román1925
Modesto A. Peñaherrera1926
José María Ayora Cueva1927
Manuel Eduardo Escudero Viteri1928
Manuel R. Balarezo1929
Francisco Pérez Borja1930
Pablo N. Roldán1931
Manuel Eduardo Escudero Viteri1932
Manuel María Borrero González1932
José Antonio Baquero de la Calle1933
Camilo Octavio Andrade López1934
Vicente Enríquez Andrade1935
Alejandro Ribadeneira Salazar1936
Camilo Octavio Andrade López1937
Benjamín Terán Coronel1939
Camilo Octavio Andrade López1940
Belisario Ponce Borja1941
Celio Enrique Salvador Quintana1942
Leoncio Patiño Carrión1943
Aurelio A. Bayas Argudo1944
Belisario Ponce Borja1945
José María Suárez M.1946
Belisario Ponce Borja1947
Alejandro Ribadeneira Salazar1948
Camilo Gallegos Toledo1949
José María Villagómez Román1950
Benjamín Cevallos Arízaga1951
Luis F. Madera Negrete1952
Manuel Elicio Flor Torres1953
Alfonso Mora Bowen1954
Camilo Gallegos Toledo1955
José María Villagómez Román1956
Benjamín Cevallos Arízaga1957
Luis Eladio Benítez Jara1958
Manuel Elicio Flor Torres1959
Benjamín Cevallos Arízaga1960
Camilo Gallegos Toledo1961
José María Villagómez Román1962
Francisco Montero Carrión1963
Francisco Ochoa Ortiz1964
Julio Tobar Donoso1965
Francisco Páez Romero1965
Arturo del Pozo Saltos1966
Francisco Ochoa Ortiz1967
Julio Tobar Donoso1968
Benjamín Cevallos Arízaga1968
Ricardo Cornejo Rosales1969
César Durango Montenegro1970
Rafael Terán Varea1971
Miguel Aguirre Sánchez1972
Tomás Valdiviezo Alba1973
Carlos A. Jaramillo Andrade1974–1975
Luis Jaramillo Pérez1976
César Durango Montenegro1977
Gonzalo Karolys Martínez1978–1979
Armando Pareja Andrade1979–1981
Gonzalo Zambrano Palacios1981–1983
Carlos Pozo Montesdeoca1983–1984
Gonzalo Córdova Galarza1984–1986
Germán Carrión Arciniegas1986–1987
Juan Agustín Quinde Burneo1987–1988
Ramiro Larrea Santos1988–1990
Walter Guerrero Vivanco1990–1993
Francisco Acosta Yépez1993–1995
Miguel Macías Hurtado1995
Carlos Solórzano Constantine1995–1997
Héctor Romero Parducci1997–2000
Galo Pico Mantilla2000–2002
Armando Bermeo Castillo2002–2004
Hugo Quintana Coello2004
Ramón Rodríguez Noboa2004–2005
Guillermo Castro Dáger2005
Jaime Velasco Dávila2005–2008
Roberto Gómez Mera2008

Reorganization of Court (2008)

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After the adoption of a new Constitution in 2008, the judicial branch of the country was completely renewed to provide a cooperative leadership by having a judicial and an administrative head. As such, the bodies of Ecuador's judicial branch now consisted of the National Court of Justice, provincial courts (created by the National Court), tribunals and judges, National Council of the Judicature, Public Defendants' Office, and State Attorneys' Office. The 2008 Constitution also led to the creation of the Constitutional Court of Ecuador.[8][9]

National Court of Justice

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The National Court of Justice seats 21 judges elected for a period of 9 years. They are elected by the Judiciary Council based on a merits contest held by that office. They are the final stage of any judicial process serving as a Court of Cassation and create binding precedent based on Triple Reiterative Rulings from the Chambers of the Court. The President of the Court is elected among the members of the Court for a Period of three years, representing the Judicial Branch before the State.[10]

List of presidents
[edit]
PresidentPeriod
José Vicente Troya Jaramillo2008–2011
Carlos Ramírez Romero2011–2012
2012–2015
2015–2018
Paulina Aguirre Suárez2018–present

Judiciary Council

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The administrative branch of the judicial power consists of the Judiciary Council. The Council is formed by 9 Vocals who are elected by the Branch of Transparency and Social Control, which is formed by the Control Authorities of the State. The Vocals are elected also by a merits contest and it shall be formed by six experts in law and 3 experts in management, economics and other related areas. However, after the National Referendum that took place on 5 May 2011 led to the passing of a proposition impulsed by the government, the Judiciary Council changed its formation by making a constitutional amendment. Currently, a Tri-Party Commission is serving as a Transitional Council with delegates from the Legislative, Executive and Transparency Branch, in order to reform the broken judicial system of the country.

Constitutional Court of Ecuador

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The Constitutional Court of Ecuador does not exercise legal revision, but rather constitutional control of situations where constitutional rights are violated. Also they are the sole body in the State to interpret what the Constitution says.[11]

List of presidents

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PresidentPeríod
Patricio Pazmiño Freire2008–2015
Alfredo Ruiz Guzmán2015–2018
Hernán Salgado Pesántes2019–present

As of 2019, the court has the following members:[12]

  • Hernán Salgado Pesántes
  • Carmen Corral
  • Agustín Grijalva
  • Teresa Nuques
  • Enrique Herrera
  • Karla Andrade
  • Ramiro Ávila
  • Daniela Salazar
  • Alí Lozada

Executive branch

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Carondelet Palace, seats the executive power.

Structure

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The executive branch includes 28 ministries. Provincial governors and councilors, like mayors and aldermen and parish boards, are directly elected. Congress meets throughout the year except for recess in July and December. There are 20 seven-member congressional committees.[13]

Presidency

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The President and Vice-President are elected on the same ticket by popular vote for a four-year term.[13]

Controversy surrounding Lucio Gutiérrez

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On 20 April 2005, by an act of Congress, Lucio Gutiérrez was dramatically removed from office. The last election was held on 20 October 2002 and a runoff election on 24 November 2002 (with the next one to be held in 2006 per the four-year term limits).[14]

Former Vice-President Alfredo Palacio assumed the presidency on 20 April 2005 after Congress removed Lucio Gutiérrez amid escalating street protests precipitated by growing criticism of Gutiérrez's Supreme Court appointments.[15][16]

Presidency of Rafael Correa

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A presidential election was held on 15 October and 26 November 2006. Rafael Correa defeated Álvaro Noboa in a run-off election, or second and final round. Correa won with 56.8% of the vote.[17] There was an attempted coup against President Rafael Correa in 2010.[18] The Economist described Correa as "a left-wing populist",[19] while The Washington Post has characterized Correa's ideological approach as being "economically populist, socially conservative, [and] quasi-authoritarian".[20]

Rafael Correa's three consecutive terms (from 2007 to 2017) were followed by Lenín Moreno's four years as president (2017–21).

Current officeholders

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The 11 April 2021 election run-off vote ended in a win for conservative former banker, Guillermo Lasso, taking 52.4% of the vote compared to 47.6% of left-wing economist Andrés Arauz, supported by exiled former president, Rafael Correa. Previously, President-elect Lasso finished second in the 2013 and 2017 presidential elections.[21] On 24 May 2021, Guillermo Lasso was sworn in as the new President of Ecuador, becoming the country's first right-wing leader in 14 years.[22]

On 15 October 2023, center-right candidate Daniel Noboa won the run-off of the premature presidential election with 52.3% of the vote against leftist candidate Luisa González.[23] On 23 November 2023, Daniel Noboa was sworn in as Ecuador’s new president. [24]

President of Ecuador 2017–2021, Lenín Moreno
Main office-holders
OfficeNamePartySince
PresidentGuillermo LassoCreating Opportunities24 May 2021
Vice PresidentAlfredo BorreroCreating Opportunities24 May 2021

Legislative branch

[edit]
National Assembly

Ecuador has a unicameral National Assembly (Asamblea Nacional in Spanish), and it has 137 primary (seat-holding) members (all of whom are elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms). It is based on provincial constituencies, but it also has members coming from a national list and it has members representing the emigrant community.[25]

History

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On 29 November 2007, the Ecuadorian Constituent Assembly dismissed Congress on charges of corruption and then assumed legislative powers for itself. The Constituent Assembly then proposed a new National Assembly, which is the current institution.[26]

Political parties and elections

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For other political parties, see List of political parties in Ecuador. An overview on elections and election results is included in Elections in Ecuador.

Administrative divisions

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Ecuador is divided into 24 provinces: Azuay, Bolívar, Cañar, Carchi, Chimborazo, Cotopaxi, El Oro, Esmeraldas, Galápagos Islands, Guayas, Imbabura, Loja, Los Ríos, Manabí, Morona-Santiago, Napo, Orellana, Pastaza, Pichincha, Santa Elena, Santo Domingo de los Tsáchilas, Sucumbíos, Tungurahua, Zamora-ChinchipeSanta Elena Province.

[edit]

Ecuador's legal system is based on the civil law system. Ecuador recently accepted compulsory International Court of Justice jurisdiction.[14]

Female representation in the Assembly

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In 1979, there was no female representation. By 1984, there was only 4.2% of female representation with three deputies. In 1986, the number was reduced to one female parliamentarian.

Between 1988 and 1996, the average percentage of female representation was around of 5%. The following trends occurred:

  • 1998: 13%
  • 2003: 18%
  • 2006: 26%
  • 2007: 35%
  • 2009: 29%
  • 2013: 42%

In 2017, the leadership was led by three women: Gabriela Rivadeneira (President), Rosana Alvarado (First Vice-President) and Marcela Aguiñaga (Second Vice-President).[27]

International organization participation

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Ecuador or Ecuadorian organizations participate in the following international organizations:

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Ecuador". NIMD. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  2. ^ "ECUADOR" (PDF). U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 April 2011.
  3. ^ Democracy Index 2023: Age of Conflict (PDF). Economist Intelligence Unit (Report). 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2024. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  4. ^ Pugh, Jeff (2008). "Vectors of Contestation: Social Movements and Party Systems in Ecuador and Colombia". Latin American Essays. 21: 46–65.
  5. ^ Romero, Simon (16 April 2007). "Ecuador Appears Likely to Rewrite Constitution". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  6. ^ "Pacari, primera indigena ministra en Ecuador". BBC World. 31 December 2002. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  7. ^ Forero, Juan (18 December 2004). "Firings on Ecuador's Top Court Stir Opposition's Wrath". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  8. ^ "Ecuador". FIU Center for the Administration of Justice. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  9. ^ "Supreme Court in Ecuador replaced". BBC World. 10 December 2004. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  10. ^ "La Corte". www.cortenacional.gob.ec (in European Spanish). Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  11. ^ "Cambios en la justicia ecuatoriana" (PDF). Revista de la Fundación para el Debido Proceso Legal (DPLF). 3 November 2009.
  12. ^ "4 mujeres y 5 hombres integran la nueva Corte Constitucional de Ecuador". El Comercio. 28 January 2019. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Political Risk Yearbook: South America. Frost & Sullivan. 2010. ISBN 9781936241040.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Basic Structure of the Ecuadorian Legal System and Legal Research – GlobaLex". www.nyulawglobal.org. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  15. ^ "Alfredo Palacio juró su cargo como presidente de Ecuador tras la destitución de Lucio Gutiérrez, que ha pedido asilo al gobierno brasileño desde su embajada". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 25 December 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  16. ^ "Ecuadorean President Ousted From Office by Lawmakers". Los Angeles Times. 21 April 2005. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  17. ^ "Ecuador Exit Polls Show Correa Wins Presidential Vote (Update2)" Bloomberg
  18. ^ "Ecuador court orders ex-president's arrest". BBC World. 4 July 2018. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  19. ^ "If you can't beat 'em, referendum". The Economist. 15 November 2014.
  20. ^ Nick Miroff (15 March 2014). "Ecuador's popular, powerful president Rafael Correa is a study in contradictions". The Washington Post.
  21. ^ "Guillermo Lasso: Conservative ex-banker elected Ecuador president". BBC News. 12 April 2021.
  22. ^ "Lasso inaugurated as first right-wing Ecuador president in 14 years". 24 May 2021.
  23. ^ Alvarado, Tara John,Abel (15 October 2023). "Noboa, 35, to become Ecuador's next president following election dominated by spiraling crime". CNN.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ^ "Business heir Daniel Noboa sworn in as Ecuador president". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  25. ^ "Constituida la nueva Asamblea Nacional de Ecuador, de mayoría gobernante". El Confidencial (in Spanish). 5 October 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  26. ^ "Un nuevo movimiento inició un proceso para impulsar una Asamblea Constituyente en Ecuador". El Comercio. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
  27. ^ "En Ecuador: La representación femenina en la Asamblea Nacional supera el promedio mundial". EcuadorUniversitario.Com (in Spanish). 9 March 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2019.
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