Коренные индонезийцы
Коренные как Прибуми ( Lit. « земле » ) Бумипутра ( горит индонезийцы на , . или также Сначала известные и меланезийский спуск. Напротив, индонезийцы известного (частичного) иностранного происхождения, таких как китайские индонезийцы , арабские индонезийцы , индийские индонезийцы , японские индонезийцы и индоевропейцы (евразийцы).
Этимология и исторический контекст
[ редактировать ]Термин Pribumi был популяризирован после независимости Индонезии в качестве уважительной замены голландского колониального термина Inlander (обычно перевод как «родной» и рассматривается как уничижительный). [ 4 ] Это происходит от санскритских терминов PRI (до) и бхуми (Земля). До независимости термин Бумипутра ( малайский : сын почвы) чаще использовался в качестве эквивалентного термина для Прибуми .
Following independence, the term was normally used to distinguish indigenous Indonesians from citizens of foreign descent (especially Chinese Indonesians). Common usage distinguished between pribumi and non-pribumi.[5] Хотя этот термин иногда переводится как «коренной», он имеет более широкое значение, чем то, что связано с коренными народами .
The term WNI keturunan asing (WNI = "Indonesian citizen", keturunan asing = foreign descent), sometimes just WNI keturunan or even WNI, has also been used to designate non-pribumi Indonesians.[6]
In practice, the usage of the term is fluid. Pribumi is seldom used to refer to Indonesians of Melanesian descent, such as Moluccans and Papuans, although it does not exclude them. Indonesians of Arab descent sometimes refer to themselves as pribumi. Indonesians with some exogenous ancestry who show no obvious signs of identification with that ancestry (such as former President Abdurrahman Wahid who is said to have had Chinese ancestry) are seldom called non-pribumi. The term bumiputra is sometimes used in Indonesia with the same meaning as pribumi but is more commonly used in Malaysia, where it has a slightly different meaning.[7]
The term putra daerah ("son of the region") refers to a person who is indigenous to a specific locality or region.
In 1998, the Indonesian government of President B. J. Habibie instructed that neither pribumi nor non-pribumi should be used because they promoted ethnic discrimination.[8][9]
The Dutch East India Company, which dominated parts of the archipelago from the 17th century, classified its subjects mainly by religion, rather than ethnicity. The colonial administration which took power in 1815 shifted to a system of ethnic classification. Initially, they distinguished between Europeans (Europeanen) and those equated with them (including native Christians) and Inlanders and those equated with them (including non-Christian Asians).
Over time, natives were gradually shifted de facto into the Inlander category, while Chinese Indonesians, Arab Indonesians, and others of non-Indonesian descent were gradually given separate status as Vreemde Oosterlingen ("Foreign Orientals"). The system was patriarchal, rather than formally racial. A child inherited his/her father's ethnicity if the parents were married; and the mother's ethnicity if they were unmarried. The offspring of a marriage between a European man and an Indonesian woman were legally European.
Today, the Indonesian dictionary defines pribumi as penghuni asli which translates into "original, native, or indigenous inhabitant".[10]
Background
[edit]
Pribumi make up about 95% of the Indonesian population.[2] Using Indonesia's population estimate in 2006, this translates to about 230 million people. As an umbrella of similar cultural heritage among various ethnic groups in Indonesia, Pribumi culture plays a significant role in shaping the country's socioeconomic circumstances.
The United States Library of Congress Country Study of Indonesia defines Pribumi as:
Literally, an indigene, or native. In the colonial era, the great majority of the population of the archipelago came to regard themselves as indigenous, in contrast to the non-indigenous Dutch and Chinese (and, to a degree, Arab) communities. After independence the distinction persisted, expressed as a dichotomy between elements that were pribumi and those that were not. The distinction has had significant implications for economic development policy
— Indonesia: A Country Study, Glossary[11]
There are over 1,300 ethnic groups in Indonesia,[12]
The largest ethnic group in Indonesia is the Javanese people who make up 41% of the total population. The Javanese are concentrated on the island of Java but millions have migrated to other islands throughout the archipelago.[13] The Sundanese, Malay, Batak, and Madurese are the next largest groups in the country.[13] Many ethnic groups, particularly in Kalimantan and the province of Papua, have only hundreds of members. Most of the local languages belong to the Austronesian language family, although a significant number, particularly in North Maluku, Timor, Alor, and West Papua, speak Papuan languages.
The division and classification of ethnic groups in Indonesia are not rigid and in some cases are unclear as the result of migrations, along with cultural and linguistic influences; for example, some[who?] may agree that the Bantenese and Cirebonese belong to different ethnic groups with their distinct dialect, however others[who?] might consider them to be Javanese sub-ethnicities, as members of the larger Javanese people. The same considerations may apply to the Baduy people who share so many similarities with the Sundanese people that they can be considered as belonging to the same ethnic group. The clearest example of hybrid ethnicity is the Betawi people, the result of a mixture of different native ethnicities that have merged with people of Arab, Chinese, and Indian origins since the era of colonial Batavia (Jakarta), as well as the population of Larantuka known as Topasses who were of mixed descent from the Malaccan Malays, the Lamaholot, and Portuguese.
The proportional populations of Native Indonesians according to the 2010 census is as follows:
| Ethnic groups | Population (million) | Percentage | Main regions |
|---|---|---|---|
| Javanese | 95.217[14] | 40.2[14] | Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, Lampung, Jakarta[14] |
| Sundanese | 31.765 | 15.4 | West Java, Banten, Lampung |
| Malay | 8.789 | 4.1 | Sumatra eastern coast, West Kalimantan |
| Batak | 8.467 | 3.58 | North Sumatra |
| Madurese | 7 .179 | 3.03 | Madura island, East Java |
| Bugis | 6.000 | 2.9 | South Sulawesi, East Kalimantan |
| Minangkabau | 5.569 | 2.7 | West Sumatra, Riau |
| Betawi | 5.157 | 2.5 | Jakarta, Banten, West Java |
| Banjarese | 4.800 | 2.3 | South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan |
| Bantenese | 4.331 | 2.1 | Banten, West Java |
| Acehnese | 4.000 | 1.9 | Aceh |
| Balinese | 3.094 | 1.5 | Bali |
| Dayak | 3.009 | 1.5 | North Kalimantan, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan |
| Sasak | 3.000 | 1.4 | West Nusa Tenggara |
| Makassarese | 2.063 | 1.0 | South Sulawesi |
| Cirebonese | 1.856 | 0.9 | West Java, Central Java |
Smaller groups
[edit]
The regions of Indonesia have some of their indigenous ethnic groups. Due to migration within Indonesia (as part of government transmigration programs or otherwise), there are significant populations of ethnic groups who reside outside of their traditional regions.
- Java: Javanese, Sundanese, Betawi, Bantenese, Tengger, Osing, Badui, and others.
- Madura: Madurese
- Sumatra: Batak, Minangkabau, Malays, Acehnese, Lampung, Kubu, and others
- Kalimantan: Dayak, Banjar, Kutai, and others.
- Sulawesi: Makassarese, Buginese, Mandar, Minahasa, Buton, Gorontalo, Toraja, Bajau, Mongondow, Buroko, Bolango, and others.
- Lesser Sunda Islands: Balinese, Sasak, Rotenese, Atoni, and others.
- Moluccas: Nuaulu, Manusela, Wemale, and others.
- Papua: Asmat, Amungme, Bauzi, Dani, Sawi, Yaur, and others (see List of ethnic groups of West Papua, Southwest Papua)
See also
[edit]- Culture of Indonesia
- Ethnic groups in Indonesia
- List of indigenous peoples
- List of Indonesian people
- National costume of Indonesia
- Overseas Indonesians
Non-Pribumi Indonesians
[edit]- African Indonesians
- Arab Indonesians
- Chinese Indonesians
- Dutch Indonesians
- Filipino Indonesians
- Indian Indonesians
- Jewish Indonesians
- Pakistani Indonesians
- Japanese Indonesians
Notes
[edit]- ^ "Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia. December 15, 2022. p. 9. Retrieved January 21, 2021.
- ^ Jump up to: a b c "Pribumi". Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Macmillan Reference USA. Archived from the original on July 11, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2006.
- ^ "ArcGIS Web Application".
- ^ William H. Frederick and Robert L. Worden, Indonesia: A Country Study (Washington: Library of Congress, 6th ed., 2011), p. 409.
- ^ Kwik Kian Gie, in Leo Suryadinata, Political Thinking of the Indonesian Chinese, 1900-1995: A Sourcebook (Singapore University Press, 2nd ed., 1977), p.135.
- ^ James T. Siegel, "Early Thoughts on the Violence of May 13 and 14, 1998 in Jakarta", Indonesia 66 (Oct. 1998), p. 90 (pp. 74–108).
- ^ Sharon Siddique and Leo Suryadinata, "Bumiputra and Pribumi: Economic Nationalism (Indiginism) in Malaysia and Indonesia", Pacific Affairs, Vol. 54, No. 4 (Winter 1981–1982), pp. 662–687.
- ^ Purdey, Jemma (2006). Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999. Singapore: Singapore University Press. p. 179. ISBN 9971-69-332-1.
- ^ Хасана, Совия (17 октября 2017 г.). «Правовая основа, которая запрещает использование термина« родной » [закон, основанный на шинах« родной ». Hukumonline.com . Hukumonline.com . Получено 11 июня 2018 года .
- ^ "Изображение" . KBBI (на индонезийском).
- ^ Библиотека Конгресса, федеральный исследовательский отдел. «Глоссарий - Индонезия» . Страновое исследование: Индонезия . Получено 4 октября 2006 года .
- ^ «Изучение данных племен в Индонезии» . Центральное бюро статистики . 18 ноября 2015 г. Получено 12 февраля 2020 года .
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный Население Индонезии: этническая принадлежность и религия в меняющемся политическом ландшафте . Институт исследований Юго -Восточной Азии. 2003.
- ^ Jump up to: а беременный в «Яванское распространение в Индонезии» . www.kangatepafia.com. 18 мая 2015 года . Получено 19 апреля 2016 года .
Дальнейшее чтение
[ редактировать ]- Центр исследований информации и развития (1998). Коренные и не родные с точки зрения экономической справедливости и социальной интеграции [ коренные и не ноценные с точки зрения экономического перераспределения и социальной интеграции ]. Джакарта, Индонезия: Центр исследований информации и развития.
- Suryadinata, Leo (1992). Коренные индонезийцы, китайское меньшинство и Китай . Сингапур: Хейнеманн Азия.